THE FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS. AN ABODE OF NOVEL AND INTERESTING MICROFUNGI* I Ka v a k a 36: 1— 11, 2008
The forests of Western Ghats, an abode of novel and interesting microfungi*
D.J. Bhat
Departm ent o f Botany, G oa University, G oa-403 206. India, E-mail: b hatdj® rediffm ail.com A B ST R A C T
"Nahi jnaanena sadnisham pavitmmahi vidyati"
(■=.Nothing is more purer than knowledge) - Lord Shrt Krishna in Bhagavad Gita
I am deeply honoured lo have been elected as President of Mycological Society o f India. I am equally thankful lo Thapar University, Patiala, for organizing the 34th Annual meeting of die Society along with a National Symposium
M ycological Society o f In d ia
The M ycological Society o f India was established in January 1973 in C hennai (form erly M adras), on the sidelines o f International Sym posium on Taxonom y o f Fungi held at C entre for A dvanced Studies in B otany. U niversity o f M adras. The m ain architect o f the event w as Professor C.V.
Subram anian. 1 joined the Botany D epartm ent, at a slightly later date in the sam e year, for my post-M .Sc.
D iplom a in M ycology and Plant Pathology and subsequently for doctoral studies. I narrow ly missed the opportunity o f w itnessing the birth o f the Society.
N evertheless, I have been associated with the Society ever since, in various capacities w hich 1 considered as a privilege. The Society has com pleted 33 years and I am very glad that a Luge num ber o f young students o f m ycology are now enrolling as M em bers.
C e n tre fo r A d v an ced S tu d ie s in B o tan y . U niversity o f M a d ra s
I did my doctoral thesis under the supervision o f Professor C.V. Subramanian and, subsequently also worked on a UGC-sponsored project entitled 'Fungus Flora of South India’ My stay at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University o f Madras, for duration o f sin years was most rewarding. Invaluable guidance from Professor Subramanian and numerous mycological events and interactions that t<x>k place those days together provided me not only a foundation on fungal biology but everything that I know tixlay.
F o re sts o f W e ste rn G h a ts , s o u th e rn In d ia (F ig .l) The W estern G hats, hilly and m ountainous terrain on the western side o f peninsular India, about 1500 km stretch parallel to the coastline betw een 8° N to 2 2°5' N and 7 2 °5 ’ E to 7 6°5' F., extend from river Tapti southw ard through the States o f M aharastra, G oa. K arnataka, Kerala and T am il N adu, up to
K anyakum ari. T hese m ountains are 3 0 -8 0 km away from the sea coast. The escarpm ent is steep and precipitous along the w estern side and gently inclined on the east, the highest elevation is at A nam udi in Kerala. M any
short, fast flow ing, seasonal stream s and perennial rivers originate in the W estern G hats and flow dow n to the A rabian Sea. The ghats receive south-w est m onsoon rain from June to Septem ber; the dow npour is heavy on the western side o f the ghat ranging from 200 to 350 cm annually. The mean annual tem perature ranges betw een 26°C to 37°C, which seldom falls below I6°C. The m ean annual relative hum idity is about 80f& U nder these warm and hum id conditions, luxuriant forests flourish in the windw ard w estern side o f the ghats, which include w et-evergreens, sholas, m oist-deciduous, dry-deciduous, scrub-jungles and plateau-grasslands.
Diverse plant species flourish in the forests o f W estern G hats (Pascal. 1989).
Fungi o f the W estern G hats have been explored and docum ented to som e extent (Subram anian. 1971;
Rao and de H oog. 1986; Subram anian and Bhat, 1987;
Bhat and K endrick, 1993; Sarbhoy et a i , 1986;
Sarbhoy et al., 1996; Jam aluddin et al., 2004;
M anoharachary e t a i , 2005; Jacob, 2000; D ’Souza, 2002; Nair, 2002; Keshav Prasad, 2003; Jalm i. 2006;
G aw as. 2008). D espite the hitherto efforts, vast area o f peninsular India still rem ained unexplored.
