Ppd
r[o{ okwdk;
P\;hns s/ ouBk
r[o{ okwdk; ih dk iBw u{Bk wzvh, bkj"o fty/ fgsk jfodk; s/ wksk dfJnk e"o d/ xo j'fJnk.
nkg fBwosk dh w{os, ftfdnk, ebk, eftsk,
;zrhs ns/ fPbg d/ gq/wh, dfJnk, gq/w s/ T[dkosk d/ gqshe ;B. nkg ih B/ r[o{ okwdk;g[o uZe t;kfJnk, fi; ƒ nZi^ebQ f;|sh dk xo nzfwqs;o fejk iKdk j?. r[o{ okwdk; ih B/ nkgDh pkDh okjhA nwho fto;/ dh ;zGkb ehsh. r[o{ ;kfjp B/ r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu doi 31 okrK ftu'A 30 okrK ftZu pkDh dh ouBk ehsh. nkg ih B/ gfdnK, nPNgdhnK, SzdK, ;b'eK d/ Bkb^Bkb gfjo/, tDikok, eojb/, x'VhnK, ;'fjb/
ns/ nmtkok dh ouBk th ehsh. nkg ih dh pkDh dh ftbZyDsk T[; ftubk
;o'dh nzP j?. nkg ih dhnK ouBktK dk nkeko S'Nk j? go s[Ze^gqpzX fInkdkso bzwk j?. nkg ih dh pkDh ftZu r[o{, r[opkDh, r[of;ZyK gqsh ngko PoXk dh ftP/P Mbe fwbdh j?. nkg ih B/ nkgDh pkDh ftZu r[ow[y ns/
wBw[y d/ nzso ƒ th y'jb e/ ;wMkfJnk j?. nkg ih B/ nodk; dh wjZssk T[~s/ I'o fdZsk s/ f;ZyK ƒ gq/oBk fdZsh fe fe;/ th ezw dh nozGsk ;w/A nkg jh gqG{ nr/ nodk; eo' ^
‘ehsk b'Vhn? ezw[ ;[ jfo gfj nkyhn?.’
;wki ;[Xko dk ekoi th nkg dh ouBk ftZu ;gPN BIohA nkT[Adk j?.
r[o{ okwdk; ih dh pkDh gVQfdnK fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/A T[j nkgD/ fgnko/
d/ ;kjwD/ p?m e/ T[; Bkb fgnko dhnK rZbK eo oj/ j'D. nkg ih B/ gqG{
d/ nk;o/ ƒ jh ;op T[~u wzfBnk ns/ wB dh us[okJh s/ XB d/ jzeko ƒ fBzfdnk. gqG{ d/ GkD/ ftZu ofj e/ gqG{^uoBK ftZu i[V/ ofjD ƒ jh T[j nkgD/
ihtB dk wB'oE ;wMd/ jB.
fJSk g{oe[ ;op ;[y dksk
fJSk g{oe[ ;op ;[y dksk jfo ik e? tf; j? ekwX/Bk]
;' n?;k jfo fXnkJhn? w/o/ ihnV/ sk ;op ;[y gktfj w/o/ wBk]ñ]
ifg wB ;fs Bkw[ ;dk ;fs Bkw[]
jbfs gbfs w[y T{ib j'Jh j? fBs fXnkJhn? jfo g[oy[ fBoziBk]ojkT[]
ij jfo f;woB[ GfJnk sj T[gkfX rs[ ehBh tvGkrh jfo igBk]
iB BkBe eT[ r[fo fJj wfs dhBh ifg jfo Gtib[ soBk]ò]ö]ñò]
fN~gDh
T[go'es gkm ftu r[o{ okwdk; ih B/ gowkswk d/ Bkw dh wfjwk ;wMkJh j?. nkg efjzd/ jB j/ w/ohJ/ fizd/ ` fijVk gqG{ ;kohnK fJZSktK$ ekwBktK ƒ g{ok eoB tkbk j?, fijVk ;ko/ ;[Zy d/D tkbk j?, fi; d/ tZ; ftZu ekwX/B (fwE nB[;ko ;tor dh T[j rT{ i' ;G w[okdK g{ohnK eodh j?) j?, nfijh ;woZEk tkb/ gowkswk dk f;woB eoBk ukjhdk j?. j/ w/o/
wB ` id'A sz{ gowkswk dk f;woB eoB bZr ikt/Ark sK s?ƒ ;ko/ ;[Zy jk;b j' ikDr/. sz{ ;dk^fEo ofjD tkb/ gqG{ dk Bkw ifgnk eo. gqG{ dk Bkw igD Bkb jh s/oh b'e^gob'e ftZu fJZIs j't/rh.
j/ GkJh ` fijV/ fjod/ ftZu gowkswk dh brB j[zdh j? T[; nzdo'A jo fe;w d/ T[gkXhnK s/ MrV/^Mw/b/ d{o j' iKd/ jB. go fco th tZv/ GkrK Bkb jh gowkswk dh GiB^pzdrh j' ;edh j?. j/ GkJh ` dk; BkBe ƒ r[o{
B/ fJj ;wM p\Ph j? fe gowkswk dk Bkw ig e/ jh ;z;ko o{gh ;w[zdo s'A gko bzfxnk ik ;edk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJBQK ekft^;soK nB[;ko ekwX/B fe; d/ tZ; ftZu j? <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE fJSk g{oe[ L;kohnK
ykfjPK ƒ g{ok eoB tkbk ;G ;[Zy d/D tkbk joh j?, fi; d/
tZ; ftZu ekwX/B[ j?.
(ekwX/B[^
;tor dh T[j rT{ j? i'
;G w[okdK g{ohnK eodh j?.)
w/o/ ihnV/ Lw/o/ wB fXnkJhn? L:kd eohJ/
jbfs gbfs Lb'e^gob'e
jfo Ljoh i'
wkfJnk s'A ofjs j?.
ij LfiZE/ joh dk f;woB j[zdk j? T[E'A MrVk, fpgsk BZm iKdh j?.
T[gkfX LG[b/tK, Sb
rs[ Ljkbs
wfs L;wM
Gtib[ L;z;ko o{gh
;w[zdo
(ii) e'Jh th iht^nkswk b'e^gob'e ftZu fe; soQK dh fJZIs gqkgs eo
;edh j? <
(iii) fJ; Ppd okjhA r[o{ okwdk; ih B/ iht^nkswk ƒ eh f;Zfynk fdZsh j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L fJSk g{oe[ ;op ;[y dksk jfo ik e? tf; j? ekwX/Bk]
;' n?;k jfo fXnkJhn? w/o/ ihnV/ sk ;op ;[y gktfj w/o/ wBk]ñ]
(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ ouBkeko dk BK fby'.
(ii) fJBQK ekft^;soK dk e/Adoh Gkt fby'.
(iii) ‘fJSk g{oe[’ ns/ ‘ekwX/Bk’ d/ noE fby'.
