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इकाई-9 बर्कले

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(1)

177

bdkbZ 9 cdZys

*

:ijs[kk 9-0 mís';

9-1 ifjp;

9-2 HkkSfrdokn dk [k.Mu 9-3 vewrZ fopkjksa dk fujlu 9-4 –';rs bfr orZrs

9-5 bZ”oj vkSj oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo

9-6 }Srokn] fujh”ojokn vkSj la'k;okn dk [k.Mu 9-7 lkjka'k

9-8 dqath 'kCn

9-9 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ 9-10 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

9-0 mís';

bl bdkbZ dk mís'; gS]

 fczfV'k nk'kZfud tktZ cdZys ds eq[; fopkjksa ds ckjs esa tkuukA

*M‚- lqèkk xksihukFk] dksjkeaxyk] cSaXyksjA ¼;g bdkbZ chihokbZ&008 dh ÞcdZysß bdkbZ dk la'kksfèkr laLdj.k gS½A vuqokn& osnçdk'k flag] QjhnkcknA

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178

 muds vuqHkookn vkSj O;fäfu"B çR;;okn dk fooj.k nsukA

 muds çfl) dFku ^–';rs bfr orZrs* ¼esse est percipi½ vFkkZr~ ^gksus dk vFkZ gS vuqHkwr gksuk* dh O;k[;k djukA

 ;g ns[kuk fd cdZys dSls fujh”ojokn] HkkSfrdokn] }Srokn vkSj la'k;okn dk [k.Mu djrs gSa rFkk dSls fl) djrs gSa fd ,dek= vkSj loZO;kih bZ”oj gh cká fo”o ds vfLrRo dk vdsyk fuèkkZjd gSA

8-1 ifjp;

tku y‚d ds vkykspd ds :i esa rFkk MsfoM áwe ds iwoZorÊ ds :i esa tktZ cdZys us Kkuehekalk vkSj rRoehekalk ds egRoiw.kZ ç'uksa ds lEcUèk esa ,d loZFkk ekSfyd –f"Vdks.k çLrqr fd;kA mYys[kuh; ekSfydrk ls inkFkZ ds vfLrRo dks udkjrs gq, cdZys us n'kZu dk ,d çHkkoh –f"Vdks.k çLrqr fd;kA tktZ cdZys ,d vkbfjl O;fä Fks ftudk tUe 1685 esa gqvk FkkA viuh çkjfEHkd f'k{kk fdydSuh esa ysus ds ckn lksyg o"kZ dh voLFkk esa mUgksaus fVªfuVh d‚yst esa ços'k fd;kA ;gka os vius dSfj;j dh ijkdk"Bk ij igys Lukrd Nk= ds :i esa vkSj blds ckn ,d f'k{kd vkSj 'kksèkkFkÊ ds :i esa igqapsA mu fnuksa fVªfuVh cM+s Lrj ij U;wVu&foKku vkSj nsdkrZ] y‚d] fey] eSyczkl ds u;s n'kZu ls çHkkfor FkkA cdZys viuh ç[kj cqf) ds lkFk oSKkfud o nk'kZfud {ks= esa ços'k djrs gSaA mUgksaus 1713 esa yanu dh ;k=k dhA ;gk¡ mUgksaus vius le; ds egku fo}kuksa Loh¶V] fLVys] ,sfMlu vkSj i‚i vkfn ij fo'ks"k çHkko NksM+kA mUgksaus cjewMk esa d‚yst dh LFkkiuk dh ;kstuk cukbZA bl mís'; ls ckn esa os vesfjdk pys x;sA rhu o"kZ ¼1728&31½ j‚M vkblyS.M esa O;frr djus ds ckn mUgksaus viuh ;kstuk dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj baXyS.M ykSV vk;sA mUgksaus u;h nqfu;k dh laHkkoukvksa dks m}sfyr fd;kA ;gka mUgksaus dfork;sa fy[khaA mudh dfork dh ;g iafä fd lkezkT; ¼vesjhdk½ if'pe ds vUos"k.k vkSj foLrkj dh vksj iwoZ fufnZ"V :i ls vxzlj gS] cgqlanfHkZr gS] ftlds dkj.k muds uke ij dSyhQksfuZ;k ds ,d dLcs dk uke j[kk x;kA

(3)

179

1734 bZ-oh- esa og nf{k.kh vk;jyS.M esa Dyksius ds fc'ki cusA ;gk¡ mUgksaus lsokfuo`fÙk dk thou ft;k vkSj ,d fo}ku ds :i esa i<+rs gq, iqLrdksa dks çdkf'kr fd;k vkSj le;&le; ij vius vfHkys[kksa dks Hkh çdkf'kr fd;kA fdlkuksa dh fuEu vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lqèkkj ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA 67 o"kZ dh mez esa tc cdZys dk LokLF; fcxM+ x;k rks os Dyk;us ls vkDlQksMZ pys x;sA ,d o"kZ i'pkr~ 1753 esa vius ifjokj ds lkFk pk; ihrs gq, mudh e`R;q gqbZA mUgsa ØkbLV ppZ pksisy vkDlksM esa nQuk fn;k x;kA muds dqN çfl) ys[ku dk;Z gSa(

d‚eu iysl cqd ¼1706&1708½ , U;w F;ksjh v‚Q fctu ¼1709½

n çfUliy v‚Q áweu u‚fyt ¼1710½

n Mk;y‚x v‚Q gk;ykl ,.M fQyksukml ¼1713½ ,fyflÝksu ¼1732½ vkSj lkbfjl ¼1744½

vB~BkbZl lky ds ckn ds muds ys[k de çHkko'kkyh FksA cdZys us lqUnj vkSj Li"Vrk ds lkFk fy[kkA

cdZys ml ;qx ls lEcUèk j[krs Fks tcfd foKku dk fodkl] HkkSfrdrkoknh ço`fÙk] vkSj ukfLrdrkokn viuh tM+s tekus yxk FkkA cdZys ,d èkkfeZd iq:"k FksA cdZys us bl çofÙk ds fo:) ?kks"k.kk dh fd HkkSfrd txr ewyr% vkè;kfRed gS vkSj ;g vkRe dh fØ;kRedrk vkSj bZ”oj dh vPNkbZ dh vfHkO;fä gSA ;g vkè;kReokn mUgsa bruk Li"V çrhr gqvk fd mUgksaus bldk cpko rd djuk vko';d ugha le>kA blds foijhr HkkSfrdrkokn dk fujkdj.k djuk muds fy, vko';d gks x;k vkSj mUgksaus y‚d ds vuqHkookn esa lfEefyr folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djus vkSj mls rkfdZd fu"d"kZ rd igqapkus okys dk;ksZa dk fu"iknu fd;kA