E n c o u n te rs w ith m ic ro -fu n g i
M y doctoral studies on H ypocrealean fungi and subsequent project w orks on floristics o f H yphom ycetes dem anded extensive field work. In the last three decades, in search o f m icrofungi, I w andered around num erous forests o f the W estern G hats (Fig. 1), from K anyakum ari (Tam il N adu) to M ahabaleshw ar (M aharashra) through (he States o f K erala. Karnataka
* Presidential address delivered during the 34,h Annual M eeting o f the M ycological Society o f India at Thapar University. Patiala, Punjab, India
2 K P. RADHIKA AND B F RODRIGUES
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Fig. 1. Various localities in (he forests of W estern C hats. India, visited by the author during 1976-2007 and G oa. and scanned several types o f substrates
w hich included decaying plant litter, freshw ater foam , aerial plant parts, internal o f fresh leaves and tw igs, herbivore dung, dead insects, etc. This enduring search for m icrofungi provided me som e insight on h yphom ycetc diversity o f the region. In this address, I w ill highlight the excitem ents derived w hile encountering som e o f the new hyphom yectous fungi in the forests o f W estern Ghats.
H y p h o m y c e te s fro m th e fo re sts o f W e s te rn G h a ts It w as in the m onsoon o f 1976, in search o f lly p o crealean fungi. I set out on my first field trip into
the forests o f W estern G hats in C oorg (now K odagu), located in the State o f Karnataka. M oist cham ber incubated dead and decaying tw igs o f C offea A rabica L.. gathered from Abby Falls, near M adikeri, under stereoscope exhibited glistening, appendaged, colourless, sphencal spores in masses on phialidic conidiophores.
This was nothing to do with Hypocrealean fungi; yet, 1 showed the slides to Professor Subrantanian The mycology laboratory of Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany at M adras University then had total command on conidial fungi, at global level. Professor Subramanian was instant in declaring that the fungus might be an unknown one and 1 should exam ine it further. Continued
THE FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS, AN ABODE OF NOVEL AND INTERESTING MICROFUNGi* 3 detailed studies in the next few months, resulted with
description o f Bahusutrabeeja dw aya Subram. et Bhat, a new species in a new genus (Subramanian and Bhat, 1977a). Though Hypocrealean fungi were my focus, in my inner-self, 1 developed spccial interest on hyphomycetous fungi. It was my firm conviction then that 'knowledge gaining exercises will surpass everything else’
A phiaJidic h y p h o m y cete, P utagraivam sundaram Subram et Bhat (S ubram anian and Bhat,
1977b), anam orphic phase o f a hypocrealean P eetham bara su n d a ra S ubram et B hat (S ubram anian and B hat, 1977c), that I gathered from my native village, D arbhe (Irde) located in the foothills o f W estern G hats, K arnataka State, w as an accidental discovery. C losely and curiously w atching my fungus collecting m ethods, my fath er w ho d id n 't even have any form al ed ucation, brought a head-load o f decaying tw igs o f M acaranga indica W right w hich had bright-coloured strom atic ascocarps on the surface, from the nearby forests. The ascocarps o f P eetham bara sundara, a new hypocrealean fungus, had accom panying cotudial synnem ata on the substrate- Single ascospore in culture also produced the synnem atous conidial phase. T he study ended up in the description o f hitherto unknow n telcom orph-anam orph c o n n ectio n o f the new fungus.
P utagraivam sundaram is now a synonym o f D idym ostilbe sundara (S eifert. 1985)
M y tw o visits to Silent V alley in K erala during M arch-A pril and D ecem ber 1980 for collection o f lungi were m ost m em orable. L ed by the Botanical Survey o f India, I w as part o f a big team set out to study the extent o f biodiversity o f the region I collected sam ples o f fungi from all o v e r the forests and stream s over a period o f 6 w eeks. T ogether with Professor S ubram anian. I exam ined every bit o f the sam ples and docu m en ted the fungi (Subram anian, 1992; S ubram anian and Bhat, 1987). T his w as a m ajor fungal biodiversity study o f the region. T here is no exaggeration if I state that the then pro p o sed plan o f construction o f a m ajor h ydro-electric dam across K unthi puzza river in Silent V alley w as perm anently scrapped because o f the evidences provided by the high biodiversity o f the region, especially the fungi.
As a project sta ff in the 'F u n g u s Flora o f South India' program m e. I co llected sam ples o f fungi from different forests o f K arnataka. K erala and T am ilnadu, during M ay-D eccm bcr 1980 In one o f the field trips, near H assan. K arnataka S tate, o u r vehicle w as hit by a huge vulture and the van tell into a 2 0 m deep ditch.
