RURAL DEVELOPMENT

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Prof. N.Khan

What is Rural?

■ RURAL: The word ‘Rural’ means an area which is marked by non-urban style of life, occupational

structure, social organization and settlement pattern.

Rural is noticeably agricultural, its settlement system consists of villages or homesteads ; Socially it

signifies greater inter dependence among people,

more deeply rooted community life and a slow moving rhythm of life built around nature and natural

phenomenon; and occupationally it is highly

dependent on crop farming, animal enterprises, tree

crops and related activities.

What is Development?

■ The term ‘Development’ means quantitative as well as

qualitative change. Since it means change, which has meaning only when seen against something at a particular time, it

carries a meaning which is not only relative but also subjective.

Only a given type of quantitative cum-qualitative change is

considered to be development in a positive sense. If the change is not of appreciable quality, and quantity, it is either mal-

development or negative development

■ Thus rural development is an areal-concept It is a complete term which means a variety of elements (Social, Economic, Technological and Natural) of human life and activities.

Rural Development

■ The concept of rural development was borne in the context of agriculture and for a long time it encompassed agricultural development. The Planning Commission’s Task Force on Integrated Rural Development observed in

1972: “After careful consideration, we have belatedly decided to take what might be considered rather restricted view of the expression ‘rural

development’.

■ We have chosen to equate it with agricultural development in the widest sense so as to embrace besides crop, husbandry, and all the allied

activities. Since 1970s, the concept has become more definite in its

interpretation and it is being regarded as a design to improve the economic and social life especially, by extending benefits of development to the

poorest, small farmers, tenants and landless. Now, rural development is not exclusively restricted to any single activity or area, it travels many or all areas which anyway affect upgrading, enlisting and petrifying improvement of transformation in socio-economic lives of rural people.

Contd…….

■ The World Bank defines - “rural development as a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people - The rural poor. Rural development involves extending the benefits of development to the poorest among

those who seek livelihood in the rural areas. The group includes small-scale farmers, tenants and the land less.”

Concerns of Rural Development

■ overall improvement of quality of life for rural people.

■ reduction of poverty,

■ increasing productivity,

■ providing basic services like health, education, drinking water, sanitation, extending infrastructure,

■ attempt to reverse distorted land distribution and ownership and host of other aspects redressing inequality, exploitation and deprivation in any conceivable sense.

■ The general credence is that for breaking the ‘interlocking log-jam’ and disadvantages, it will surely require= attacking several barriers through concerted action and multi pronged strategy.

Multiple Objectives of Rural Development

■ (a) ensure local participation and evoke local enthusiasm,

■ (b) make local distribution of resources possible,

■ (c) establish closer correspondence between the resources endowment and potentials of an area and the contents and magnitude of development programmes taken up therein,

■ (d) establish greater complementarities between inter-

dependent programmes falling within the sphere of different departments and

■ (e) obtain feed-back in terms of field level experiences for

making the planning process at the other hierarchic levels more realistic and effective.

Components of Rural Development Policy

■ a) The first component of such a policy may be ‘man and his

environment’ with an objective of creating skills and appropriate knowledge so that man can exploit his environment and can

expand his resources for better quality of life.

■ b) The second important conceptual focus has to be on the ecological setting. Since rural is in contrast to urban and its development may be proportionate to urban development.

■ c) The means of production and appropriate technology needs to constitute the third component of rural development. .

Contd…..

■ d) The building of institutional infrastructure necessary for

mobilizing economic resources and management of men, money and material resources may be the fourth component of rural development

■ e)The fifth important component of rural development is ‘self reliance’, which needs to be brought in through local initiative, participation and mobilization of existing resources.

■ f) The last, though not the least, dimension of rural

development needs to focus on distributive justice in so far as the poor segments of the rural population are concerned

Strategy for Rural

Development Programes

■ The Multi-purpose Strategy

■ The Community Development programme (CDP), started in 1952 .The activities of CDP included agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, cooperation, village and small-scale industries, health and sanitation, education, communication and housing etc.

■ The programme as a whole was to converge on the totality of human development; therefore, the destination of the

Community Development programme was man.

Growth Oriented Strategy

■ This is based on the philosophy that rural people, like any other people, are rational decision makers, who, when given adequate opportunity and a proper environment, will try to maximize their incomes.

■ The critical assumption of this strategy is that the benefits of increased production will gradually ‘trickle down’ to the poor. The regulation and coordination of the activities of the private and public agencies is primarily through market mechanisms.