(iv) T[go'es ekft^;soK ftZu fe; ƒ ;zp'XB ehsk frnk j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L ifg wB ;fs Bkw[ ;dk ;fs Bkw[]
jbfs gbfs w[y T{ib j'Jh j? fBs fXnkJhn? jfo g[oy[ fBoziBk]ojkT[]
ij jfo f;woB[ GfJnk sj T[gkfX rs[ ehBh tvGkrh jfo igBk]
iB BkBe eT[ r[fo fJj wfs dhBh ifg jfo Gtib[ soBk]ò]ö]ñò]
i/ r[o[ fMVe/ s whmk bkr?
i/ r[o[ fMVe/ s whmk bkr? i/ py;/ s r[o tfvnkJh]òõ]
r[ow[fy p'bfj ;' EkfJ gkJ/ wBw[fy feS[ EkfJ B gkJh]òö]
gkbk eeo[ toc to;? r[of;y[ r[o d/yD ikJh]ò÷]
;G[ fdB;[ o?fD d/yT[ r[o[ ng[Bk ftfu nyh r[o g?o XokJh]òø]
nB/e T[gkt eoh r[o ekofD r[o Gkt? ;' EkfJ gkJh]òù]
o?fD fdB;[ r[o uoD nokXh dfJnk eoj[ w/o/ ;kJh]óú]
BkBe ek ihT[ fgzv[ r[o{ j? r[o fwfb fsqgfs nxkJh]óñ]
BkBe ek gqG[ g{fo ofjU j? is es ss r';kJh]óò]ñ]
fN~gDh
r[o{ okwdk; ih efjzd/ jB fe i/ w?ƒ w//ok r[o{ w/oh fe;// G[Zb ekoB fMVe d/t/ sK T[; dh T[j fMVe w?ƒ fgnkoh brdh j?. i/ r[o{ w/o/ T[~s/ fwjo dh fBrkj eodk j? sK fJj r[o{ dh jh tfvnkJh j?. r[o{ d/ ;Bw[y ofjD tkb/
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
p\P/ Lfwjo eo/
r[ow[fy Lr[o{ ƒ wzBD tkb/
EkfJ gkJ/ LgotkB eoBk wBw[fy LwB d/ fgZS/
s[oB tkb/
gkbk e[eo[ Lpj[s fInkdk mzY
toc Lpo|
fdB;[ o?D LfdB oks
XokJh Lt;kJh
oZyDk
nB/e LeJh
T[gkt LisB
;kJh LoZp
ihT[ fgzv L;oho fsqgfs nkxkJhLoZi iKdk j?
wB[Zy fijV/ puB p'bd/ jB, r[o{ T[BQK ƒ gotkB eodk j?. nkgD/ wB d/ fgZS/
s[oB tkfbnK dk p'fbnk gotkB BjhA j[zdk. Gkt/A gkbk j't/, Gkt/A eZeo gt/, po| gt/ fco th r[o{ dk f;Zy r[o{ dk doPB eoB iKdk j?. w?A th fdB^oks jo t/b/ nkgD/ r[o{ dk doPB eodk ofjzdk jK. r[o{ d/ uoBK ƒ nkgDhnK nZyK ftZu t;kJh oZydk jK. i/ w?A r[o{ ƒ gq;zB eoB bJh nB/eK jh isB eodk ojK sK T[jh isB r[o{ ƒ ep{b j[zdk j?, fijVk r[o{ ƒ g;zd nkT[Adk j?. j/ w/o/ gqG{ ` w/o/ T[~s/ fwjo eo, w?A fdB^oks jo t/b/ r[o{ d/
uoBK dk fXnkB Xodk ojK. BkBe dh fizd r[o{ d/ jtkb/ j?. r[o{ ƒ fwb e/ w?A fsqgs j' iKdk jK Gkt oZi iKdk jK, wkfJnk dh e'Jh GZ[y BjhA ofj iKdh. r[o{ dh feogk Bkb jh fJj ;wM nkT[Adh j? fe BkBe dk gqG{ f;qPNh dk wkbe jo EK ftnkge j' fojk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eth nB[;ko r[o{ dk fMVeDk fet/A fwZmk brdk j? <
(ii) fJ; Ppd ftZu r[o{ dh wfjwk ƒ fet/A do;kfJnk frnk j? <
(iii) r[o{ dk f;Zy fezBK w[PebK dk ;kjwDk eodk j'fJnk r[o{ d/ doPBK ƒ iKdk j? <
(iv) ‘r[ow[fy’ s/ ‘wBw[fy’ ftZu eh nzso j[zdk j? <
(v) T[go'es ekft^;soK nB[;ko ‘ihT[ fgzv’ PpdK s'A eh Gkt j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L i/ r[o[ fMVe/ s whmk bkr? i/ py;/ s r[o tfvnkJh]òõ]
r[ow[fy p'bfj ;' EkfJ gkJ/ wBw[fy feS[ EkfJ B gkJh]òö]
(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ ouBjko dk BK fby'.
(ii) r[ow[fy ƒ r[o{ dk fMVeDk fe; soQK brdk j? <
(iii) r[o{ dh tfvnkJh eh j? <
(iv) ‘r[ow[fy’ ns/ ‘wBw[fy’ dk eh jkb j[zdk j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L BkBe ek ihT[ fgzv[ r[o{ j? r[o fwfb fsqgfs nxkJh]óñ]
BkBe ek gqG[ g{fo ofjU j? is es ss r';kJh]óò]ñ]
ekj/ g{s Mros jT[ ;zfr pkg
ekj/ g{s Mros jT[ ;zfr pkg]
fiB e/ iD/ pvho/ s[w jT[, fsB f;T[ Mros gkg]ñ]ojkT[]
fi;[ XB ek s[w rop[ eos jT[, ;' XB[ fe;fj B nkg]
fyB wfj S'fv ikfJ fpfynk o;[, sT[ bkr? gS[skg]ñ]
i' s[wo/ gqG j's/ ;[nkwh jfo, fsB e/ ikgj[ ikg]
T[gd/;[ eos BkBe iB s[w eT[
iT[ ;[Bj[ sT[ ikfJ ;zskg]ò]ñ]÷]
fN~gDh
r[o{ okwdk; ih B/ fJj Ppd T[; ;w/A T[[ukfonk id'A T[BQK B/ r[orZdh r[o{
noiB d/t ih ƒ d/D dk n?bkB ehsk. T[BQK dk tZvk g[Zso fgqEh uzd pj[s r[Z;/ ftZu nk frnk. T[j nkgD/ fgsk ih Bkb MrVk eoB bZrk. r[o{
okwdk; ih B/ T[; ƒ ;wMkfJnk fe g[Zso sz{ feT[A XB bJh bV fojk j?A. fi; XB dk sz{ jzeko eodk j?A T[j jw/Pk ;kE BjhA fdzdk. XB d/ w'j ekoB nzs ftZu gSskT[Dk g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh gqG{ dk Bkw igDk ukjhdk j?
s/ r[o{ d/ T[gd/P ƒ wzBDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; Bkb wkB;e d[Zy^eb/P d{o j' iKd/ jB.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJ; Ppd okjhA r[o{ okwdk; ih eh ;[B/jk d/ oj/ jB <
(ii) fgqEh uzd tb'A MrVk eoB dk eh ekoB ;h <
(iii) XB d/ w'j ƒ SZv e/ iht nkswk ƒ eh eoBk ukjhdk j? <
(iv) fJ; Ppd ftZu r[o{ ;kfjp B/ ‘rop[’ Ppd fe; bJh tofsnk j?<
(v) T[go'es ekft^;soK dk e/Adoh Gkt fby'.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L fi;[ XB ek s[w rop[ eos jT[, ;' XB[ fe;fj B nkg]
fyB wfj S'fv ikfJ fpfynk o;[, sT[ bkr? gS[skg]ñ]
i' s[wo/ gqG j's/ ;[nkwh jfo, fsB e/ ikgj[ ikg]
T[gd/;[ eos BkBe iB s[w eT[
iT[ ;[Bj[ sT[ ikfJ ;zskg]ò]ñ]÷]
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE Mros L bVdk j? $
MrVdk j?
;zfr L Bkb
iD/ L izfwnk j?
pvho/ L tZv/ ehs/
rop[ L r[wkB $ jzeko eos L eodk j?
XB[ L d"bs $ g?;k fe;fj L fe;/ dk
nkgDk BjhA j?
fyB wfj L gb fSD ftZu jh
fpfynk o;[ L ftP o{gh o;
gS[skg L gSsktk
;[nkwh L wkbe fsB e/ L T[BQK d/
;zskg L nzdo dk ;kVk iK d[Zy
(i) fJ; Ppd d/ ouBjko dk BK fby'.
(ii) fJBQK ekft^;soK ftZu XB T[~s/ jzeko eoB pko/ eh dZf;nk frnk j? <
(iii) ‘fpfynk o;’ ns/ ‘gS[skg’ dk noE fby'.