(4)

180

cksèk ç'u 1 fVIi.kh%

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A 1½ cdZys ds thou vkSj muds dk;ksZa ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

--- --- --- --- 2½ cdZys dh çeq[k nk'kZfud leL;kvksa dks çdkf'kr dhft,A

--- --- --- ---

9-2 HkkSfrdokn dk [k.Mu

y‚d ds lkekU; Kku dks n'kZu dk çLFkku fcUnq ekurs gq, cdZys us n'kZu dk lcls fopkjksÙkstd –f"Vdks.k fodflr fd;kA bls fo"k;hfu"B vkRefu"B çR;;okn uke fn;k x;kA blds vuqlkj] dksbZ HkkSfrd inkFkZ ;k dksbZ HkkSfrd oLrq ;FkkFkZ ugha gSA dsoy eu vkSj eu ds çR;; gh ;FkkFkZ gSA ;g vk'p;Z tud okn y‚d ds fl)kar dh rhu ljy

(5)

181

ckrksa ls vkrk gSA çFke] y‚d dk ;g fopkj fd æO; dk çR;; fufeZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd oLrq ds dsoy xq.kksa dk gh lEosnu gksrk gSA nwljs] çkFkfed o f}rh;d xq.kksa ds vUrj dsoy eu lkis{k gksrs gSa u fd oLrq lkis{kA rhljs ds vuqlkj] ,d ckj ;g LFkkfir gksus ij fd bZ”oj ds vfrfjä lEiw.kZ Kku euq"; ls çkIr gksrk gS vuqHko ds vfrfjä fdlh vU; ds vfLrRo dk ç'u gh ugha mBrk gSA cdZys us rdZ fn;k fd ,d lqlaxr vuqHkooknh dks u dsoy çR;{k dkj.k ds fl)kar dh voèkkj.kk dks fujLr dj nsuk pkfg, cfYd HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh èkkj.kk dks Hkh udkj nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd tks ge vuqHko djrs gSa og u rks oLrq dk djrs gSa vkSj u gh dkj.k dkA ge dsoy oLrq }kjk mRiUu çHkkoksa ¼çR;;ksa½ dk vuqHko djrs gSaA

y‚d }kjk fuèkkZfjr vuqHkookn ds ewy fl)karksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, cdZys us HkkSfrdokn vkSj fujh”ojokn dks fujLr djds vkn'kZokn dks LFkkfir fd;kA y‚d ds bl nkos fd lEosnu vkSj fpUru lHkh Kku dk ewy gS] vkSj ge dsoy çR;; dks gh tkurs gS dk vuqlj.k djus ls oLrq&txr vxzká gks tkrk gSA gekjh psruk ge rd gh lhfer gS vkSj gekjs çR;;ksa dh bl ewrZ txr ls rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA D;ksafd ge muds LoHkko vkSj vfLrRo ls vufHkK gSaA cdZys vkxs dgrs gSa fd ;fn ,d Lora= æO;] tSls fd HkkSfrd inkFkZ] vkSj ns'k esa fLFkr txr dk vfLrRo lEHko gks rks vuUr] 'kk”or vkSj vifjorZuh;

okLrfodrk bZ”oj ds lkFk lg vfLrRo esa vk tk;sxh vkSj bZ”oj u dsoy lhfer gks tk,xk cfYd mldk vfLrRo gh fu"ksfèkr gks tk;sxkA HkkSfrd æO; esa fo”okl HkkSfrdokn vkSj fujh”ojokn dks tue nsrk gSA bUgsa bl vkèkkj okD; fd HkkSfrd æO; dk vfLrRo gS dk fu"ksèk djds ds gh jksdk tk ldrk gSA

9-3 vewrZ fopkjksa dk fujlu

iwoZorÊ vkèkqfud nk'kZfudksa ds O;ogkj ds vuq:i cdZys us

fçfUliy v‚Q áweu u‚fyt

dk vkjEHk vrhr dh >wBh voèkkj.kkvksa ds fujkdj.k ls fd;kA y‚d us lgt fopkjksa dks fujLr fd;k Fkk vkSj cdZys us] vuqHkookn dks vkxs c<+krs gq, vewrZ çR;;ksa dk [k.Mu

(6)

182

fd;kA y‚d us dgk fd dsoy fo'ks"k oLrqvksa dk gh vfLrRo gSA fQj os dgrs gSa fd bu oLrqvksa dh ,d nwljs ds lkFk rqyuk djds lkekU; xq.k tSls foLrkj] jax] xfr] ekuo]

tkuoj vkfn dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA y‚d fofoèk xq.kksa vkSj HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dks ,d lkFk ck¡èks j[kus okys ,d vkèkkj dk vfLrRo Lohdkj djrs gSaA ;|fi mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,sls vkèkkj dk çR;{k vuqHko laHko ugha gS vkSj u gh bl vkèkkj rRo ds Lo:i vkSj blesa mifLFkr gekjs vuqHko ds çR;;ksa ds lR; lEcaèkksa dks [kkstk tk ldrk gSA cdZys tksj nsdj dgrs gSa fd ge fdlh Hkh rjg ds vewrZ çR;;ksa dk dHkh vuqHko ugha dj ldrs gSa] vkSj 'kCn] ftlds }kjk vewrZ çR;;ksa dks funZsf'kr fd;k tkrk gS] dsoy uke gS D;ksafd ogk¡

okLro esa muds vuq:i dqN Hkh ugha gSA

cdZys ,sls nk'kZfudksa ls {kqCèk Fks tks oSKkfudksa ds lkFk feydj ljy oLrqvksa dks dfBu cukdj lkekU; yksxksa esa ;g dj fd çR;{k okLrfodrk dks idM+us dk çekf.kd <ax ugha gS cfYd mls lkoZHkkSfed voèkkj.kkvksa dh vurnZf"V }kjk gh tkuk tk ldrk gS lansg mRiUu djrs FksA bl çdkj ds er ls Kku dh fuf'prrk ds çfr lansg mRiUu gqvk vkSj blus lUnsgokn dks tUe fn;kA