M iraculous as it w as. we escaped w ith very m inor injuries. N othing o f the sort d eterred us from continuing investigations on fungi, I do rem em ber my first visit to G oa (D ud h sag ar Falls), du rin g N ovem ber
1980. W e traveled in a train engine to the Falls from L onda railw ay station and I had an hour-long sw im in the pond adjacent to the railw ay track. I had no idea those days that I w ould co n tin u e m y quest on fungi, subsequently from G o a U niversity.
A b r ie f w ith fu n g i o f E th io p ia
During 1981-88, I had w orked in A sm ara U niversity, E thiopia (presently E ritrea) Positioned in A sm ara, I had a d istin ct o p p ortunity to survey the highland forests o f southern E thiopia. From fungal d iversity study point o f view , E thiopia is equally rich and. undoubtedly, those w ere som e o f my very productive m ycological study period (B hat, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986; B hat and Sutton, 1984, 1985. 1986, B hat and C hien. 1990. 1992).
R e tu r n to th e W e s te rn G h a ts
M y interest on hyphom ycetes grew steadily and progressively, on return to India. In the subsequent years, w hile w orking in M angalore (1988-89) and G oa U niversities (1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 7 ), along w ith my students and colleagues, I surveyed m any forests and stream s o f the W estern G hats and co lle cted fungal sam ples from everyw here. W e trekked long distances; stayed overnights in deep ju n g le s, nearby bus stands and railw ay platform s. C o llectio n and description o f fungi w ere sheer excitem ents. O ur m ycofloristic investigations w ere w as not confined to the forests of W estern G hats alone. W e also surveyed the forests o f A ndam an Islands (B hat and K endrick, 1993; D ’Souza el al., 2002) and north-eastern highlands o f Arunachal P radesh, A ssam and N agaland in India (B hat, 2006).
I had invaluable support from P rofessor K M, K avcriappa, V ice C h an cello r. M angalore U niversity, Professors K, N atarajan and B .P.R V ittal, C entre for A dvanced S tudies in B otany, U niversity o f M adras; Dr B. S utton, International M ycological Institute, UK;
Professor B. K endrick. U niversity o f W aterloo, C anada; and Dr. K evin D H yde, U niversity o f H ong K ong (now in M ac Fah L uang U niversity, T hailand), in my m ycological jo u rn e y . T hey not only accom m odated me in their work places for a w hile but also supplied needful literature on fungi. M ajor fungal haul cam e from the w et-evergreen forests o f W estern G hats in S ilent V alley in K erala S tate (Subram anian and B hat, 1981, 1987-88), A gum bc, Sam paje, K odachadri hills and S haravati valley in K arnataka State (Bhat and K endrick. 1993) and B ondla, M olem and C o tig ao in G o a State (B hat et al., 2009). N ot only m any new but also num erous com m on, rare, interesting m icrofungi w ere discovered by us. The hitherto described novel fungi from the forests o f W estern G h ats are listed below , w ith details on their substrate, locality and tim e o f collection (T able 1).
4 K. P RADHIKA AND B F. RODRIGUES
T ab le -1 . N ew h y p h o m y c e te s d isco v ered fro m th e fo re sts o f W e ste rn G h a ts:
Fungus nam e’ Substrate Locality Year of
collection Reference
A crodictys malabarica Suhram
& Bhat
Dead Bamboo Silent VaJIcy.
Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Anavirga vemiifomiis Bhal &
Kendrick
Unidentified dead twigs Kodachadn Hills.
Karnataka
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck, 1993
Arthrinium myiilomorphum Bhal et Kcndnck
Dead leaves of A ndropogon sp
Kodachadn Hills.
Karnataka
1991 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993
Aquaphila mmdayalca Maria &
Bhal
I .eaves of Caryota urens Coligao.
Goa
1999 D'Souza and Bhat.
2001 Bahusutrabeeja dwaya
Subram & Bhal
Decaying coffee twigs Abby Falls.
Karnataka
1976 Subramanian and Bhal. 1977 B. dubha\hn Bhal Leaf Litter of Pandwius
faseieutans
Molem. Goa 1992 Bhat, 1994 8 globosa Bhat & Kcndnck Unidentified Dead Twig Kudrcmukh.
Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993
H manoharacharii Piatibha &
Bhal
Leaves of Bridetia scandens
Chorla ghat.
Goa
2004 Pratibha and Bhat. 2004 Beltmnia circmata Bhat &
Kendrick
Dead leaves of Terminalia sp.
Kodachadn Hills.
Karnataka
1989 Bhat and
Kendrick. 1993 «.
Benjpalia sundara Subram &
Bhal
Dead petiole of Calamus sp.
Silent Valley, Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Bharat he eva goantnsis D' Souza
& Bhal
Unidentified dead Leaves Morpirla, Goa
1993 D'Souza and Bhat, 2002 H mmaiden D'Souza & Bhal Dry leaves of Calamus
ihntaleii
Bondla.
Goa
1999 D'Souza and Bhat. 2002 Blasunalena pulnyensis Suhram
& Bhal
Unidentified decaying twigs
Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 B nachysponellina pulneynsis
Suhram.& Bhat
Unidentified dead twig Kodaikanal.
Tamil Nadu
1981 Subramanian and Bhat, 1987 Catenulaha katakadensts Subram
& Bhal
Unidentified decaying twigs
Kalakad.
Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 C. malahanca Suhram. & Bhal Unidentified dead twig Silent vally,
Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhal. 1987 Ceeveesubramaniomyrex litseae
Ptaiihha. Hyde & Bhat
On leaves of Litsea sp. Yana.
Karnataka
2005 Praubha and Bhat. 2004 Certtosporrlla pulneyensis
Suhram & Bhat
Unidentified dead twig Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 (ludam indica Pratibha, Gawas,
Hyde & Bhat
Live leaves of Aneca catechu
Kesarval.
Goa
2003 Pratibha and Bhal. 2005 Cheimpolyschema ghaticum Bhat
& Kcndnck
Dead decaying leaves Edakumcn, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Cnapedodidymum ftmhriatum
Bhat & Kcndnck
Unidentified dead twigs Shiradi ghat.
Karnataka
1988 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Cmspedodidymum hyalosporum
Bhat & Kcndnck
Unidentified dead twigs Edakumen, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993
THE FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS, AN ABODE OF NOVEL AND INTERESTING MICROFUNGI* 5
Fungus nam e S ubstrate Locality Y ear of
collection Reference
C.pulneyensis Subram. & Bhat Unidentified dead twig Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Cryptophiale apicaiis Bhal &
Kendrick
Dead leaves o f Valeria indica
Shiradi ghat.
Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993 Cryptophiale verrucosa Bhal &
Kendrick
Dead leaves of Valeria indica
Sampajc ghat, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Dendrosporu yessemreddyl Nair
& Bhat
Fresh water stream Bondla.
Goa
1999 Nair and Bhat. 2002 Ihclyochaeta ediata (Onofn &
Ramhclli) Bhat & Kendrick
Dead leaves of Cinnam omum sp.
Kudremukh, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Dichotom ophthompsis
safeeulaeusis Bhat, Rashccd &
Shccba
liead leaves of Oryza itf/iYaKonaje
Karnataka 1989 Shccba
et a l . 1989 Didymoboiryum spirillum
D’Sou/a & Bhal
Dead culm of Dendn>calamus strict us
Molem.
Goa
2000 D'Souza and Bhal. 2002 Dig it a non ispo ni tanibdisurlensLs
Pratibha. Raghuk & Bhal
Unidentified Dead twig Tambdi surla, Goa
2008 Pratibha et al.. 2009 Dtmastigosporium yanenseYadav
& Bhal
Decomposed cattle dung Yana.
Karnataka
2008 Yadav and Bhat, 2009 Diplospom indica Nair & Bhal Unidentified submerged
litter
Cotigao.
Goa
1999 Nair and Bhat. 2001 Echuiosphaeria macmsporu Puja.
Hyde & Bhat
Endophyte o f Ceiuella asialica
Colem.
Goa
2005 Puja
et cd.. 2006 E pleridis Dharg & Bhat Endophyte o f Rachis of
h e n s v ittaia
Gersoppa, Karnataka
2007 Dhargalkar and Bhat, 2009 h'usichalara goanensis Bhat &
Kendrick
Unidentified dead twig Cotigao.