(iv) eth B/ d[ZyK eb/PK ƒ d{o eoB dk eh T[gkn dZf;nk j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L ekj/ g{s Mros jT[ ;zfr pkg]
fiB e/ iD/ pvho/ s[w jT[, fsB f;T[ Mros gkg]ñ]ojkT[]
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) eh ni'e/ ;w/A d/ fgsk^g[Zso ftZu th XB MrV/ dk ekoB pDdk j?. fJ; dk eh T[gkn j' ;edk j? <
(ii) nkg;h fgnko^Gkt Bkb ofjD bJh gq/oBkdkfJe Ppd dh r[opkDh ftZu'A u'D eoe/ T[; dk T[ukoB eo'.
(iii) Bkw^f;woB dh eh wjZssk j? < eh s[jkƒ fJ; ftZu
ftPtk; j? <
(iv) eh gqwkswk dk Bkw igD Bkb d[Zy d{o j' iKd/ jB < nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nkXko ’s/ ft;sko Bkb fby'.
(v) eh Xow s/ eow d't/A ihtB ftu Io{oh jB < d[BhnK d/ gqf;ZX XowK dh fJ; pko/ okJ/ ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) gowkswk dk f;woB eoB Bkb ;ko/ ;[y gqkgs j'
iKd/ jB.
(ii) r[ow[y r[o{ d/ dZ;/ okj T[go BjhA ubdk.
(iii) ekwX/B[ rK jo fJZSk g{oh eodh j?.
(iv) r[o{ dk f;Zy w[PfebK ƒ gko eoe/ doPB eoB BjhA iKdk.
(v) g[Zso ƒ XB bJh bVB s'A tofink frnk j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) ;tor dh rK HHH ;kohnK w[okdK g{ohnK eodh j?.
(ii) HHH r[o{ dh f;Zfynk nB[;ko ubdk j?.
(iii) HHH dk Bkw ig e/ jh d[ZyK s'A S[Nekok jk;b j' ;edk j?.
(iv) Bkw igD tkbh iht^nkswk ƒ HHH ftZu fJZIs fwbdh j?.
(v) fgqEh uzd HHH bJh MrVD bZrk.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
jbfs gbfs jzeko fdB;[ o?D b'e^gob'e
rop gb
fyB fdB^oks
jH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L (i) ;[y HHH
(ii) ;kJhA HHH (iii) fJZIs HHH (iv) T[gkn HHH eH tke pDkT[ L
(i) nB/e HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) fdB^oks HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) jzeko HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) ;[nkwh HHH HHH HHH HHH
yH gfjbK Ppd brk e/ ;wk; pDkT[ L (i) HHH gob'e
(ii) HHH d"bs (iii) HHH Mw/b/
(iv) HHH f;woB
r[or~dh ekwX/B[
b'e^gob'e gowkswk r[ow[y
Ppd
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx
P\;hns s/ ouBk
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dk iBw ;zB 1666 JhH ftZu gNBk Pfjo fty/ fgsk r[o{ s/} pjkdo ih d/ xo wksk r[ioh ih dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk.
nkg ih f;ZyK d/ d;t/A r[o{ jB. nkg ih d/
iBw ;w/A Gkos ftZu fjzd{, fJ;bkw ns/ f;Zy fszB tZv/ Xow gqubs ;B. fJ; d/ Bkb jh i'rh, i?Bh, p'Xh, nkfd wZs th gqubs ;B. nkg dk gfjbk BK r'fpzd okfJ ;h. ;zB 1699 JhH ftZu \kb;k gzE dh ;kiBk eoB ns/ nzfwqs SeD T[gozs nkg r[o{ r'fpzd okfJ s'A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx pD rJ/.
nkg ih dh pkDh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu doi BjhA j?. nkg B/ d;w rzqE dh ouBk ehsh, fi; ftZu ‘ikg[ ;kfjp’, ‘nekb T[;fss’, ‘pZfusq BkNe’,
‘uzvh ufosq^uzvh dh tko’, ‘frnkB gqp'X’, ‘u"gJhnK’, ‘Ppd jIko/ okwebh’,
‘;t:? s?sh’, ‘I|oBkwk’ nkfd ouBktK Pkwb jB. nkg dh pkDh ftZu oZp dh Grsh ns/ d/;^fgnko dk iIpk Pkwb j?.
d/j fPtk po w'fj fJj?
d/j fPtk po w'fj fJj?,
;[G eowB s/ epj{z B No'A]
B vo' nfo ;' ip ikfJ bo', fB;u/ eo nkgBh ihs eo']
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE po L todkB w'fj L w?ƒ No'A L jNK nfo L t?oh bo'A L bVBk
no[ f;y j" nkgD/ jh wB e', fJj bkbu jT[ r[B sT[ T[uo']
ip nkt eh nT[X fBXkB pB?, ns jh oB w? sp i{M wo']
fN~gDh
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d[nkok g/P fJj Ppd ‘uzvh ufoso’ ftZu'A fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ftZu T[j Xow ykso i{M woB dh fposh pko/ dZ; oj/ jB. T[j nkyd/ jB fe j/ gqG{ ` w?ƒ todkB fdU fe w?A uzr/ eow eoB s'A Bk o[eK.
w?A id'A izr bVB bJh iktK sK t?oh s'A Bk voK ns/ fB;u/ jh nkgDh fiZs jk;b eoK. w?A nkgD/ wB ƒ fJj f;Zfynk d/tK fe w?ƒ fJj jh bkbu j't/
fe w?A s/ok jh r[DrkB eoK. id'A w/oh T[wo dk nzs ;wK nk ikt/ sK th w?A izr d/ w?dkB ftZu jh i{M woK. fJBQK ;soK ftu g{oh ;wogD GktBk dk nfj;k; eotkfJnk frnk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJj ekft ;soK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh fe; ouBk ftZu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB <
(ii) fJBQK ;soK ftZu eth B/ fe; soQK d/ iIp/ ƒ g/P ehsk j? <
(iii) fJBQK ekft^;soK nB[;ko eth dh eh eoB dh fJZSk j?.
(iv) T[go'es g?oQ/ ’u'A eh f;Zfynk fwbdh j? <
(v) fiZs fet/A jk;b ehsh ik ;edh j? <
(vi) uzr/ ezw eoB tkbk feZE/ woBk g;zd eodk j? <
(vii) eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt fby'.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L d/j fPtk po w'fj fJj?,
;[G eowB s/ epzj{ B No'A]
B vo' nfo ;' ip ikfJ bo', fB;u/ eo nkgBh ihs eo']
(i) fJBQK ;soK d/ ouBkeko dk BK fby'.
(ii) eth gowkswk s'A fejVk to wzr fojk j? <
(iii) eth d/ wB ftZu fej'^fijk fB;uk j? <
(iv) ‘No'A’ ns/ ‘bo'A’ d/ noE fby'.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE f;y L f;fynk d/tK nkt eh
nT[X fBXkB
pB? L T[wo dk nzs
;wK nk ikt/
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L no[ f;y j" nkgD/ jh wB e'
fJj bkbu jT[ r[B sT[ T[uo']
ip nkt eh nT[X fBXkB pB?