çpfyr foKku ds }kjk lR; dks tkuus ds cqf)oknh –f"Vdks.k ij cy nsus ls vkSj y‚d ds vKs; æO; ds fopkjksa us cdZys dks mdlk;kA cdZys uSfrdrk o èkeZ ds dêj j{kd FksA foKku ds nsdkfrZ; <+x esa foKku fuf'pr Kku çkIr djkus esa bfUæ;ksa dh n{krk dk fojksèk djrk gS vkSj bl rjg oSKkfud fu;e cqf) dks lR; çkfIr ds ,d ek= lkèku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSaA cdZys us bl fopkj ds çfr iw.kZr% vlgefr O;ä dh vkSj rdZ fn;k fd oSKkfud Lo;a vuqHkfod fofèk dk ç;ksx djrs gSa vkSj fQj Hkh fujUrj mlds çfr vlUrks"k O;ä djrs gSaA og dgrs gSa fd çR;{k vkSj lR; ds vius cksèk ls og ¼oSKkfud½ bfUæ;

txr }kjk èkkfjr fuf'pr çR;{k vkSj vlR; dh [kkst ds fy;s vxzlj gksrs gSaA bl voLFkk esa] okLro esa] os vçR;{k vkSj vlR; ds okLrfod vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj çR;{k vkSj lR; ds vfLrRo dh okLrfodrk] ftlds cksèk ls os çkjEHk djrs gSa] dks udkjrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj fojksèkkHkkl dks tUe nsrs gSA cdZys oSKkfudksa ds cqf)oknh –f"Vdks.k dk fojksèk

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183

djrs gSa D;ksafd fufj{k.k ds fcuk HkkSfrd foKku dk vfLrRo vlEHko gSA cdZys lUnsgokfn;ksa vkSj ukfLrdksa }kjk èkeZ vkSj uSfrdrk dks igqapkbZ x;h gkuh dks vewrZ çR;;

vkSj HkkSfrd inkFkZ lEcafèk fo”oklksa esa vlaxfr fn[kkdj nwj djuk pkgrs FksA

áwe us cdZys ds }kjk vewrZ çR;; ds fopkj ds [k.Mu dks ml le; ds ckSf)d txr dh lcls cM+h vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ [kkstksa esa ls ,d [kkst ekuk gSA Lo;a cdZys us vius vewrZ çR;; ds [k.Mu dks vHkkSfrdokn ds leFkZu esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd ds :i ls blfy;s Lohdkj fd;k D;ksfd ;fn ge ¼v–'; oLrqvksa esa fo”okl dk½ O;kid :i ls ijh{k.k djsa rks Li"V gksrk gS fd blds ewy esa vewrZ çR;; dk fl)kar gh dk;Z djrk gSA

cdZys nks y{;ksa] rRdkfyd y{; o nwjLFk y{; ls lapkfyr FksA rRdkfyd y{; y‚d ds fuèkkZ;Z vFkok lkekU; oLrqvksa] tSls fdlh fof'k"V yky jax] ds foijhr lkekU; yky jax]

vFkok ledks.k f=Hkqt o leckgq f=Hkqt ds foijhr lkekU; f=Hkqt dk [k.Mu djuk FkkA mudk njLFk y{; fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lkekU; çR;; ds fl)kar dk [k.Mu djuk FkkA cdZys ewy :i ls fo'ks"k çR;; dks LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl dj jgs FksA bl fopkj ds vuqlkj] ,slh oLrq,a tks gekjs eu esa ;k ckgj jgrh gSa fof'k"V gksrh gSaA ,slk djus ds ihNs mudk mís'; LdkfyfLVd rRoehekalk esa fdlh u fdlh <ax ls egRoiw.kZ jgh lkekU; dh 'kk”or leL;k ls vius n'kZu dks ckgj fudkyuk FkkA cdZys us ?kks"k.kk dh fd u dsoy vkdkjksa] çtkfr;ksa vFkok lkekU;ksa dk vfLrRo ugha gksrk gS cfYd Lo;a çR;; Hkh 'kq) :i ls fof'k"V gksrs gSaA cdZys ds vuqlkj] y‚d us Hkh fof'k"Vrkoknh fl)kar dk ikyu fd;k fdUrq muds fl)kar esa folaxfr vUrfuZfgr FkhA y‚d dk fof'k"Vrk fl)kar] mnkgj.k ds fy;s] yky ds çR;; dks ysdj ,d nqfoèkk esa FkkA ifjHkk"kkuqlkj yky dk çR;; vius vUnj vusd oLrqvksa dks vUrfuZfgr fd;s jgrk gS] vr% ;g fof'k"V gks gh ugha ldrkA bl lEcUèk esa y‚d dk çR;qÙkj gS fd ÞlkekU; çR;;ksa ds çfrdksa ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k 'kCn

¼yky½ lkekU; gks tkrs gSaA** ¼y‚d]

,u ,Lls dUlfuZax áweu v.MjLVsfMax

] iqLrd 3]

vè;k; 3] [k.M 6½A mUgksaus lHkh ekufld fo"k;ksa çR;; lghr- dks ,d lkFk j[kdj çR;;

dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj çR;; dks ekufld fp= ds :i esa le>kA vfèkd Li"V 'kCnksa esa]

(8)

184

ekufld fp= Li"Vr% fof'k"V gS] fdUrq fo'ks"k lkekU; çR;; tSls fd yky ;k f=Hkqt dks lekfgr djus esa l{ke ugha gSA cdZys ds vuqlkj] y‚d dh bl lEcUèk esa O;k[;k ;g gS fd bl çdkj ds fp= esa vifjHkk";rk dk xq.k gksrk gSA ^^D;k f=Hkqt ds lkekU; çR;; dks cukus esa dkS'ky vkSj dfBu fØ;k dh vko';drk ugha gksrh--- D;ksafd ;g çR;; u rks vk;r gksuk pkfg, u leckgq vkSj u gh prqHkZqt gksuk pkfg, oju~ bls lc dqN gksuk pkfg, fdUrq fdlh ,d dks lc dqN ugha gksuk pkfg,A okLro esa] ;g viw.kZ gS ftldk vfLrRo ugha gks ldrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk çR;; gS tgk¡ vusd fofHkUu vkSj vlaxr çR;;

,d lkFk j[ks gksrs gSaA** ¼

,u ,Lls dUlfuZax áweu v.MjLVsfMax

] iqLrd 4] vè;k; 7] [k.M 9( ,oa æ"VO;& cdZys]

, VªhVkbt dUlfuZax n fçfUliy v‚Q áweu u‚yst

] ifjp;