Goa
1991 Bhal and Kcndnck. 1993 Gangliostilbe maiabanca Subram
& Bhat
Unidentified dead twig Silent valley, Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Gliocladiuni sampajense Subram
& Bhat
Dead bark o f Theobmma Cocoa
Sampajc, Karnataka
1979 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Gotuuobotryum bimorphosporum
Jacob & Bhat
Endophyte of Carrisa carandas
Taleigan plateau.
Goa
1998 Jacob and Bhat. 2000 Helminlhosporium belgauntense
Subram & Bhat
Dead twig of unidentified plant
Upper Anmod, Goa
1980 Subramanian and Bhal. 1987 Hyphopolynema sitlbotdeum
Bhat & Kcndnck
Dead leaves of Syzigium sp.
Kodachadri hills. Karnataka
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck, 1993 Idriella maiabanca Subram. &
Bhal
Unidentified leaf litter Silent Vally.
Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhat. 1987 Kumaruuamuha kalakadensis
Subram A Bhal
Unidentified dead twig Kalakad.
Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhat, 1987 Kumbhtmtaya goanensis Maria
& Bhat
Dead leaves of Floucourtia montana
Cotigao.
Goa
1999 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993 K. jalapriya Nair & Bhat Live roots of Hopea
ponga
Molem.
Goa
2000 Nair and Bhat, 2002 Kumbhamaya indica Miriam &
Bhal
Endophyte o f Canssa carandas
Verna plateau, Goa
1997 Jacob and Bhat. 2000
6 K P RADHIKA AND B F RODRIGUES
Fungus nam e S ubstrate Locality Y ear of
collection Reference
M icmspomm appedicuUtium Miriam & Bhat
On goal dung Verna,
Goa
1996 Miriam and Bhat. 1998 Satarajania indica Prahhha &
Bhat
Dead leaf o f A n t ions toxic aria
Netravali, Goa
2006 Pratibha and Bhat. 2005 Parahelminthnsporium
nutlabaricum Subram & Bhat
Dead Rachis o f Calamus sp.
Oochipara.
Silent vally, Kerala
1980 Subramaman and Bhat. 1987 Phalangispom bhanahensis
K Prasad & Bhat
Leaf litter of Holigama amotiana
Cougao, Goa
1999 Prasad and Bhat, 2002 Phudospomstib* seiosa Bhat &
Kendrick
On decaying leaves of Ochlandra sp.
Kudremukh.
Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993
Ptettmihecium magnum Subram
& Bhat
Unidentified rotten wood Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
1981 Subramanian and Bhat.
1987 P.pulneyense Subram. & Bhat Unidentified Dead twig Kodaikanal,
Tamil Nadu
1980 Subramanian and Bhai, 1987
Pincauduipsis appcndicuhaa Bhat
& Kendrick
Unidentified dead twigs Kudremukh, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kendrick.
1993 Porosubranmniania malabarica
Subram & Bhat
Unidentified Dead twig Thekkadi, Kerala
1977 Subramanian and Bhat.
1987 Pseudotomla helica Subram &
Bhat
Unidentified Dead twig Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu
1981 Subramanian and Bhal.
1987 Putagraivam sundaram Subram,
& Bhal
Dead twigs o f Macaranga indica
Darbhe (Irde), Karnataka,
Subramanian and Bhat, 1977
Rattania sctuijcra Prabhugaonkar & Bhat.
Endophyte of Calamus thwaiiesii
Dhoodhsagar, Goa
2008 Prabhugaonkar and Bhat, 2009
Sorocybc indicus Gawav Hyde
& Bhat
Hanging dead twig Amholi, Maharashtra
2003 Pratibha t t a l , 2005 Sptgazzinia submmantnii Bhal Hyperparasite on
Helm inthosporium veluiinum
Kodachadri hills. Karnataka
1989 Bhat. 1994
Speim psh mgergoosensi.%
K Prasad &t Bhat
Dead leaves o f
Artocarpus hirsuius Lam.
Subramanya.
Karnataka
2001 Prasad et a l . 2002 S points' loci ad tops is ascptala
Pratibha. Raghuk & Bhal
Unidentified leaf litter Calicut, Kerala
2008 Pratibha and Bhat. 2009 Sporidesmina nudabarica Subram
& Bhat
Dead petiole o f Curcuma sp.