ns jh oB w? sp i{M wo']
fwsq fgnko/ ƒ jkb w[ohdK dk efjDk
fwsq fgnko/ ƒ, jkb[ w[ohdK dk ejDk]
s[X[ fpB[ o'r[ oikfJ:K dk UYD[, Bkr fBtk;K dk ojDk]
;{b ;[okjh yzio fg:kbk, fpzr e;kfJ:K dk ;jDk]
:koV/ dk ;kƒ ;ZEo uzrk, GZm y/fVnK dk ojDk]
fN~gDh
eth r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih uwe"o dh rVQh ftZu nkgD/ d'tK tZfvnK ;kfjpIkfdnK dh Pjhdh wro'A, gziK fgnkfonK d/ j[ew ƒ wzB e/ uwe"o d/ febQ/ ƒ SZv e/ wkShtkV/ d/ izrbK ftZu gjz[u/ ;B. T[; ;w/A nkgD/ fgnko/ gqG{ dh :kd ftZu T[BQK B/ fJj Ppd T[ukfonk ;h. T[j efjzd/ jB fe w/o/ fgnko/ fwZso gqG{ ƒ T[; d/ u/b/ dk jkb ;[DkT[Dk fe s/o/ fpBK nkgD/ T[~s/ oIkJhnK b?Dk w/o/ bJh o'r dh soQK j?. fJj fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/A BkrK dh Broh ftZu ofj fojk j'tK. ;[okjh w?ƒ ezfvnK dh soQK brdh j?. fgnkbk w?ƒ yzio tKr brdk j?. s/o/ Bkb'A tZy j'Dk w?ƒ fJT[A brdk j? fit/A fe;/ pZeo/ ƒ e;kJhnK tb'A jbkb ehsk iKdk j?. nzs ftZu efjzd/ jB fe w?ƒ nkgD/ fgnko/ gqG{
s'A fpBK fJj d[fBnkth n?P' nkokw sgdh j'Jh GZmh dh soQK brd/ jB. w?ƒ nkgD/ fwZso dk fdZsk j'fJnk fJj ftSkT[Dk jh uzrk j?. Gkt T[j nkgD/ gqG{
fgnko/ bJh ;fje oj/ jB.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) r[o{ ;kfjp B/ fJj ouBk fe; ;w/A ns/ feZE/ ouh <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE fBtk;K L ofjDk
;{b L ezv/
fpzr L pZeo/ d/ wz{j s/
r[dk ƒ pzd eoe/
jbkb eoB dk I[bw
w[ohdK L u/fbnK :koV? L fwZso, whs
;ZEo L ftSkT[Dk GZm L sgdh GZmh y/fVnK L n?P' nkokw
(ii) fJ; eftsk ftZu fej' fijh GktBk gqrN jz[dh j? <
(iii) eth B/ nkgDh rZb T[go I'o d/D bJh fejVhnK d[fBnkth t;sK dk fIeo ehsk j?.
(iv) gqaG{ s'A fpBK ofjDk eth ƒ fet/A brdk j? <
(v) eth ƒ eh uzrk bZrdk j? <
(vi) oIkJh dh fe; Bkb s[bBk ehsh rJh j? <
(vii) eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L fwsq fgnko/ ƒ, jkb[ w[ohdK dk ejDk]
s[X[ fpB[ o'r[ oikfJ:K dk UYD[, Bkr fBtk;K dk ojDk]
(i) fJBQK ;soK d/ ouBkeko dk BK fby'.
(ii) eth nkgD/ fe; jkb pko/ dZ; fojk j? <
(iii) ‘w[ohdK’ ns/ ‘fBtk;k’ PpdK d/ noE fby'.
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L
;{b ;[okjh yzio fg:kbk, fpzr e;kfJ:K dk ;jDk]
:koV/ dk ;kƒ ;ZEo uzrk, GZm y/fVnK dk ojDk]
o/ wB n?;' eo ;zfBnk;k
o/ wB n?;' eo ;zfBnk;k]
pB ;/; dB ;G? eo ;wMj[
wB jh wkfj T[dk;k]ñ]ojkT[]
is eh iNk i'r e' wziB B/w e/ ByB pYkU]
frnkB r[o{ nksw T[gd/;j[
Bkw fpG{s brkU]ñ]
nbg njko ;[bg ;h fBzdqk d:k fSwk sB gqhfs]
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
;zfBnk;k L fsnkr
pB L izrb
is L T[uk nkuoB i'r L ;[os i'VBk ByB L Bjz[
pYkU L tXkT[Dk T[gd/Pj[ L f;fyns eo fpG{s L ;[nkj nbg L E'VQk njko L ykDk
;[bg L xZN fBzdqk L ;"Dk
fSwk L w[nk| eoBk gqhfs L fgnko
;hb L f;PNkukoh fBopkfjp' L fBopkj eoBk j?_p' L j't/rk
fsqr[D L fszB r[D
;hb ;zs'y ;dk fBopkfjp' j?_p' fsqr[D nshfs]ò]
ekw eq'X jzeko b'G jm w'j B wB ;' b:kt?]
sp jh nksw ss e' do;?
gow g[oy efj gkt?]ó]ñ]
fN~gDh
fJBQK ;soK ftZu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih T[~u/^;[Zu/ nkuoB dk T[gd/P fdzd/ jB.
T[j wB ƒ fsnkr XkoB eoB bJh nkyd/ jB fe fit/A izrb s/ xo jo EK gqG{ jh tZ;dk j?, sz{ nkgD/ wB ftZu jh fgnko g?dk eo. T[~u/ nkuoB dhnK iNktK, gqG{ fwbkg dk fJPBkB eo, nB[Pk;B ftZu ofj s/ fJ;/ ƒ jh Bjz[ tXkT[Dk ;wM. r[o{ d/ frnkB okjhA nkswk ƒ f;fyns eo. gqG{ d/ Bkw dh ;[nkj brk. E'VQk ykDk, xN ;"Dk, b'VtzdK ’s/ dfJnk ns/ d{finK ƒ fywk eoB Bkb fgnko eo. f;PNkukoh ns/ ;zs'y tkb/ ihtB dk fBopkj eofdnK j'fJnK wkfJnk d/ fszBK r[DK s'A fBob/g ofj. ekw, e'qX, b'G, w'j, njzeko nkfd ftekoK ƒ wB ftZu BjhA fbnkT[Dk ukjhdk. nzs ftu T[j fco wB ƒ
;zp'XB eoe/ dZ;d/ jB fe fijVk wB[Zy fJBQK r[DK ƒ XkoB eodk j? T[j jh gow g[oy Gkt oZp ƒ gqkgs eo ;edk j?. Gkt r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih oZp ƒ gkT[D dk sohek ;wMkT[Ad/ jB.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eth B/ fJ; ouBk okjhA fJZe uzr/ ihtB ƒ ihT{D bJh fejVh
;/X fdZsh j? <
(ii) eth nB[;ko oZp dh gqkgsh fe; okjhA j' ;edh j? <
(iii) wkfJnk d/ fezB/ r[D dZ;/ rJ/ jB <
(iv) r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih fezBQK r[DK ƒ fgnko eoB bJh efjzd/ jB.
(v) T[go'es ouBk fe; ƒ ;zp'Xs ehsh rJh j? <
(vi) gzi n"r[D fejV/ dZ;/ rJ/ jB <
(vii) nkswk ƒ fet/A f;fyns ehsk ik ;edk j? <
(viii) eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE b:kt? L fbnkT[Dk
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L nbg njko ;[bg ;h fBzdqk
d:k fSwk sB gqhfs]
;hb ;zs'y ;dk fBopkfjp' j?_p' fsqr[D nshfs]ò]
ekw eq'X jzeko b'G jm w'j B wB ;' b:kt?]
sp jh nksw ss e' do;?
gow g[oy efj gkt?]ó]ñ]
(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ ouBkeko dk BK fby'.
(ii) eth B/ fe; Bkb fgnko gkT[D dh rZb ehsh j? <
(iii) fejV/ ftekoK ƒ wB ftZu BjhA fbnkT[Dk ukjhdk <
(iv) ‘;hb ;zs'y ;dk fBopkfjp'’ ;so dk noE fby'.
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L o/ wB n?;' eo ;zfBnk;k]
pB ;/; dB ;G? eo ;wMj[
wB jh wkfj T[dk;k]ñ]ojkT[]
is eh iNk i'r e' wziB B/w e/ ByB pYkU]
frnkB r[o{ nksw T[gd/;j[
Bkw fpG{s brkU]ñ]
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) T[go'es Ppd gVQ e/ s[jkƒ gowkswk se gj[zuD dh ihtB^iku dh f;Zfynk fwbh j?. fJ; pko/ eqw^nB[;ko fJZe ukoN pDkU.
(ii) eh s[;hA T[~u r[DK d/ XkoBh fe;/ ftnesh ƒ ikDd/ j' < i/ jK sK T[; pko/ fJZe w"fbe eftsk ouB dk isB eo'.
(iii) eh s[jkƒ ed/ nkgD/ fgnko/ r[o{ dh :kd B/ p/u?B ehsk j? < nfijh jkbs tkbh wkBf;esk dk toDB eo'.