¼la{ksi.k&

ih,pds

½] [k.M 13½A blfy, blesa ,d çdkj dh vUrfuZfgr vifjHkk";rk nks

<+xksa ls pyh vkrh gSA ,d vkSj f=Hkqt dk fp= fo"keckgq f=Hkqt ;k leckgq f=Hkqt ls i`Fkd ,d f=Hkqt gS vkSj nwljh vksj ;g bu lc fojksèkh xq.kksa ds lkFk ,d f=Hkqt gSA bl çdkj] fo'ks"k fo"k;&fp= lHkh fof'k"V vkdkjksa dk viotZu djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk ;g fof'k"V vkdkjksa dk vè;kjksfir :i Hkh gSA bl ij cdZys dh vkifÙk ;g gS fd fo'ks"k vkdkj ls gVdj dksbZ vfuèkkZfjr fo'ks"k ugha gksrs vkSj u gh fofHkUu fojksèkh vkdkjksa okyk dksbZ lkekU; çR;; gksrk gSA bl çdkj] y‚d dk fp=okn dks vkUrfjd lkekU;rk ls la;qä djus dk ç;kl foQy jgrk gSA

vkSj vfèkd Li"V 'kCnksa esa] cdZys ds vuqlkj ns'k vFkok 'kq) foLrkj ftlesa ls u dksbZ js[kk] u dksbZ lrg] u dksbZ Bkslrk dk çR;{k ,d vlEHko ?kVuk gS vkSj ge ,sls fdlh çR;; dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrsA ,sls f=Hkqt ds çR;; dk tks u leckgq] u fo"keckgq u vk;r vkSj u gh lekUrj gks fQj Hkh lc gks vkSj u buesa ls dksbZ ,d gks vcksèkxE; gSA f=Hkqt dh ifjHkk"kk] rhu js[kkvksa okyk lery lHkh fof'k"V f=Hkqtksa dh fo'kf"Vrkvksa dks udkjrs gq, lHkh f=Hkqtksa ij ykxw gksrh gS fdUrq blls ;g fcYdqy Hkh vkikfnr ugha gksrk gS fd gekjs ikl f=Hkqt dk ,d lkekU; vewrZ çR;; gksrk gSA leku :i ls fdlh jax ds vewrZ çR;; dk fuekZ.k vlEHko gSA la{ksi esa] lkekU; vewrZ çR;; ,d vlEHko ?kVuk

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185

vuqHkookn dk DM+kbZ ls ikyu djrs gq, cdZys us veZwr çR;; dks iw.kZr% fujLr dj fn;kA og dgrs gSa fd fofHkUu fo'ks"k oLrqvksa ds fy;s fdlh ,d lkekU; çR;; dk fu:i.k djuk ,d uke ek= çnku djuk gSA lkekU; çR;; fdlh rF; dk o.kZu ugha djrk gSA og vius bl fl)kar dks ukeokn dgrs gSaA ukeokn ds vuqlkj] vewrZ çR;; vFkok lkekU; çR;;

dsoy uke ek= gSA ,sls 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djuk ftuds vuq:i dksbZ okLrfod vuqHko u gks dsoy 'kCnksa dks ;FkkZFk lr~ ds lkFk feykdj Hkze mRiUu djuk gSA og dgrs gSa fd dsoy çR;;ksa ij è;ku yxkus ls gh ge HkVdko ls cp ldrs gSaA ¼

ih,pds

] ifjp;] [k.M 25½A cksèk ç'u 2

fVIi.kh%

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A 1½ cdZys æO; dh vHkkSfrdrk dks dSls LFkkfir djrs gSa\

--- --- --- --- 2½ cdZys vewrZ çR;; ds [k.Mu ls D;k çkIr djuk pkgrs Fks\

--- --- ---

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186

---

9-4 –';rs bfr orZrs

–';rs bfr o`Ùks cdZys dk vk'p;Zpfdr djus okyk fopkjksÙkstd dFku gSA bl dFku ds vuqlkj] vfLrRoeku gksus dk vFkZ gS çR;{k gksuk vFkkZr ftldk çR;{k ugha gksrk mldk vfLrRo Hkh ugha gksrkA Li"Vr% ;gk¡ ç'u mBrk gS fd ;fn vuqHkwr u gks rc Hkh D;k oLrq,a vfLrRoeku jgrh gSA cdZys ds vuqlkj] ;g iwjk çdj.k gekjh vfLrRo 'kCn dh O;k[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA og dgrs gSa( ^^;g est ftl ij eSa fy[k jgk gw¡ vkSj ekurk gw¡ fd vfLrRoeku gS vFkkZr eSa bls ns[krk gw¡ vkSj vuqHko djrk gw¡( vc ;fn eSa viuk vè;;u lekIr djds dejs ls ckgj vk tkrk gw¡ rc eSa dgrk gw¡ fd og vHkh Hkh vfLrRoeku gS(

vFkkZr ;fn eSa vè;;u dj jgk gksrk rks eSa mldk çR;{k dj jgk gksrk vFkok dksbZ vU;

vkRek mldk fujUrj çR;{k dj jgh gSA** ¼ih,pds] Hkkx 1] [k.M 3½A bl çdkj cdZys dk ekuuk gS fd ge ^vfLrRo* 'kCn ds ç;ksx dh ,slh fLFkfr dh dYiuk ugha dj ldrs tcfd dksbZ u dksbZ vkRek lrr :i ls mldk çR;{k u dj jgk gksA

fdlh v–';eku fo"k; dh vlEHkkouk y‚d ds fo"k; ds çR;; ls fuxfer gksrh gSA y‚d ds vuqlkj] HkkSfrd fo"k; Bksl] foLrkjoku] vk—fre;] xfr dh 'kfä ls lEiUu] jaxhu]

Hkkjh] Lokn] ?kzk.k] èofu lEiUu gksrk gSA ;s lHkh xq.k ewyr% fo"k; ds çHkko gSA HkkSfrd fo"k; ;s xq.k çR;{k drkZ fo"k;h esa mRiUu djrs gSa vkSj blfy;s çR;{kdrkZ esa fuoZreku jgrs gSa vkSj Lo;a fo"k; esa mifLFkr ugha jgrs gSaA pw¡fd ;s xq.k fo"k;ksa esa vUrfuZfgr ugha gksrs gSa blfy;s f}rh;d xq.k dgykrs gSaA nwljh vksj] ,sls xq.k Hkh gS tks æO;@fo"k; esa vUrfuZfgr gksrs gSaA ;s çkFkfed xq.k dgykrs gSaA foLrkj] vk—fr] Bkslrk] xfr vkSj fLFkfr vkfn ,sls gh çkFkfed xq.k gSaA cdZys y‚d ds bl foHkktu dk [k.Mu djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd rFkk dfFkr çkFkfed xq.k Hkh okLro esa f}rh;dxq.kksa ds leku gh gSaA og dgrs gSa fd çkFkfed xq.k tSls fd Bkslrk vkSj foLrkj dh miyfCèk ewyr% Li'kZ ls gksrh gS vkSj f}rh;d xq.kksa ds leku gh gekjs eu esa buds lEosn cu tkrs gSaA foLrkj ds çR;; dks jax