Contd

■ This paradigm formed the basis ofthe predominant agricultural development strategy of the 1960s, when programmes like the Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP), the Intensive Cattle Development Programme (ICDP), the High Yielding

Varieties Programme (HYVP), were launched.

■ This strategy led to ‘Green Revolution’ in India. But, this

approach helped only the richer farmers in the rural areas, so its utility was limited and the green revolution failed to bring any greenery to the rural poor who continued to remain pale.

Target Group Strategy

■ In this approach, a particular group is taken up for studies and plan priorities are accordingly modified.

■ Recognizing that the small farmers/marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourer’s problems are

different to those of the bigger ones, separate

programmes like the SFDA/MFAL were started for their development.

■ The Antyodaya Schemes (betterment of the last in line) is a target approach. This approach produced a client-oriented design and the ultimate goal is to

transfer all the responsibilities of planning and

development to the clientele themselves

Area Development Strategy

■ Under this strategy, emphasis is laid on the development of the backward regions. The area development approach presumes that the growth centres have an even geographical spread

effect and that the benefits of development percolate to spread effect and that the benefits of development percolate to the

lower levels over a period of time.

■ Under this strategy, a pinpointed area is taken for development.

A backward area is identified for concentrated efforts, such as Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Tribal Area

Development Programme (TADP), Command Area Development Programme (CADP), Hill Area Development Programme etc,

which comes under this approach. .

Spatial Planning Strategy

■ In the Fifth Plan, multi level planning was very much emphasized and it was argued that since more intimate, precise and detailed knowledge about

physico-geographical, techno-economic, socio-political and organizational administrative conditions is available for planning activities which have

strong local foci is more fruitfully undertaken at the district level, therefore, under this approach, progress was too slow, owing to a number of other

factors affecting the national plan formulation . The paucity of the

techniques and the weakness in conceptualizing area-level-improvement in the national context, led to the compilation of all the visualized needs as a district plan

■ Now, block plans are advocated not as the best for rural development unless all the programmes are related to a spatial level and the projects included as a part of the block plan, a well-meaning and well synchronized rural plan of action will become difficult

Integrated or Holistic Strategy

■ It has been realized that development should be an integrated one.

■ This is possible when “sectoral development programmes, human resources development programmes, social welfare schemes and infrastructural development progrmmes”are brought within the framework of a prospective plan for implementation, where each programme reinforces the other through linkages.

■ Integrated Strategy combines all the positive features of the earlier strategies, and is designed to simultaneously achieve the goals of growth, welfare, equity, and community participation.

■ This paradigm takes a very comprehensive but integrated view of the basic problems of poverty, unemployment and inequality, and seeks to address the physical, economic, technological, social,

motivational, organizational and political bases of these problems.

Contd

■ The multiple goals of this strategy are sought to be achieved by building the capacity of the community to involve itself in

development in partnership with the government. The anti-poverty programmes launched in India in the 1970s, particularly the IRD programme, National Rural Employment Progrmme and Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment were intended to follow this

paradigm.

■ It has been rightly observed by John.P.Lewis: “A serviceable rural development programme in India must deal with the several

aspects of the rural economy in an integrated fashion. An isolated agricultural development effort unrelated and unsupported by other kinds of rural policies would be doomed to failure almost surely”

On account of IRD programmes, the number of persons living below the poverty line has been considerably reduced; still, however,

much remains to be done for these poverty-stricken peopl

Participatory Strategy

■ During the last two decades several new approaches like ‘top- down planning’, ‘planning from below’, ‘bottom up planning’,

‘micro level planning’, and ‘multi-level planning’ have been

thought of in the context of involving the people in every phase of development.

■ In the (Xth Five Year Plan), the government has devised

participatory strategy to promote rural development. Provision has been made to expand economic and social opportunity for individuals and groups by encouraging greater participation in decision making. Right now we have the ‘Swamajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana’, which has replaced the earlier programmes like IRDP, TRYSEM, etc.

Contd……….

■ It is a single self-employment programme for the rural poor. The various programmes and strategies that have been examined by the experts confirm that no single package or formula is

sufficient for effective rural development. Mere extension of approaches and strategies which are far from reality would not serve the purpose and a major re-thinking is required to develop rural India. The entire strategy calls for adaptation,

modification, and experimentation, depending upon the exigencies of the situation in our count

Rural Development Programmes

■ (1) Agricultural Development,

■ (2) Employment Generation Programme,

■ (3) Area Development Programme and

■ (4) Social Development Programmes.