Silent Vally.
Kerala
1980 Subramaman and Bhat.
1987 Sporidesmiopsis malabarica
Subram & Bhat
Dead pefiole of Curcuma sp.
Silent Vally, Kerala
1980 Subramaman and Bhat.
1987 S goanfiists Bhat & Kcndnck Unidentified dead twigs Kodachadri
hills, Karnataka
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Spontschisma uniseptatum Bhal
& Kendrick
Unidentified decaying twig Morphirta, Goa
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Stcllomyces kendrickii K Prasad
& Bhat
Decaying twigs of Hopea pong u
Molem, Goa
2001 KeshavPrasad and Bhal.
2002 letmfiloa cininata Pratibha &
Bhal
Dead bamboo twig Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
2006 Pratibha and Bhat. 2008 Inchobolrys mmosu D’Sou/a &
Bhat
Dead leaves of Dendmcatamus strictus
Molem.
Goa
1999 M ana and Bhal. 2001
THF. FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS. AN ABODE OF NOVEL AND INTERESTING MICROFUNGI* 7
Fungus nam e S ubstrate Locality Y ear of
collection Reference
Trinacnum indica Soosarnma.
Lekha. Srcckala & Bhat
Decaying leaf litter of Coffea amhica
Somvarpei, Karnataka
1998 Soosamma et at,. 2001 Uberispora tropicaiis Bhat &
Kcndnck
Unidentified dead twigs Donigalu, Karnataka
1989 Bhat and Kendrick, 1993 Vamsapriya indica Gawas &
Bhat
Dead bamboo twig Yellapur.
Karnataka
2005 Gawas and Bhat. 2005 V mahabalcshwarensis I*r3tihha
& Bhat
Unidentified dead twig Mahabaleshwar.
Maharashtra
2006 Pratihha and Bhat. 2008 Xanakripa gigaspora Bhat,
Kcndnck & Nag Raj
Unidentified dead twigs Molem, Goa
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck, 1993 V .pana Bhal ct Kcndnck A
Nag Raj
Unidentified dead twigs Cotigao, Goa
1991 Bhat and Kcndnck. 1993 Vennictdariopxiella elegans
K Prasad, D Sou/a & Bhal
le a f litter o f Sanaa asoca Bondla, Goa
1999 Prasad el al.. 2003 V' cndophytica Puja. Shcnoy,
Hyde & Bhat
Endophyte of Centella astatua
Colem, Goa
2005 Puja et al.. 2006 V indica K.Prasad. D'Souza &
Bhat
Endophyte of Samca asoka
Bondla.
Goa
1999 Prasad et al.. 2003 V pteridis Dharg & Bhat Endophyte of rachis of
Pteris villain
Gcrsoppa, Karnataka
2007 Dhargalkar and Bhat.
2009 Vermispom cauvenana
Rajashekar„Bliat & Kavcriappa
Dead leaves of Ficus religioxa
Srirangapalana.
Karnataka
1991 Rajashekar et al.. 1991 Xrnoheteroconiuni bicolor Bhat,
Kcndnck & Nag Raj
Unidentified decaying leaves
Agumhe.
Karnataka
1989 Bhal and Kcndnck. 1993 7.ygosponum tuberculatum
Subram & Bhat
Unidentified dead twig Silent Vally.
Kerala
1980 Subramanian and Bhat.
1987
* N ew g e n era arc in bo ld
(E stablishm ent o f a fu n g u s c u ltu r e r e p o s ito ry in G o a University
P ro fesso r S ubram anian had alw ay s advocated culturing and m aintenance o f fungi in the repositories.
I did num erous single-spore isolations o f hypocrealean and hyphom ycetous fungi, w hile in M adras, fo r the Fungus Flora project. A long w ith my students and colleagues, I co n tin u ed the ex ercise in G oa U niversity.