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187

vkfn vU; f}rh;d xq.kksa ls i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fQj] dksbZ Hkh foLrkjoku oLrq fcuk jax ds –f"VxE; ugha gks ldrh gSA vr% çkFkfed xq.k vi`Fkd <ax ls f}rh;d xq.kksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ;fn ge fdlh Ks; inkFkZ tSls fd est dk ijh{k.k djs rks gesa ;g vuqHko ugha gksrk gS fd bldh vk—fr ckgj i`Fkd :i ls vfLrRoeku gS vkSj bldk jax vUnj eu esa vfLrRo eku gSA vr%] y‚d dk çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d xq.kksa dk Hksn fujFkZd gSA çR;{k fdlh jax vkSj foLrkj dk ugha gksrk oju~ foLrkfjr jaxhu fo"k; dk gksrk gSA

y‚d dk ekuuk Fkk fd æO;] ;k inkFkZ] laosfnr xq.kksa dk vkèkkj gksrk gSA cdZys ds gk;ykl vkSj fQyksukml ds eè; ds QLVZ Mk;y‚x esa gk;ykl y‚d ds fopkjksa dks çLrqr djrs gq, dgrk gS fd HkkSfrd vkèkkj eq>s vfuok;Z çrhr gksrk gS] ftlds fcuk xq.kksa ds vfLrRoeku gksus dks ugha le>k tk ldrkA fQyksul mÙkj nsrk gS fd eq>s vkèkkj 'kCn dksbZ Li"V vFkZ çnku ugha djrk vkSj eq>s vkSj Li"V djds le>kb;s fd vki bl 'kCn ls v{kj'k% vFkok yk{kf.kd vFkZ esa D;k le>rs gSaA gk;ykl] vkèkkj 'kCn dh dksbZ fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk nsus esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa( ^^eSa Lohdkj djrk gw¡ fd eq>s ugha irk fd eq>s D;k mÙkj nsuk pkfg,A Qyr% fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS( vfopkj.kh; fo"k; ¼inkFkZ½ dk ije vfLrRo ,d fujFkZd 'kCn gSA** ¼

ih,pds

] Hkkx 1] [k.M 24½ bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd laosfnr oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo ugha gS cfYd ;g vFkZ gS fd laosfnr oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo vuqHkwfr lkis{k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] dsoy çR;; dk gh vfLrRo gSA blesa cdZys ;g tksM+rs gSa fd ge tks dqN Hkh vuqHkwr djrs gSa] lqurs gSa ;k le>rs gSa og lnSo lajf{kr jgrk gS vkSj iw.kZr% lr~ gksrk gSA ¼

ih,pds

] Hkkx 1] [k.M 34½ ç'u gS fd rc fQj og ;g D;ksa dgrs gSa fd oLrq,a ugha çR;; lr~ gSA cdZys dk mÙkj gS fd ,slk inkFkZ ds vuqi;ksxh çR;; dk fujkdj.k djus ds fy;s dgk tkrk gS( ^^eSa fdlh bfUæ; vFkok vuqfpUru ls cksfèkr oLrq ds vfLrRo dk [k.Mu ugha djrk gw¡--- eSa dsoy nk'kZfudksa }kjk çLrkfod inkFkZ vFkok HkkSfrd æO; ds vfLrRo dk [k.Mu djrk gw¡A** ¼

ih,pds

] Hkkx 1] [k.M 35½

pwafd cdZys ds le; dk foKku] fo'ks"k :i ls HkkSfrd foKku] inkFkZ dh voèkkj.kk ij cM+s Lrj ij fuHkZj Fkk] blfy;s mUgksaus mldh ewyHkwr ifjdYiukvksa vkSj çfofèk;ksa dks pqukSrh

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188

nsus dh vfuok;Zrk dk vuqHko fd;kA cdZys oSKkfudksa }kjk ç;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs] fofHkUu lkekU; vkSj vewrZ çR;;ksa] tSls fd ;s fdlh okLrfod lr~ dks funZsf'kr djrs gks] fo'ks"k:i ls ç—fr ds ewy esa fLFkr fdlh HkkSfrd rRo ¼inkFkZ½ ds Lohdkj fd;s tkus dks ysdj]

lokZfèkd nq[kh FksA mUgksaus ,sls fdlh vkèkkjHkwr ¼vewrZ½ rRo dk Hkzked :i ls voyksfdr xq.kksa ls vuqfer gksus ds dkj.k [k.Mu fd;kA og dgrs gSa fd ,slk vusd xq.kksa ds ,d lkFk lkgp;Z dh vuqHkwfr gksus ds dkj.k gSA vr%] mnkgj.k ds fy;s] ,d fuf'pr jax] xUèk]

Lokn] vk—fr vkSj fofHkUu xq.kksa dh fu;r lkgp;Zrk dks ,d fof'k"V oLrq] tSls fd lso]

dk uke ns fn;k tkrk gSA blh çdkj vU; oLrq,a Hkh fHkUu xq.kksa ds laxzg ek= gSA

¼

ih,pds

] Hkkx 1] [k.M 1½ mudh vkdka{kk oSKkfud Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu inksa tSls fd cy]

xq#Ro] dkj.krk dks Li"V djus dh FkhA og dgrs gSa fd ;s in çR;;ksa ds laxzg ls vfèkd dqN ugha gSa vkSj bUgsa gekjk eu lEosnksa ls çkIr djrk gSA

cdZys us ftruk vfèkd vius eu dh fØ;kfofèk dk ijh{k.k fd;k vkSj mlds çR;;ksa dk cká fo"k;ksa ls lEcèk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k og mruk gh vfèkd çR;;ksa ls LorU= fo"k;ksa ds vfLrRo dks [kkstus esa vlQy gq,A og dgrs gSa fd tc Hkh ge iw.kZ ç;kl ls cká fo"k;ksa ds vfLrRo dks xzg.k djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa ge lnSo dsoy vius çR;;ksa ij gh fopkj dj jgs gksrs gSaA cká txr esa ,slk dqN ugha gS ftldh gesa vuqHkwfr u gks ldsA vUr esa]

