Supplementary Materials: Evolution of cratons through
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the ages: A time-dependent study
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Jyotirmoy Paul*, Attreyee Ghosh
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Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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*jyotirmoyp@iisc.ac.in
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Fig. S 1: Final stage of cratonic evolution from different models at 240 km. Viscosity combinations of cratons and asthenosphere is marked for each figure.
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 log10 visc
240 km 8 Ma 0.01,10 0.01,10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−2 −1 0 1
log10 visc
240 km 8 Ma 0.01,100 0.01,100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−2 −1 0 1 2
log10 visc
240 km 5 Ma 0.01,1000 0.01,1000
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−1 0 1 2
log10 visc
240 km 5 Ma 0.1,10 0.1, 10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−1 0 1 2
log10 visc
240 km 5 Ma 0.1,100 0.1,1000 0.1, 100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
−1 0 1 2 3
log10 visc
240 km 5 Ma 0.1,1000
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
0 1 2 3
log10 visc
8 Ma 1,10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
0 1 2 3
log10 visc
240 km 8 Ma 1,100 1, 100 1 , 100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
0 1 2 3 4
log10 visc
240 km 0 Ma
1,1000
1, 1000
Fig. S 2: Final stage of cratonic evolution from different models at 24 km. Viscosity combinations of cratons and asthenosphere is marked for each figure.
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log10 visc
24 km 8 Ma 24 km
0.01,10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 visc
24 km 8 Ma 0.01,100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 visc
24 km 5 Ma 0.01,1000
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log10 visc
24 km 5 Ma 0.01,10 0.1,10 0.1 , 10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 visc
24 km 5 Ma 0.1,100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 visc
24 km 5 Ma 0.1,1000
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
log10 visc
24 km 8 Ma 1,10 1, 10 1 , 10
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 visc
24 km 8 Ma 1,100
−180˚ −150˚ −120˚ −90˚ −60˚ −30˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
−90˚
−60˚
−30˚
0˚
30˚
60˚
90˚
Table S 1: List of viscosity parameters used in the models.
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Normalized Asth. visc.
Actual asth. visc.
(Pa-s)
Craton visc. multi- ple
Craton visc. within 0-100 km (Pa-s)
Craton visc. within 100-300 km (Pa-s)
Final defor- mation at 240 km (%)
Final defor- mation at 24 km (%)
0.01 10 19 10 3 × 10 23 10 20 -91 55
0.01 10 19 100 3 × 10 24 10 21 -48 33
0.01 10 19 1000 3 × 10 25 10 22 -37 10
0.1 10 20 10 3 × 10 23 10 21 -60 34
0.1 10 20 100 3 × 10 24 10 22 -19 7
0.1 10 20 1000 3 × 10 25 10 23 -31 -6
1 10 21 10 3 × 10 23 10 22 -12 7
1 10 21 100 3 × 10 24 10 23 -10 0.2
1 10 21 1000 3 × 10 25 10 24 -8 -9
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V1: Animation of cratonic evolution at 240 km depth. Asthenosphere viscosity is 10 19 Pa-s,
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cratons are 10 times stronger than surroundings (0.01, 10)
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V2: Animation of cratonic evolution at 240 km depth. Asthenosphere viscosity is 10 19 Pa-s,
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cratons are 100 times stronger than surroundings (0.01, 100)
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V3: Animation of cratonic evolution at 240 km depth. Asthenosphere viscosity is 10 20 Pa-s,
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cratons are 100 times stronger than surroundings (0.1, 100)
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V4: Animation of cratonic evolution at 240 km depth. Asthenosphere viscosity is 10 21 Pa-s,
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cratons are 100 times stronger than surroundings (1, 100)
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