Agricultural Development Programme

■ (1) Land Reforms. (LR)

■ 2. Bhoodan Movement- (BM) 1951.

■ 3. Community Development programme- (CDP) 1952

■ . 4. National Extension Service- (NES) 1952

■ . 5. Panchayati Raj- (PR) 1959

■ . 6. Integrated Agricultural District Programme-

(IADP) 1960

Contd……….

■ 7. Intensive Agricultural Area programme- (IAAP) 1964

■ . 8. High Yielding Variety programme- (HYVP) 1965.

■ 9. Small Farmers Development Agency- (SFDA) 19

■ 10- Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Laborer’s Development Agency (MFALDA) 1969

■ 11. integrated Rural Development Programme- (IRDP)

1978

Area Development Programme

■ Tribal Area Development Agency- (TADA) 1962

■ /Integrated Tribal Development Programme- (ITDP)

■ Drought Prone Area Programme- (DAPA) 1970.

■ Command Area Development Programme- (CADP) 1974.

■ Desert Area Development Project- (DDP) 1977.

■ Integrated Rural Energy Programme -(IREP) 1992.

Employment Generation Programmes

■ (1) Rural Industrialization- (RI) 1962

■ (2) Crash Programme for Rural Employment -(CPRE) 1971.

■ (3) Food for Work Programme- (FWP) 1977.

■ (4) National Rural Employment Programme- (NREP) 1980

■ (5) Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme- (RLEGP) 1983.

■ (6) Jawahar Rozgar Yojana -(JRY) 1989.

■ (7) Employment Assurance Scheme- (EAS) 1993.

■ (8) Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana- (JGSY) 1999.

■ (9) Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana- (SGSY) 1999.

■ (10) Sampoorna Gram Rozgar Yojana- (SGSY)

Social Development Programme

■

a. Minimum Need Programme- (MNP) 1972.

■

b. Twenty Points Programme and Revised Twenty Point Programme-(TPP) 1975.

■

C-Training for Rural Youth for Self-Employment - (TRYSEM) 1979.

■

d. Development of Women and Children in Rural Area- (DWCRA) 1982

■

. e. Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme- (ARWSP) 1986.

■

f. Million Wells Scheme- (MWS) 1989

Contd……

■ g. Indira Awaas Yojana-(IAY) 1989.

■ h. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission- (RGNDWM) 1991.

■ i. National Social Assistance Programme- (NSAP) 1995.

■ j. Credit-Cum -Subsidy for Rural Housing Scheme -

(1999).

Community Development Programme(CDP)

■ As the term implies, Community Development means the development of Indian Community. The

development is brought about by stimulative,

encouraging, aiding and assisting the villagers in

improving their standards of living. For this purpose the Government appoints experts like doctors,

agricultural scientists, veterinary surgeons and civil engineers to assist the farmers in improving their

economic, social and cultural pursuits”.

Pre Independent

■ Before Independence efforts were made for the development of the community by

national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Vinoba Bhave and others. They did not succeed for want of wide-spread organisation. After

independence, the Government appointed the

Grow More Food Enquiry Committee

Committee Report

■ The Committee stated that “the economic aspects of village life cannot be detached from the broader social aspects and

agricultural improvement is inextricably

linked up with whole set of social problems.

That all aspects of rural life are inter-related

and that no lasting results can be achieved if

individual aspects of it are dealt in isolation.”

Characteristics

■ The Government accepted the recommendation of the

Committee and launched upon the CD programme from the 2nd October 1952, the birth date of Mahatma Gandhi.

■ “The intention is not to neglect the rest of the country, but to make sure of success by making a small beginning in a

concentrated manner in comparatively smaller areas and then spread them out in the rest of the country.

■ Many sided Development of Rural Life:

■ Self-Help:The essence of these community projects is, as their name itself shows, “to help the people to help themselves.”

Contd……..

■ These projects provide a single multipurpose agency reaching the very doors of the farmers. In the case of earlier attempts, not only did the various departments work independently of one another without a sense of common objectives, but each of

these approached the villager through its own official hierarchy.

The community projects avoid these basic drawbacks

■ Adequate Finance : Adequate financial and technical provision is made to ensure their success. Previous attempts had suffered from serious inadequacy of such resources.

Components of Community Development

■ 1. Improvement in Farming Techniques: The improvements such as the introduction of better varieties, use of fertilizers, improvement in cropping pattern, improved tools are needed. The object is to make use of the result of scientific research as fur as possible.