(iv) r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ns/ T[BQK d/ uko ;kfjpIkfdnK tb'A fdZsh e[opkBh ƒ fJZe gq'i?eN okjhA g/P eo'.
(v) s[jkv/ nB[;ko fJZe Xkowe ftnesh fej' fijhnK o[ZuhnK dk wkbe j[zdk j?. nkgD/ ftuko ft;sko ftZu fby'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih uwe"o d/ febQ/ ƒ SZv e/ wkShtkV/
d/ izrbK ftZu gj[zu/ ;B.
(ii) gqwkswk d/ fwbkg Bkb'A d[fBnkth n?P' nkokw uzr/ jB.
(iii) gziK ftekoK s'A jw/Pk d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?.
(iv) pj[sk ykDk s/ tZX ;"Dk uzrk j[zdk j?.
(v) izr d/ w?dkB ftu e[opkB j'D dh fJZSk oZyDh ukjhdh j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) uzvh ufosq ftZu fJZe HHH ufosq dh rZb ehsh rJh j?.
(ii) r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih HHH dk j[ew wzB e/ uwe"o d/ febQ/ ƒ SZv e/ wkShtkV/
d/ izrbK ftu rJ/ ;B.
(iii) r[o{ ;kfjp ƒ d[fBnkth n?P'
nkokw HHH GZmh tKr brd/ jB.
(iv) gowkswk ƒ gkT[D bJh r[o{ ;kfjp B/
T[~uk HHH rqfjD eoB dk T[gd/P fdZsk.
(v) wB[Zy ƒ HHH s'A s"pk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L No'A t?oh
no jNK
fpG{s ezvk
;{b ;[nkj
nkuoB sgdh
gziK fgnkfonK i[Mko{ gziK ftekoK
jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L (i) t?oh HHH (ii) fiZs HHH (iii) ;zfBnk; HHH (iv) ;"Dk HHH eH tke pDkT[ L
(i) y/fVnK HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) :koV? HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) i'r HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) fpG{s HHH HHH HHH HHH (v) pB HHH HHH HHH HHH yH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L
(i) eq'X HHH (ii) o?D HHH (iii) nT[X HHH (iv) E'VQk HHH
ekchnK
p[~bQ/ Pkj
P\;hns s/ ouBk
p[ZbQ/ Pkj fJZe gqf;ZX ;{|h eth j'J/ jB, T[BQK dk BK
;{|h ethnK dh w[ZYbh Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Adk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dk iBw fgzv gzv'e (fIbQk bkj"o, gkfe;skB) fty/
1680 JhH ƒ ;\h Pkj w[jzwd dot/P d/ xo j'fJnk.
T[BQK dk n;bh BK npd[Zbk Pkj ;h. p[ZbQ/ Pkj P[o{ s'A jh |ehoh ftukoK d/ XkoBh ;B. T[BQK B/
f;Zfynk jIos }[bkw w[osik e;{o tkb/ e'b'A gqkgs ehsh. p[ZbQ/ pkj B/ nmtkoK, ;hjo|hnK, rzYK, ek|hnK, d'jV/ dh ouBk ehsh.
gqzs{ T[BQK d/ ebkw ek|hnK B/ T[BQK ƒ fJsBh gqf;ZX d[nkJh fe T[j nZi sZe gVQhnK s/ rkJhnK iKdhnK jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj nkg g{oB o{g ftZu ;{|h ;B ns/
T[j gqwkswk d/ gq/w ftZu w;s j' e/ M{wd/, BZud/ s/ rkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ ;B. i' e[ZM th T[BQK B/ fejk T[; B/ eftsk dk o{g Xko fbnk. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dhnK ek|hnK b'eK dh I[pkB ’s/ uVQ rJhnK ns/ T[BQK dhnk ouBktK ukBD w[Bko/ tKr f;ZX j'JhnK.
p[~bQk eh ikDK w?A e"D
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
Bk w?A w'wB ftu w;hsK, Bk w?A ftu e[|o dhnK ohsK, n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
w'wB L w[;bwkB
e[|o L M{m
Bk w?A gkeK ftu gbhsK, Bk w?A w{;k Bk con"B.
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
Bk w?A nzdo t/d feskpK, Bk w?A ftu GzrK Bk PokpK, Bk ftu fozdK w;s yokpK, Bk ftu ikrD Bk ftu ;"D.
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
Bk ftu Pkdh Bk rwBkeh, Bk w?A ftu gbhsh gkeh, Bk w?A nkph Bk w?A ykeh, Bk w?A nkfsP Bk w?A g"D.
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
fN~gDh
T[go'es ek|h ftu p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ nkgD/ nkg ƒ ikDB T[go pb fdZsk j?. T[; B/
nkgDh j'Ad T[go jh ;[nkb T[mkfJnk j?. fJ; bJh T[j ihtB d/ tosko/ ƒ yzxkbD dk T[~dw eodk j?. fJzi eofdnK T[j b'e^gob'e dhnK rZbK eodk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) pZ[bQ/ B/ fJ; ek|h ftZu eh dZ;D dh e'fPP ehsh j? <
(ii) p[ZbQ/ Pkj oZp dk fNekDk feZE/ dZ;dk j? <
(iii) p[ZbQ/ Pkj nkgD/ pko/ fejVk ;[nkb g[ZSdk j? <
(iv) b'e^gob'e dhnK rZbK eodk p[ZbQ/ Pkj fezBQK dk jtkbk fdzdk j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L Bk w?A nzdo t/d feskpK,
Bk w?A ftu GzrK Bk PokpK, Bk ftu fozdK w;s yokpK, Bk ftu ikrD Bk ftu ;"D.
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
(i) fJ; ekft^N[eVh dk b/ye e"D j? <
(ii) ‘t/d feskpK’ s'A eh noE fbnk frnk j? <
(iii) ‘fozdK’ dk eh Gkt j? <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE gke L gftZso gbhsK L gkghnK w{;k L :j{dhnK dk
g?}zpo
|[on"B L Ikfbw pkdPkj fozdK L PokphnK Pkdh L y[Ph rwBkeh L }wh gbhsh L ngftZsosk gkeh L gftZso nkph L gkDh ykeh L fwZNh g"D L jtk
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L Bk w?A w'wB ftu w;hsK,
Bk w?A ftu e[|o dhnK ohsK, Bk w?A gkeK ftu gbhsK, Bk w?A w{;k Bk con"B.
p[ZbQk eh ikDk w?A e"D.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/
wz{j nkJh pks B ofjzdh J/
M{m nkyK s/ e[M pZudk J/
;Zu nkfynK GKpV wZudk J/, ih d'jK rZbK s'A iZudk J/,
iZu iZu e/ fijpk efjzdh J/.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/.
fi; gkfJnk G/d ebzdo dk, okj y'fink nkgD/ nzdo dk, T[j tk;h j? ;[y wzdo dk,
fiE/ e'Jh Bk uVQdh bfjzdh J/.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/.
fJe bkIw pks ndp dh J/,
;kƒ pks wb{wh ;G dh J/, jo jo ftu ;{os oZp dh J/,
fes/ Ikjo fes/ S[g/Adh J/.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/.
fN~gDh
p[ZbQ/ Pkj jo wB[Zy ftZu oZp t;dk j'fJnk t/ydk j?. fJ; bJh T[j M{m iK
;Zu p'bD dh fMie dk jtkbk fdzdk j?. eth wB nzdo'A jh gqG{ gqw/Pto ƒ gkT[D T[go I'o fdzdk j?. T[; nB[;ko jo ftnesh nzdo GrtkB t;dk j?.
b'V f;o| T[; ƒ gSkDB dh j?, feT[Afe T[; ƒ ;Zuk ;[y gqwkswk dh gqkgsh ftZu'A jh wfj;{; j[zdk j?.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
pks L rZb
GKpV L P'o
iZudk L o[edk$
fMiedk fijpk L I[pkB$ihG y'fink L bZfGnk
bkIw L Io{oh
ndp L fPPNkuko,
fIzdrh, fB:w wkb{wh L ikDekoh
;{os L Peb
ebzdo L JhPto dh gqkgsh bJh w'j^wkfJnk
fsnkrD tkbk, w;s
nfGnk;
I. d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) ek|h ftZu p[ZbQ/ Pkj fejVh rZb dk fIeo eodk j? <
(ii) pZ[bQ/ Pkj ebzdo dk G/s fet/A gkT[Dk ukj[zdk j? <
(iii) oZp dh ;{os feZE/ t;dh j? <
(iv) oZp dh gqkgsh wro'A fej' fijh nt;Ek pD iKdh j? <
(v) ek|h nB[;ko p[ZbQ/ Pkj ƒ fe; rZb dh fMie j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L fi; gkfJnk G/d ebzdo dk,
okj y'fink nkgD/ nzdo dk, T[j tk;h j? ;[y wzdo dk, fiE/ e'Jh Bk uVQdh bfjzdh J/.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/.