cdZys dgrs gSa fd çR;; dsoy çR;; ds leku gh gks ldrk gS vkSj blfy;s tc y‚d

;g dgrs gSa fd çR;; vkSj okLrfod fo"k; fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSa( ekufld gksus ls çR;;

vkSj okLrfod gksus ls inkFkZ rFkk ekufld vkSj HkkSfrd nksuksa çk—frd :i ls ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksus ls y‚d ds fopkjksa esa ,d fojksèkkHkkl pyk vkrk gSA cdZys dgrs gSa fd ;fn eu vkSj fo"k; ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gS vkSj fQj ;fn ;g ekuk tk, fd Kku fofHkUurkvksa dh lekurk ij vkèkkfjr gS rks ;g ,d rkfdZd folaxfr gSA ;fn esjs çR;; esjs eu ls ckgj fo"k;ksa ds vuq:i gSa rc bls fdlh vU; eu esa fdlh vU; çR;; ds :i esa gksuk pkfg,A vc] cdZys y‚d ds çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d xq.kksa ds Hksn dk [k.Mu djds okLro esa lEiw.kZ çfrfufèkdkRed ;FkkZFkokn ds rU= dk [k.Mu dj nsrs gSaA

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189

9-5 bZ”oj vkSj oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo

cdZys dgrs gSa fd oLrqvksa dks vfLrRoeku gksus ds fy, mudk vuqHko gksuk vfuok;Z gSA oLrq,a esjs çR;{k ds vuq:i gksrh gSaA ysfdu ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd tc eSa oLrqvksa dks ugha ns[k jgk gksrk rks eSa dSls tkurk gw¡ fd os rc Hkh vfLrRo esa gS] ;k ughaA vc pw¡fd cdZys us u rks oLrqvksa ds vfLrRo dks udkjk gS vkSj u gh mudh vkilh fLFkfr vkSj Øe dks udkjk gS rc fcuk vuHkfr ds oLrvksa ds vfLrRo dks lr dls ekuk tk ldrk gS\ blds mÙkj esa cdZys dgrs gSa fd tc eSa vius eu ls ckgj oLrqvksa ds vfLrRo dks udkjrk gw¡--- rc og vU; euksa--- esa çR;{k gks jgh gksrh gSA ¼

Fkzh Mk;y‚x fcVohu gk;yl ,.M fQyksul]

Mk;y‚x 3½A vkSj ;fn oLrq,¡ fdlh Hkh vU; eu }kjk çR;{k ugha gks jgh gks rks mUgsa ns[kus ds fy;s ,d loZ'kfä'kkyh] vuUr eu ¼bZ”oj½ gksrk gSA bZ”oj lHkh oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa tkurk gS vkSj le>krk gS] vkSj mUgsa gekjs lEeq[k dqN bl <ax ls] dqN fu;ekuqlkj j[krk gS tSls fd mlus mUgsa ,sls gh vfLrRoeku gksus ds fy;s ckè; fd;k gS vkSj ftUgsa geus ç—fr ds fu;e uke ns fn;k gSA ¼

Fkzh Mk;y‚x fcVohu gk;yl ,.M fQyksul

] Mk;y‚x 3½A

oLrqr%] oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo bZ”oj ds vfLrRo ij fuHkZj gS vkSj bZ”oj gh ç—frd esa mifLFkr Øec)rk dk dkj.k gSA

cdZys dgrs gSa fd vfLrRo dks vuqHkwfr ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r djds eq>s Kku gksrk gS fd txr esa esjs leku gh vU; O;fä Hkh vfLrRoeku gS vkSj muds ikl Hkh eu gSA os Hkh esjs leku gh çR;;ksa dks èkkj.k djrs gSaA ysfdu esjs vkSj esjs tSls vU; lhfer euksa ls Åij ,d fHkUu vlhfer eu] bZ”oj gSA ç—fr esa fu;ec)rk ewyr% bZ”oj ds çR;;ksa ds dkj.k gh gSA fQj] ekuo eu esa bZ”oj&çR;; gksrk gS ftls og vU; ekuoksa dks lEçsf"kr djrk gSA vr%] euq";ksa ds fnu&çfrfnu ds vuqHkoksa dk dkj.k bZ”oj gS u fd inkFkZ vFkok æO;A ;g bZ”oj gh gS tks lhfer euksa ds lHkh vuqHkoksa dks la;ksftr djrs gSa vkSj vuqHko esa fu;rrk vkSj fuHkZjrk lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA Qyr%] ge ç—fr ds fu;eksa ds vUrxZr gh lksprs gSaA

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190

;|fi] lhfer eu vkSj fnO; eu fHkUu gksus ds dkj.k bZ”oj eu ds rdZlaxr vkSj Li"Vrk ls O;ofLFkr çR;;ksa vkSj bZ”oj eu }kjk ekuo&eu esa lapkfjr çR;;ksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA vr%] ije lr~ LoHkkor% vkè;kfRed gS] u fd HkkSfrd vkSj fo"k;ksa dk fujUrj vLrRo bZ”oj ds muds fujUrj çR;{k ij vkèkkfjr gSA cdZys çR;;ksa ds bZ”oj&eu ls ekuo&eu esa mRiUu gksus dh O;k[;k djus esa dkj.krk dh fof'k"V O;k[;k djrs gSaA og bl rF; dk fojksèk ugha djrs fd gekjs vUnj dkj.krk dh vUrnZ`f"V gS] oju~ ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd gekjs bfUæ; lEosn fdlh fof'k"V dkj.krk 'kfä dks gekjs lEeq[k mifLFkr ugha djrsA dsoy gekjh ekufld lafØ;kvksa ds }kjk ge bu dkj.k&lEcUèkksa dks le>rs gSaA

9-6 }Srokn] fujh”ojokn vkSj la'k;okn dk [k.Mu

cdZys dgrs gSa fd mudk çR;;okn n'kZu ds fofHkUu çdkj ds vLi"V o xw< ç'uksa dks lekIr dj nsrk gSA ekuo Kku dks çR;;ksa vkSj vkRek ds Kku ds Lrj ij ykus ds lkFk&lkFk cdZys eu esa mifLFkr fo"k; ¼vcksèkxE; fo"k;ksa½ vkSj eu ls ckgj ds fo"k;