■ 2- Exploring Supplementary Avenues of Employment: Since farming alone cannot make a farmer prosperous, it is necessary to combine with agriculture some other gainful occupations. This means the development of village and cottage industries.

■ 3- Extension of Minor Irrigation Facilities: It is within the power of villagers to extend irrigation facilities through minor irrigation

works. The CD programme gives an important place to this item in their programme.

Contd………

■ 4. Improvement of Transport: For agrarian development good means of transport are must. Accordingly the CD. programme makes a

provision for the construction of local roads

■ 5. Provision of Social Services: The CD programme makes a

provision also for education, health, housing, sanitation, etc. so that the villagers can have a better life and enjoy an increased measure of social welfare.

■ 6. Development of Co-operatives and Panchayats: For effective implementation of their programme it is necessary that the

villagers are organized on democratic lines and there is full

participation on their part in the programmes. Thus, co-operatives and Panchayats are encouraged and developed further.

Organization of the Operation of the CD Programme:

■ Blocks as Development Units

■ Three tier Administration: CDO, BDO, VDO, Pardhan

■ Three Basic Institutions: Gram Panchayat, School

■ Various other community organisations like the Mahila Mandal, Yuvak Mandal, Dastakar Mandal are to function in their

respective spheres.

Intensive Agriculture Development program

Intensive Agriculture Development program (IADP)

was the first major experiment of Indian government in the field of agriculture and it was also known as

“package programme” as it was based upon the

package approach. The programme was launched in

1961 after the Community Development Programme lost sheen. The core philosophy was to provide loan for

seeds and fertilizers to farmers. Intensive Agriculture

Development program was started with the as with the

assistance of Ford Foundation

Selected Districts

■ It was launched as pilot basis in one district of 7 states at that time. These 7 districts were:

■ Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)

■ West Godavari (Andhra Pradesh

■ \Shahabad (Bihar)

■ Raipur (Madhya Pradesh)

■ Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh)

■ Ludhiana (Punjab)

■ Pali (Rajasthan)

Objectives of Programme

■ to achieve rapid increase in the level of agriculture production through a concentration of financial,

technical, extension and administrative resources;

■ (ii) to achieve a self-generating breakthrough in

productivity and to raise the production potential by stimulating the human and physical process of

change; and

■ (iii) to demonstrate the most effective ways of

increasing production and thus, to provide lessons for extending such intensified agricultural production

programes to other areas

Success or Failures

■ The success and failures of the IADP are as follows:

■ Production of wheat as well rice increased. India produced 23.5 Lakh tones of wheat in 1964-65 compared to 17 Lakh tons in

1961.

■ Some parts of the country tasted the “efforts of the

Independent country’s responsible government” for the development.

■ Only some parts benefitted and farmers of those parts became rich, other parts failed to do good.

Contd……

■ The success was due to increased area rather than the increased productivity.

■ The overstaffing created problems for the government. The IADP was expanded and later a new Intensive Agriculture Area

programme (IAAP) was launched to develop special harvest in agriculture area

Some Latest Rural

Development Programmes

■ Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojna

■ I. This is a placement linked skill development scheme for rural poor youth.

■ II. It was launched by on 25 September 2014 by Union Ministers Nitin Gadkari and Venkaiah Naidu on the occasion of 98th birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya.

■ III. It aims to target youth, under the age group of 15–35 years.

■ IV. A total of 52000 candidates have been skilled under this programme till 2014-15.

2. Roshni: Skill Development Scheme for Tribals :

■ I. The Ministry of Rural Development on 7 June 2013 launched a new skill development scheme designed to offer employment to tribal youth in 24 Naxal -affected districts.

■ II. The scheme, which is named Roshni is supposed to provide training and employment to an anticipated 50000 youth in the 10-35 years age group, for a period of three years.

■ III. As per the Ministry 50 per cent of the beneficiaries of the scheme will be women only.

■ IV. The scheme is designed in light of the Himayat project model, which was launched in Jammu and Kashmir has been implemented in Sukma, Chhattisgarh, and West Singhbhum, Jharkand, on a pilot basis over the last 18 months.

3. Swachchh Bharat Mission

■ I. The Prime Minister launched Swachh Bharat Mission on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd October, 2014.

■ II. The concept of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to pave access for every person to sanitation facilities including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness and safe and adequate drinking water supply.

■ III. The programme is to be implemented by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.