(i) fJ; ekft^N[eVh dk b/ye e"D j? <
(ii) nkgD/ nzdob/ okj y'iD s'A eh Gkt fbnk frnk j? <
(iii) ;[Zy wzdo dk eh noE j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L wz{j nkJh pks B ofjzdh J/
M{m nkyK sK e[M pZudk J/
;Zu nkfynK GKpV wZudk J/, ih d'jK rZbK s'A iZudk J/, iZu iZu e/ fijpk efjzdh J/.
wz{j nkJh pks Bk ofjzdh J/.
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) ;ukJh d/ T[gd/P tkbh e'Jh eftsk ouD dh e'fPP eo'.
(ii) eh s[;hA p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh fJ; ek|h Bkb ;fjws j'. nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eo'.
(iii) eh s[;hA pZ[bQ/ Pkj tKr nkgDh j;sh pko/ ;'u ;ed/ j'. i/ jK sK fJ;/ soQK dh fJZe ek|h ouD dk isB eo'.
(iv) p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh e'Jh j'o ek|h u[D e/ T[; ƒ rkT[D dk nfGnk; eo'.
(v) eh s[;hA th ed/ nkgD/ nkg ƒ ikDB dh e'fPP ehsh j? < eh s[jkƒ th jo wB[Zy ftZu GrtkB d/ doPB j[zd/ jB < nkgDk soe g/P eo'.
(vi) s[jkv/ ftu ;Zu Bkb yVQ/ j'D dh fjzws j? < eh s[;hA ed/ M{m ƒ Beko e/ ;Zu dk ;kE fdZsk j?. nfijh fe;/ xNBk ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK rbs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) p[ZbQ/ Pkj nkgD/ nkg ƒ ikDB bJh p/skp j?.
(ii) eth ƒ jo uhI ftZu nkgD/ dhdko j[zd/ jB.
(iii) ek|h nB[;ko jo wB[Zy ftZu gqwkswk dk tk; j?.
(iv) ;[y wzdo dk tk;h nfXnkswe BjhA j' ;edk.
(v) nzdo dk okj y'iD tkbk jBQ//o/ ftZu ik ;edk j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) M{m p'bD Bkb HHH j[zdk j?.
(ii) nkgD/ nzdo dk HHH ikD e/ oZp ƒ jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(iii) p[ZbQ/ Pkj efjzdk j? fe T[j e'Jh HHH BjhA j?.
(iv) HHH dh ouBk Bkb pZ[bQ/ Pkj ƒ gqf;ZXh jk;b j'Jh.
(v) ;Zu p'bD Bkb HHH wZu iKdk j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L w'wB Io{oh gbhs w[;bwkB fijpk gkgh bkIw I[pkB jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L
(i) ikrDk HHH (ii) gftZso HHH
B[e;kB ek|hnK Ikfbw pkdPkj
G/s GKpV
(iii) G/s HHH (iv) ;[y HHH
eH ;wkBoEe Ppd fby' L (i) Pkdh HHH
(ii) nkyDk HHH (iii) pks HHH (iv) bkIwh HHH yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) G/s HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) wkb{w HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) Ikfjo HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) w;s HHH HHH HHH HHH (v) e[|o HHH HHH HHH HHH
fe~;k
tkfo; Pkj
P\;hns s/ ouBk
tkfo; Pkj d/ iBw pko/ e'Jh Go';/:'r ikDekoh gqkgs BjhA j?. go ftdtkBK B/ T[BQK dh ouBk jho tkfo; nzdob/ t/oftnK d/ nkXko T[~s/ T[BQK dk ;wK 1720 Jh;th s'A 1795 sZe dk wzfBnk j?. T[BQK dk iBw gzikp d/ e;p/ izfvnkbk P/o yK ftZu j'fJnk.
nkg gkegNB d/ T[~x/ ;{|h |eho pkpk |ohd Peorzi d/ o{jkBh w[ohd ;B. T[j noph, |ko;h, fJ;bkwh |b;|/, fsZE s/ :'r, s;Zt| ns/ okr^ftfdnk dk vz{xk frnkB oyd/
;B. nkg ƒ gzikph feZ;kekoh dk T[;skd fejk iKdk j?.
gq/w^eEk ƒ nkXko pDk e/ ehshnK rJhnK feZ;k^ouBktK ftZu nkg dh ouBk ‘jho tkfo;’ gzikph ;kfjs dh fJZe nwo s/ nw[Zb ouBk j?.
nzro/Ih ftZu P?e;ghno ns/ ;z;feqs ftZu ekbhdk; dk i' doik j?, gzikph ftu T[jh doik tkfo; Pkj dk j?. nkgD/ feZ;/ ‘jho’ eoe/ tkfo; Pkj nwo ofjDr/.
fJZe dzd^eEk j? fe id'A tkfo; gkegNB s'A |ehoh frnkB gqkgs eoe/
tkg; nk oj/ ;B sK T[BQK B/ mZNk Ikjd BK d/ fgzv dh w;hs ftu v/ok bk fbnk. T[E/ ofjzfdnK T[BQK dh fJbke/ ftZu pj[s P[jos c?b rJh. fJE/
jh T[BQK ƒ ‘GkrGoh’ BK dh w[fNnko Bkb fgnko j' frnk. id'A b'eK ƒ fJ;
pko/ gsk bZrk sK T[BQK dh pj[s pdBkwh j'Jh s/ T[j nkgDk fNekDk SZv e/
wbek jK; nk rJ/. fJE/ jh T[BQK B/ fgnko d/ ftS'V/ ƒ jho d/ feZ;/ d/ o{g ftZu fbfynk.