¼okLrfod fo"k;ksa½ ds eè; ds }Srokn dk [k.Mu djrs gSaA ;g }Srokn gh lansg dh tM+

gksrh gS] D;ksafd ge ;g dSls tku ldrs gSa fd Kkr ¼çR;{k½ oLrq,a vKkr ¼vçR;{k½ oLrqvksa dks dSls fl) dj ldrh gSaA ;fn jax] vk—fr] xfr] foLrkj vkfn eu ls Lora=

oLrqvksa dks funZsf'kr djrh gSa] rks dsoy çrhfr dk gh çR;{k gksrk gS u fd oLrqvksa ds okLrfod xq.kksa dkA bfUæ;ksa dh ;gh vfo”oluh;rk la'k;okn dks tUe nsrh gS vkSj ;g lansgokn gh çR;;oknh fl)kar ls [kafMr gksrk gSA

cdZys dgrs gSa fd æO; dk fl)kar gh fujh”ojokn ds çlkj ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA HkkSfrdrkokn ds [k.Mu ls fujh”ojokn dk lEiw.kZ <kapk èkjk'kk;h gks tkrk gSA og dgrs gSa fd ;fn Lo vfLrRo] fuf"Ø;] vfopkfjr æO; lHkh fo"k;ksa dk ewy gS rc LokHkkfod :i ls Lora=rk] ckSf)drk vksj vfHkdYi dks czãk.M fuekZ.k ls ckgj j[kuk iM+sxkA cdZys us ;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k fd HkkSfrd inkFkZ dks LFkk;h lr~ ekuus ds dkj.k gh ewrÊ iwtk vfLrRo esa vkrh gSA ;fn lEosfnr fo"k; dsoy lEosnukvksa ds lewg ek= gks rks euq"; ds fy;s vius

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191

gh çR;;ksa dh iwtk djuk gkL;kLin gksxkA ;fn HkkSfrd inkFkZ ds okLrfod lr~ dks mtkxj dj fn;k tk;s rks dsoy ,slk HkkSfrd rRo mHkj dj lkeus vkrk gS tks çR;;ksa vFkok xq.kksa dk la;kstu ek= gS] rc HkkSfrd inkFkZ dks iquZLFkkfir djuk vlEHko gks tkrk gSA blls cdZys iw.kZr% lger Fks fd ;fn inkFkZ] fujh”ojokn] ewfrZiwtk vkSj vèkfeZdrk dh ifjdYiukvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k tk;s rks os fcuk fdlh çek.k ds Lor% gh u"V gks tk,axsA cdZys iw.kZ :i ls vk”oLr Fks fd vius –';rs bfr o`rrs ds fl)kar ds }kjk nk'kZfud HkkSfrdokn vkSj èkkfeZd la'k;okn fd fLFkfr dks mUgksaus detksj cuk fn;k gSA y‚d ds vuqHkookn ij [kM+s gksdj cdZys bl fu.kkZ;d fcUnw ij igqaps fd ekuo eu lnSo vuqHkoksa ij gh dk;Z djrk gS vkSj vewrZ çR;; fdlh ;FkkFkZ lÙkk dks funZsf'kr ugha djrsA áwe]

ftUgksaus vuqHkookn dks 'kh"kZ ij igqpk;k] cdZys ds ckjs esa dgrs gSa fd cdZys us ,d egku nk'kZfud ds :i esa vius ls iwoZ ds fooknkLin eqíksa dks [kf.Mr fd;k vkSj fuf'pr fd;k fd lkekU; çR;; fo'ks"k çR;; ds vfrfjä vkSj dqN ugha gS--- eSa bls lrjgoha vkSj vB~Bkjgoha 'krkCnh ds ckSf)d leqnk; ds nk'kZfudksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj ewY;oku miyfCèk ekurk gw¡A ¼áwe]

, VªhVkbt v‚Q áweu uspj

] iqLrd 1] Hkkx 1] [k.M 7½A

cksèk ç'u 3 fVIi.kh%

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjä LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A

1½ D;k cdZys us y‚d ds çkFkfed o f}rh;d xq.kksa ds vUrj dks Lohdkj fd;k\

--- --- ---

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192

--- 2½ cdZys ds vuqlkj –';rs bfr o`rrs D;k gS\

--- --- --- ---

9-7 lkjka'k

bl bdkbZ esa geus cdZys ds n'kZu ds eq[; fl)karksa dks le>us dk ç;kl fd;k gSA cdZys ,d vuqHkooknh Fks vkSj muds n'kZu dks fo"k;hfu"B vkn'kZokn dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus vewrZ çR;;ksa o HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds okLrfodrk ds fl)karksa dk [k.Mu fd;k gSA mUgksaus çfl) fl)kar –';rs bfr o`rrs dk çfriknu fd;kA blds vuqlkj] oLrq,a ekuo vuqHkwr txr esa cká :i ls fo|eku ugha gS oju~ ekuo dh vuqHkwfr esa gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ekuo&eu esa mifLFkr çR;; gh okLrfod lr~ gSA cdZys dk bZ”oj ds vfLrRo ds çfr –"Vdks.k blfy;s ppkZ dk fo"k; cuk D;ksafd mudk ekuuk gS fd cká txr dk vfLrRo bZ”oj }kjk mls 'kk”or :i ls çR;; djrs jgus ls gSA cdZys us bls }Srokn] fujh”ojokn vkSj la'k;okn ds [k.Mu ds }kjk LFkkfir fd;kA

9-8 dqath 'kCn

vuqHkookn % Kkuehekalk esa og fl)kUr ftldk ekuuk gS fd Kku ds lzksr gekjh ikap KkusfUæ;ka ¼vka[k] ukd] dku] thHk] Ropk½ gSa] vkSj vuqHko ds iwoZ ;k ijs dksbZ Kku lEHko ughaA

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193

fo"k;hfu"B ¼O;fäfu"B½ çR;;okn % og nk'kZfud fl)kUr ftldk ekuuk gS fd lkèkkj.k HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds vfLrRo dh 'krZ gS mudk vkuqHkfod gksukA lHkh lR eu&lkis{k ¼eu ij fuHkZj½ gS] ftldk vk'k; gS fd oLrq ;k rks euq"; ds eu esa ;k fQj bZ”oj ds eu esa vfLrRooku gSA