W hile dried herbarium sp ecim en s satisfy m andatory taxonom ic o b ligations o f d escrip tio n o f novel species, culturing and m aintaining the fungi in rep o sito ries is a potentially optim istic approach o f not on ly slow ing dow n the loss o f b io reso u rces from ou r forests but also a m eaningful w ay o f org an izin g sustainable and utilizable fungal gene banks. W e set up an in-house such facility for fungi in the D epartm ent o f B otany, G oa U niversity, and I had P rofessor S ubram anian to sw itch on the program m e, in 1998,
Evolution o f ilyph om ycete taxonom y
Fries (1 8 2 1 -1 8 3 2 ) w as co n sid ered as the starting point for m ost fungi F o r conidial fungi or
D cuterom ycotina w hich em b o d ied the H yphom ycetes and C o elo m y cetes. P ersoon (1801) w as taken as the starting point. T he International C ode o f B otanical N om enclature (IC B N ) provides rules and reco m m en d atio n s w ith regard to application o f nam es at different tax o n o m ic hierarchy in fungi. P resently, St, L ouis C ode p u b lish ed in 2000 is in use. A ccording to A rticle 59.1. o f the C o d e, for ascom ycete and b asidiom ycete fungi w ith asexual and sexual m orphs, the nam e o f the holom orph (species w ith all its m orphs), ty p ified by the telcom orph, is the earliest legitim ate nam e to be applied.
In the treatm en t o f H aw ksw orth et al. (1983), E um ycota included five subdivisions: M astig o m y co tin a (C h y trid io m y cetes, H yphochytriom ycetes, O o m y cetes). Z y g o m y co tin a (Z ygom ycetes.
T rich o m y cetes). A scom ycoU na, B asidiom ycotina and D cuterom ycotina K irk et al. (2001) accom m odated
‘true fu n g i' in 4 phyla, viz, C h y tn d io m y co ta, Z y g om ycota, A sco m y co ta and B asidiom ycota. T he D cuterom ycotina is not accep ted as a form al taxonom ic group as they are p olyphylctic (Seifert et
8 K P. RADHIKA AND B F. RODRIGUES al., 2000; Shcnoy et al.. 2006, 2007). R ecently,
llib b e tt et al. (2007) proposed a higher-level phylogenetic classificatio n fo r fungi based on m orphology, m olecular biology and phylogenetic relationships w hich did not treat the sexual and asexual m orphs separately.
N otw ithstanding w hat is said above, conidial fungi are rarely en co u n tered in their full form , as holom orph, in nature. E ith er they ex ist in their sexual phase (teleom orph) w hich rep ro d u ce by m eiospores resulted from sexually differen tiated cells as in A scom ycotina o r B asid io m y co tin a o r in asexual form s (anam orph) w hich arc propagated by m itospores, as in D cuterom ycotina. In nature, sexual and asexual phases o f fungi are o ltcn separated in sp ace and tim e; that is, separate entities o f an am orphic an d tcleom orphic fungi exist. M ore often, an anam orph rem ains unconnected with a teleom orph, o r the latter m ay be totally absent.
Since, the teleom orph holds nom cnclatural priority over anam orphic phase an d as and w hen m ore and m ore anam o rp h -teleo m o rp h c o n n ec tio n s arc established, provisions are m ade in the C ode to accom m odate conidial fungi w ith binom ials as
‘fo rm -g cn era’ and 'fo rm -s p e c ie s ', that is
‘anam o rp h -g en era’ and ‘a n a m o rp h -sp ecies’.
T hough all anam o rp h s are exp ected to get connected to their telco m o rp h s, sexual phase o f a num ber o f conidial fungi are not yet know n. A bsence of sexual phase does not im ply that the fungus lacks sex. If the fungus is totally asex u al, it w o u ld n ’t get the advantages o f sexual reproduction such as generation o f novel genotypes cap ab le o f living in changing environm ents, w ithstanding the d eleterio u s effects o f m utations, escaping from p athogens, etc. It is possible that substrate- and habitat-w ise, seasonal and geographic separation o f co m p a tib le m ating types m ight be lim iting the sexual reproduction in fungi (O ’G orm an et al., 2008) It is also intriguing that 22%
o f the reported fungi do not have sexual m orphs (Shenoy et a l.. 2007). T h is includes m any o f the industrially im portant strains and hum an pathogenic fungi. T hough ‘a n a m o rp h y ' will co n tin u e to rem ain as an independent entity in the taxonom y o f fungi at least for som e tim e, in the future w e will have a single system o f classificatio n o f fungi based on D N A -sequence data sup p lem en ted by o th er available biological data.