wkg/ ekih ƒ ;~d fbnKtd/ B/
jho tZs e/ p/fbUA xohA nkJh, wkT[A pkg ekIh ;Zd fbnKtd/ Bh d't/A nkg p?m/ ns/ ftu ekIh, ns/ ;kwQD/ jho pjKtd/ Bh pZuk jho ` s?ƒ n;hA wZs d/Ad/, fwZmh IpK d/ Bkb ;wMKtd/ Bh uke u'poK Bkb Bk rZb ehu?, J/j fwjBsh e/jV/ EKt d/ Bh uoyk vkj e/ nkgD/ xohA pjhJ/, ;[ZxV rkT[A e/ ihT[ gouKtd/ Bh bkb vkj e/ uoyVk S'g gkJhJ/, e/j/ ;'jD/ rhs MBKt d/ Bh BhthA BIo j:kT[ d/ Bkb ojhJ/, s?ƒ ;G f;nkD/ |owKtd/ Bh u{ue f;nkb j'ohA jho/ ikDBh j?A, ;odko B/ gzi froKt d/ Bh Pow wkfgnK dh tZb fXnkB XohJ/, PkBdko J/j iZN MBKt d/ Bh pkjo fcoB Bk ;'Ajdk iZNhnK ƒ, nZi ebQ bkrh xo nKtd/ Bh J/E/ ftnkj d/ tv/ ;kwkB j'Ad/, UE/ y/V/ pDk pDKtd/ Bh tkfo;Pkj whnK uzd o'I nzdo, y/V/ i'V e/ izR fbnKtd/ Bh
fN~gDh
fJBQK ekft^;soK ftZu jho ƒ pkjo ikD s'A wBQK eoe/ xo ftZu ofjD bJh T[; d/ wkfgnK dh e'fPP dk gsk brdk j?. jho s/ oKM/ d/ feZ;/ dh uouk
;[D e/ T[; d/ wK^fgU ekIh ƒ xo p[bk e/ jho ƒ T[; d/ ;kjwD/ fpmk e/
;wMkT[Ad/ jB. T[; ƒ B"eoK$ukeoK Bkb rZb eoB s'A toid/ jB. xo ofj e/ jh ezw^eki ftZu o[ZM/ ofjD ns/ ;j/bhnK Bkb ihn goukT[D bJh efjzd/
jB. T[j nkgDh fJZIs dk tk;sk gkT[Ad/ jB s/ y/fVnK d/ xo ftnkj dh fsnkoh pko/ d;d/ jB. S/sh jh y/fVnK B/ poks b? e/ jho ƒ ftnkj[D nkT[Dk j?. T[j d'tK xoK dh fJZIs dk tk;sk gkT[Ad/ jB.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) jho d/ wK^fgT[ fe; ƒ ;Zd e/ fbnkT[Ad/ jB <
(ii) jho ƒ ;kjwD/ fpmk e/ eh ;wMkfJnk frnk <
(iii) ‘uke^u'po’ fe; ƒ fejk frnk j? <
(iv) ‘MBKt’ s'A eh Gkt j? <
(v) gzi fgzvK d/ wkbe e"D ;B <
(vi) jho ƒ eh eoB bJh fejk ik fojk j? <
(vii) fwZmh IpkB Bkb e"D s/ fe; ƒ eh ;wMk oj/ jB <
(viii) jho fe; ƒ fgnko eodh j? s/ T[; d/ wK^fgT[ T[; dk ftnkj fe;
Bkb eotkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE tZs L gbN e/
p/fbUA L izrb$
Bdh ezfYUA
;Zd L r[jko, g[eko, p[bkT[Dk ekIh L fBnKeko
wZs L neb
uke L B"eo u'poK L i[nkBK
;[xV L f;nkD/
gouKtd/ L fdb pfjbkT[D dk Gkt S'g gkJhJ/ L e[VhnK dk ob
e/ eZsDk
;ZG L swkw$;G, ;ko/
MBKt L MBk dfonk u{ue L jho dk fgsk f;nkb L iZN r's froKt L rqkw (fgzv)
;'Ajdk L P'Gk fdzdk bkrh L rqfj;EhnK d/
nk;o/ bZr e/
r[Ikok eoB tkb/ ekw/
y/V/ L jho d/ wzr/so dk fgzv
izR L poks
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L Pow wkfgnK dh tb fXnkB XohJ/, PkBdko J/j iZN MBKt d/ Bh pkjo fcoB Bk ;'Ajdk iZNhnK ƒ, nZi ebQ bkrh xo nKtd/ Bh J/E/ ftnkj d/ tv/ ;kwkB j'Ad/, UE/ y/V/ pDk pDKtd/ Bh tkfo;Pkj whnK uzd o'I nzdo, y/V/ i'V e/ izR fbnKtd/ Bh
(i) wkfgnK tZb fXnkB d/D bJh fe; ƒ s/ feT[A fejk ik fojk j? <
(ii) fe; ƒ s/ feT[A pkjo ikD s'A wBQK ehsk frnk j? <
(iii) fe; d/ ftnkj dh fsnkoh j' ojh j? < izR e"D b? e/ nk oj/ jB <
(iv) fJj feZ;k fe; dh ouBk j? s/ fe; f;ob/y nXhB doi j?<
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L jho tZs e/ p/fbUA xohA nkJh, wkT[A pkg ekIh ;Zd fbnKtd/ Bh d't/A nkg p?m/ ns/ ftu ekIh, ns/ ;kwQD/ jho pjKtd/ Bh pZuk jho ` s?ƒ n;hA wZs d/Ad/, fwZmh IpK d/ Bkb ;wMKtd/ Bh uke u'poK Bkb Bk rZb ehu?, J/j fwjBsh e/jV/ EKt d/ Bh
n;hA u/bV/ s/ s[;hA gho whnK
fNZb/ ikfJ e/ i'rh d/ jZE i'V/, ;kƒ nkgDk eo' |eho whnK s/o/ do; dhdko d/ t/yD/ ƒ, nkJ/ d/; god/; ƒ uho whnK f;de Xko e/ Bkb :ehB nkJ/, n;hA u/bV/ s/ s[;hA gho whnK pkdPkj ;Zuk oZp nkbwK dk, cZeo U;d/ j?D tIho whnK fpBK w[oPdK okj Bk jZE nkt/, d[ZX pkM Bk foZMdh yho whnK :kd jZe dh ;po s;bhw fBjuk, s[;K iZr d/ Bkb eh ;ho whnK cZeo e[Zb ijkB dk nk;ok B/, skp/ cZeo d/ gho s/ who whnK w/ok wkT[A Bk pkg Bk ;ke e'Jh, ukuk, skfJnk Bk G?D s/ tho whnK d[BhnK ftu j?okB jK pj[s j'fJnk, g?o'A ;kfvT[A bkj Iziho whnK tkfo; SZv e/ iK w?A j'o fe;/ E/, BIo nktBk J/ Ikjok gho whnK n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
fNZb/ L fNekDk do; L dhdko, doPB dhdko L doPB
uho L gko eoe/
;KJh L okik, wkfbe f;de L ftPtk;, ;ukJh,
PoXk Xko L XkoD
:ehB L Go';k, ftPtk;
nkbwK L fJbw iK frnkB oZyD tkb/ ftdtkB
|Zeo L cehoh w[oPdK L r[o{, gho,
jdkfJs eoB tkbk foMdh L gZedh, pDdh jZe L fJB;k|, ;Zuk s;bhw L ;bkw, j[ew
wzBD dk Gkt fBjuk L fB;uk, Go';k,
:ehB
iZr L ;z;ko, d[Bhnk
;ho L ;KM
skp/ L nXhB, wksjs Ikfjok L gqrN, gqsZy gho L pI[or, Xow dk
nukohnk$r[o{
fN~gDh
tkfo; Pkj d/ feZ;k jho^tkfo; d/ fJ; pzd ftZZu T[; ;w/A dk toBD j?, id'A oKMk jho d/ ftnkj s'A pknd i'rh d/ fNZb/ ’s/ ik e/ i'r dh wzr eodk j?.
T[j efjzdk j? fe w[oPd s'A fpBK e'Jh okj BjhA fwbdk, fit/A d[ZX s'A fpBK yho BjhA pDdh. T[j i'rh ƒ efjzdk j? fe e[b ijkB ftZu w/ok e'Jh d[fBnkth foPs/dko BjhA j?, T[j nkgD/ g?oK s'A w'j d/ pzXBK dh izIho bkj[D pko/ nkydk j?. T[j n;fEo nt;Ek ftZu j?. T[j nkgDh ;wZf;nk d/ jZb ykso fe;/
gho dh PoB ’u ikDk ukj[zdk j?. T[; ƒ ftPtk; j? fe |eho e[Zb d[BhnK dk nk;ok j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fNZb/ ik e/ fe; B/ jZE i'V/ <
(ii) fe; d/ fpBK okj jZE BjhA nkT[Adk <
(iii) yho fe; Bkb pDdh j? <
(iv) ‘s;bhw’ Ppd fe; bJh tofsnk frnk j? <
(v) ‘;KJhA’ Ppd d/ noE ;gPN eo'.