9-9 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

,s;jl] ,e-]

y‚d

] oksY;w&2] panu] jkmVyst ,.M dsxu i‚y] 1991-

cUusV] ts-]

y‚d] cdZys] áwe% lsUVªy FkhEl

] vkDlQksMZ] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 1971- tsUlh] ts-]

cdZys% ,u bUVªksMD”ku

] vkDlQksMZ] CySdoSy] 1987-

¶yst] Mh-bZ-]

cdZysl MkDVªkbu v‚Q uks'kul

] cdsugse] Øwe gse] 1987- QksLVj] ts-]

n dsl v‚Q vkbfM;fyTe

] jkmVyst ,.M dsxu iky] 1982- xzs;fyax] ,-lh-

cdZys% n lUVªy vkjX;wesUV~l

] yUnu] MkdoFkZ] 1986-

ekjfVu] lh-ch- ,.M vkeZLVªksax Mh-,e-] ,fM-]

y‚d ,.M cdZys

] panu] esfDeyu] 1968- fipj] th-

cdZys]

yanu] jkmVyst ,.M dsxu iky] 1977-

vkeZlu] ts-vks-]

cdZy

s] vkDlQksMZ] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 1982- okukZsd] th-ts-]

cdZy

s] gkjeks.MloFkZ] isU;wu cqDl] 1953-

okbyM] tku]

t‚tZ cdZys

] eslsP;wlsV] gkoMZ ;wfuofuZVh çsl] 1936-

9-10 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u 1

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194

1½ tktZ cdZys ,d vkbfjl O;fä FksA mudk tUe 1685 esa gqvk FkkA viuh çkjfEHkd f'k{kk fdydSuh esa lEiUu djus ds ckn og fVªfuVh d‚yst igqapsA lksyg lky dh voLFkk esa gh os igys Lukrd ds :i esa vkSj blds ckn ,d f'k{kd vkSj rsjg lkyksa rd 'kksèkdrkZ ds :i esa vius dSfj;j dh ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡psA 1934 esa og Dyks;us ds fo'ki cusA ;gk¡

mUgksaus fo}riw.kZ dk;Z fd,A muds eq[; ys[ku dk;ksZa esa dkeuIysl cqd] , U;w F;ksjh v‚Q fotu] çfUliyl v‚Q áweu ukfyt] n Mk;yksXl v‚Q gk;ykl ,.M fQyksul]

,sfyflÝksu Mu flul lfEefyr gSA LokLF; fcxMus ls os vkDlQksMZ pys x;s] tgk¡ 1753 esa mudh e`R;q gks xbZA os lHkh ds }kjk cM+s fo}ku vkSj lgkpkjh iq#"k ds :i esa Loh—r fd;s x;sA

2½ cdZys ds le; esa oSKkfud fodkl ds pyrs HkkSfrdokn vkSj fujh”ojokn dk çHkko cM+rk tk jgk FkkA cdZys ,d èkkfeZd O;fä FksA mUgksaus fujh”ojoknh fopkjksa dk ;g dg dj [k.Mu fd;k fd HkkSfrd txr LoHkkor% vkè;kfRed gS vkSj ;g l`f"V bZ”ojh; vPNkbZ dh vfHkO;fä lEer Hkkouk gSA mUgksaus y‚d ds vuqHkookn dh folaxfr;ksa dks HkkSfrd æO;

dk [k.Mu djds nwj fd;k vkSj vius fof'k"V n'kZu dks fodflr fd;kA cksèk ç'u 2

1½ cdZys us HkkSfrd æO; dh vlEHkkouk dks ;g dg dj udkj fn;k fd dsoy vuqHkwr oLrqvksa dks gh tkuk tk ldrk gS vkSj æO; dk çR;; ;g ;ksX;rk iwjh ugha djrk gSA fQj mUgksaus y‚d ds çkFkfed xq.kksa vkSj f}rh;d xq.kksa ds Hksn dk Hkh [k.Mu fd;kA cdZys us Lohdkj fd;k fd lEiw.kZ Kku dk vkèkkj dsoy vuqHko gh gS vkSj vuqHko ls ijs fdlh oLrq dk vfLrRo lEHko ugha gSA

2½ cdZys vewrZ çR;; dk [k.Mu nksgjs mís'; ls djrs gSaA çFke] os y‚d ds lkekU;

çR;; fl)kar tSls fd yky oLrqvksa ls çFkd lkekU; yky jax vFkok fof'k"V f=Hkqtksa ls çFke lkekU; çfrfufèkd f=Hkqt dk [k.Mu djuk pkgrs FksA nwljs] os ;g fl) djuk pkgrs Fks fd lcdqN fo'ks"k gSA blds fy;s mUgksaus iwjkus vUrfuZfgr lkekU;rk ds çR;; dks

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195

vfl) fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd dksbZ lkekU; çR;; ugha gksrk gS lHkh çR;; fof'k"V gksrs gSaA

cksèk ç'u 3

1½ y‚d ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd fo"k; ds dqN fuf'pr xq.k gksrs gSaA dqN xq.k tSls fd jax]

xUèk] èofu] Lokn ewyr% fo"k;ksa ds os xq.k gS tks fo"k;h esa mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj blfy;s fo"k;h esa jgrs gSa u fd fo"k; esaA ;s xq.k f}rh;d xq.k dgykrs gSaA nwljh vksj fo"k; esa vUrfuZfgr f}rh;d xq.k tSls fd foLrkj] vk—fr] Bkslrk vkfn gksrs gSaA cdZys bl Hksn dks Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa D;ksafd f}rh;d xq.k Hkh çkFkfed xq.k dh rjg gh Li'kZ vkSj –f"V ds }kjk gh çkIr gksrs gSa vkSj jax] Lokn vkfn dh rjg gh lEosn cu tkrs gSaA fQj] çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d xq.k ,d nwljs ls vi`Fkduh; <ax ls la;qä gksrs gSaA ge jax vkSj foLrkj dk çR;{k ugha djrs gSa cfYd jaxhu foLrkfjr fo"k; dk çR;{k djrs gSaA

2½ cdZys dk –';rs bfr orZrs ds fl)kar ls ;g rkRi;Z Fkk fd fo"k; çR;;@ vuqHko lEer gksrs gSaA fdUrq ;fn eSa fo"k;ksa dk çR;{k ugha d:a rc fo"k; dSls vfLrRoeku gksrs gSaA cdZys dk mÙkj gSa fd rc bls dksbZ vU; eu vuqHkwr dj jgk gksrk gS vkSj & ;fn dksbZ nwljk ekuo eu Hkh miyCèk u gks rks 'kk”or bZ”oj budk çR;{k dj jgk gksrk gSA blls fo"k;ksa dk lnSo vfLrRo cuk jgrk gSA

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