F u tu r e o f ta x o n o m y o f H y p h o m y c e te s
M o lecular genetic data o f fungi provide value addition in taxonom ic studies. A dvanced m ethods applied and data g enerated serv e as m olecular signatures w hich on co m p ariso n w ith sim ilar data from other isolate/s facilitate co n firm atio n o f relatedness o f
the tw o. S equencing o f the ITS, 18S and 28S rRNA gene regions for fungi is em ployed to distinguish isolates at g en cn c and species level and to study their phylogenetic affin ities and relatedness (H ibbett et al.
2007), M ajor d raw back in general app licau o n o f this technology, h o w ev er, is the high cost o f instrum entation, ch em icals and lab-w ares, especially in the fungi-rich d ev elo p in g countries such as ours.
N ev erth eless, there are renew ed efforts m ade to unravel the m ysteries associated w ith refusal o f asexual fungi to rep ro d u ce sexually. O 'G o rm a n et al (2008) studied the m ating b ehaviour and sexuality o f genetically variable 12 isolates o f an opportunistic hum an pathogen. A sp erg illu s fu m ig a tu s, in a range o f m edia and tem perature regim es. In on e o f these crosses, after 6 m o n th s o f incubation, they discovered fruiting bodies ch aracteristic o f a sexual phase o f an aspergillus, N eo sa rto rya fu m ig a ta . E xam ination o f segregation o f five gcnetic m arkers in ascospore progeny from different crosses confirm ed that meiotic recom bination did take place. T he discovery o f sexual cy cle in this species o ffers not only a useful tool for investigations into classical genetic analyses and studies on genetic basis o f pathogenicity and fungicidal resistan ce in A. fu m ig a tu s but also opens up avenues to im prove the m ethods o f control o f aspergillosis. T h ese resu lts propose insights into the potential o f sexual rep ro d u ctio n in sim ilar supposedly
‘ase x u a l’ fungi.
Sex d eterm in atio n in fungi is controlled by a sm all, specialized reg io n o f the genom e. Different gene c o m b in atio n s resid e at these m ating-type (M AT) loci and co n fer sexual identity. T he M A T loci have been characterized for a single m onophyletic clade o f fungi, the D ikarya (A sco m y co ta and B asidiom ycota), but the ancestral state and ev o lu tio n ary history o f these loci have so far rem ained a m ystery. Applying bioinform atic and genetic m apping tools to identify the sex-determ ining region in P hycom yces blakesleeanus (Z ygom ycota), w hich rep resen ts an early branch w ithin the fungi, Idnurm e t al. (2008) found out that each sex allele co n tain s a single gene that encodcs for a high m obility group (H M G )-dom ain. im plicating that the H M G -dom ain proteins are an earlier form o f fungal M A T loci.
E ighty years after A lexander F lem in g ’s discovery o f penicillin by a strain o f Penicilhum notatum , H o ff et al (2 0 0 8 ) d isco v ered another strain o f P enicilhum w ith hyper antibacterial acuvity. U sing a heterologous PC R app ro ach , they show ed that these strains are o f o p p o site m ating types and that both have retained tran scrip tio n ally expressed pherom one and p herom one receptor genes required for sexual
THE FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS. AN ABODE OF NOVEL AND INTERESTING MICROFUNGI* 9 reproduction. T h is d isco v ery g iv es us a c lu e why so
m any o f (he fungi still rem ain as asexual.
Epilogue
I believe that the b asics lie, at least for the present, in the m o rphological d ia g n o se s o f the fungi.
E very type o r rcfcren cc taxon needs to be correctly identified m orphologically b efore its seq u en ce form s a reference for co m p ariso n w ith o th er isolates.
M orphology-based identification is a quick, pragm atic and inexpensive m ethod for d iag n o sis o f the fungi.
O ften, these arc found to be p h y lo g cn ctically natural (Seifert and G am s. 2001). I appeal fellow m ycologists, young and eld er, to sim u ltan eo u sly venture on m orpho- and m o lecu lar-b ased sy stcm atics o f fungi.
T h is will provide a stable single classification and reliable identification system for fungi.
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Fig 1: Exlracted from Google Earth™
m apping service