■ IV. An action plan has been drawn up for Swachh Bharat to become a reality by 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

■ V. The Mission aims to triple the growth percentage of toilet from present 3% to 10% by 2019^.

4 . Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna:

■ I. This programme was launched by the Prime

Minister Narendra Modi on the birth anniversary of Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan on 11 October 2014.

■ II. Ministry of Rural Development will be the supervising authority for this programme

■ III. Under this programme each Member of Parliament will take the responsibility for developing physical

and institutional infrastructure in three villages by

2019.

5. Heritage Development and Augmentation Yojna (HRIDAY):

■ I. This scheme was launched on the 21 January 2015 under the care of The Union Ministry of Urban

Development.

■ II. Its aim is to preserve and rejuvenate the rich cultural heritage of the country.

■ III. In the initial phase of HRIDAY, 12 heritage cities

have been identified which will be rejuvenated and

developed. Union Government will provide 500 crore

rupees to these 12 cities.

6. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

(MGNREGS ):

■ I. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005, was launched on the 2nd Feb.2006. Now the new name of this scheme is "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" (or, MGNREGA).

■ II. This scheme is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to provide ‘right to work' to the people falling Below

Poverty Line.

■ III. It guarantees 100 days employment in a year to the village people.

■ IV. Fifty percent workers should be women.

■ V. Its 90% funding is borne by the central government and 10% by the state government.

8. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna :

■ I. Initially it was 100% centrally funded scheme, launched on the December 25, 2000.

■ II. After the recommendation of 14^th finance commission report now expenditure will be shared by the centre and state at ratio of 60:40.

■ III. The main aim of this scheme is to provide all weather road connectivity to the rural areas whose population is more than 500 persons and in terms of hilly areas it is 250 persons.

■ IV. This scheme is launched by the Ministry of Rural Development.

9. Training to Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)

■ I. This centrally sponsored programme was started on august 15, 1979.

■ II. The main target of this scheme was to provide technical and business expertise to rural BPL people who are in the age group of 18-35.

■ III. This programme has been merged with Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna on April1, 1999.

10. Antyodaya Anna Yojna (AAY):

■ I. The scheme was launched by the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Bajpayi on the 25 December 2000.

■ II. The scheme provided food grains to around 2 cr.

Below Poverty Line (BPL) families at a very subsidized rate.

■ III. Total 35 kgs of food grains is provided to a family.

Rice is provided at the rate of Rs. 3/kg and wheat at 2

Rs.2/kg.

7 . National Rural Livelihood Mission:

■ I. This scheme was restructured from the Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna in 2011.

■ II. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (Aajeevika) is aimed to

empower the women’s self-help group model across the country.

■ III. Under this scheme govt. provides loan up to 3 lakh rupee at the rate of 7% which could be lowered to 4% on the timely

repayment

11. Village Grain Bank Scheme:

■ I. This scheme was implemented by the department of food and public distribution.

■ II. Main objective of this scheme is to provide safeguard against the starvation during the period of natural calamity or during

lean season when the marginalized food insecure households do not have sufficient resources to purchase rations.

■ III. Under this scheme needy people will be able to borrow food grains from the village grain bank and return it when they have abundant food.

12. National Rural Health Mission

■

I. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), now under National Health Mission is initiated on 12 April, 2005.

■

II. Main aim of this plan is to provide accessible,

affordable and accountable quality health services even to the poorest households in the remotest rural regions.

■

III. Accredited social health activists (ASHA) scheme is also operational under this scheme.

■

IV. It is run by the ministry of health and family welfare.

13. Aam Aadmi Bima Yojna :

■ I. It was launched on october2, 2007.

■ II. It’s a social security scheme for rural households.

■ III. Under this scheme one member of the family is covered.

■ IV. The premium of Rs. 200 per person per annum is shared by the state and central government.

■ V. The insured person need not to pay any premium if his/her age is between the 18 years to 59 years.

14. Kutir Jyoti Programme:

■

I. This programme was launched in 1988-89

■

II. Its main motive was to improve the standard of living of schedule castes and schedule tribes including the rural

families who live below the poverty line.

■

III. Under this programme, a government assistance of Rs.

400 is provided to the families who are living below the

poverty line for single point electricity connections in their

house

15. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan:

■ I. SSA has been operational since 2000-2001.

■ II. Its main aim is to make free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14, a fundamental right.

■ III. This programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

■ IV. Right to education is related to the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India.

■ V. Currently its expenditure is shared by the centre and state into 50: 50 ratios.