(vi) e"D u/bk s/ e"D gho j? <
(vii) i'rh ƒ fe; B/ s/ feT[A jZE i'V/ <
(viii) ‘f;de Xko e/ Bkb :ehB nkJ/’ ;so s'A eh Gkt j? <
(ix) w[ofPd s'A fpBK eh ;zGt BjhA < fJ; nzP ftZu fJ; dh s[bBk bJh fejVh T[dkjoB fdZsh rJh j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L cZeo e[Zb ijkB dk nk;ok B/, skp/ cZeo d/ gho s/ who whnK w/ok wkT[A Bk pkg Bk ;ke e'Jh, ukuk, skfJnk Bk G?D s/ tho whnK d[BhnK ftu j?okB jK pj[s j'fJnk, g?o'A ;kfvT[A bkj Iziho whnK tkfo; SZv e/ iK w?A j'o fe;/ E/, BIo nktBk J/ Ikjok gho whnK
(i) fJ; nzP ftZu fejV/^fejV/ foPfsnK dk fIeo nkfJnk j? <
(ii) d[BhnK s'A e"D s/ feT[A T[dk; j? <
(iii) g?oK s'A fejVh Iziho bkj[D dh rZb ehsh rJh j? <
(iv) T[go'es nzP dk e/Adoh Gkt ;gPN eo'.
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L fNZb/ ikfJ e/ i'rh d/ jZE i'V/, ;kƒ nkgDk eo' |eho whnK s/o/ do; dhdko d/ t/yD/ ƒ, nkJ/ d/; god/; ƒ uho whnK f;de Xko e/ Bkb :ehB nkJ/, n;hA u/bV/ s/ s[;hA gho whnK pkdPkj ;Zuk oZp nkbwK dk, cZeo U;d/ j?D tIho whnK
Gbk w'J/ s/ ftSV/ e"D w/b/
jho nkydh i'rhnk M{m nky/A, e"D o[ZmV/ :ko fwbKtdk Jh J/jk e'Jh Bk fwfbnk w?A Gkb EZeh, fijVk frnK ƒ w'V fbnKtdk Jh
;kv/ uzw dhnK i[ZshnK eo/ i'rh, fijVk ihT{ dk o'r rtKtdk Jh Gbk dZ; \K fuoh ftS[zBhnK ƒ, ed'A oZp ;Zuk xohA fbnKtdk Jh Gbk w'J/ s/ ftSV/ e"D w/b/, n?t/A ihT{Vk b'e tbKtdk Jh fJe pkI E'A ekT[A B/ ez{i y'jh, t/yK u[Zg j? fe e[obKtdk Jh fJe iZN d/ y/s ƒ nZr bZrh, t/yK nkfJe/ ed'A p[MKtdk Jh fdnK fxT[ dhnK u{ohnK pkb dht/, tkfo;Pkj i/ ;[DK w?A nKtdk Jh
fN~gDh
fJ; nzP ftZu jho tZb'A i'rh ƒ ;zp'XB ehsk frnk j?. oKMk i'rh dk t/;
Xko e/ jho d/ ;[jo/ fgzv gj[zu e/ jho s'A Ghy wzrdk j?. fJ; d/ pdb/ T[j
;KJh tZb'A T[; dh nk; g{oh j'D dh n;h; th d/Adk j?. jho efjzdh j? fe e'Jh ik e/ tkg; BjhA nkT[Adk s/ Bk jh wo u[Ze/ ftnesh ƒ e'Jh w'V e/
fbnk ;edk j?. i/ e'Jh nfijk eo d/t/ sK T[j (jho) nkgDh uwVh dhnK i[ZshnK th pDk e/ g/P eoB ƒ fsnko j?. ftSfVnk Bkb w[bkeks ;zGt BjhA.
p/eko ftZu wB ƒ goukT[Dk BjhA ukjhdk. i/ e'Jh nfijk eo th d/Adk j?
sK T[j fxT[ dhnK u{ohnK e[ZN e/ T[; ƒ fybkJ/rh s/ dht/ pkb/rh.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) jho i'rh ƒ eh efj ojh j? <
(ii) fe; dhnK i[ZshnK pDkT[D dk fIeo nkfJnk j? <
(iii) eK B/ ez{i fe; e'b'A y'jh ;h <
(iv) fe; d/ y/sK ƒ nZr bZrh j'Jh j? <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE o[mV/ L o[Zf;nk j'fJnk Yz{v L y'iDk, sbkP frnK ƒ L d{o j'fJnK ƒ uzw L uwVh
fuohA L fuoekb s'A ihT{ L ikwk, wB
;dek L pbhdkB,e[opkB ftS[zfBnK L ftSfVnk
j'fJnk, i[dk j'fJnk tbKtdk L pjkBk, x/oBk pkI L fJe fPekoh
gzSh ez{i L bzwh rodB
tkbk gzSh e[obkT[Adk L ftobkg eoBk fxT[ L fxT[
u{ohnK L yzv^fxT[ fwbk e/ e[ZNh j'Jh o'Nh
(v) fJ; feZ;/ d/ feZ;keko e"D jB <
(vi) ftS[V/ :ko d/ wBkT[D pko/ e"D s/ fe; Bkb rZb eo fojk j? <
(vii) ihn d/ o'r r[nkT[D tkb/ ƒ eh d/D dk n?bkB ehsk frnk j? <
(viii) eh wo/ s/ ftSV/ b'eK ƒ fwfbnk ik ;edk j? < nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo'.
(ix) jho nkgD/ gqhsw d/ nkT[D dh ypo ;[D e/ fe; gqeko dh fsnkoh eoBk ukj[zdh j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L Gbk w'J/ s/ ftSV/ e"D w/b/, n?t/A ihT{Vk b'e tbKtdk Jh fJe pkI E'A ekT[A B/ ez{i y'jh, t/yK u[Zg j? fe e[obKtdk Jh fJe iZN d/ y/s ƒ nZr bZrh, t/yK nkfJe/ ed'A p[MKtdk Jh fdnK fxT[ dhnK u{ohnK pkb dht/, tkfo;Pkj i/ ;[DK w?A nKtdk Jh
(i) b'e ihn ƒ fet/A tbkT[Ad/ jB <
(ii) iZN d/ y/s dk eh jkb j'fJnk j? <
(iii) ‘ez{i y'jh’ dk Gkt ;gPN eo'.
(iv) fejVh uhI d/ Bk fwbD dh rZb ehsh rJh j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L
jho nkydh i'rhnk M{m nky/A, e"D o[ZmV/ :ko fwbKtdk Jh J/jk e'Jh Bk fwfbnk w?A Gkb EZeh, fijVk frnK ƒ w'V fbnKtdk Jh
;kv/ uzw dhnK i[ZshnK eo/ i'rh, fijVk ihT{ dk o'r rtKtdk Jh Gbk dZ; \K fuohA ftS[zBhnK ƒ, ed'A oZp ;Zuk xohA fbnKtdk Jh
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A nr/ L
(i) jho feE'A dh ofjD tkbh ;h < T[; d/ xo gfotko pko/ ikDekoh fJeZso eo'.
(ii) ‘fsqRD’ Gkt uoyk eZsD pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.
(iii) nkgD/ gq/w ftZu ekw:kp Bk j'D tkb/ fe;/ j'o gkso pko/ ikDekoh fJeZmh eo'. fJ; soQK d/ feZ;/ d/ feZ;keko pko/ ikDekoh th fdU.
‘jho’ Bkb T[; gkso dh s[bBk eo'.
(iv) jho dk feZ;k j'o ethnK B/ th fbfynk j? < fe;/ fJZe ouBk ƒ ozrhB g/go ’s/ fby e/ jho oKM/ dh s;tho th pDkT[.
(v) fe;/ j'o feZ;keko dh ‘jho’ fby'. tkfo; dh jho ftubh Ppdktbh d/ Bkb T[; dh s[bBk eo'.
nHgkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK rbs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) jho ƒ ;wMkT[D tk;s/ ekih ƒ p[bkfJnk iKdk j?.
(ii) u{ue f;nkb gzikj fgzvK d/ wkfbe ;B.
(iii) d[ZX s'A fpBk th yho pD ;edh j?.
(iv) ftSV/ gq/wh ƒ fwbkT[D tkb/ bJh jho nkgD/ uzw dh i[Zsh g/P eoB bJh th fsnko j?.
(v) eK s'A pki B/ e[eVh y'j bJh.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) jho ƒ HHH p?mD bJh fejk frnk j?.
(ii) jho ƒ ftnkj[D tk;s/ izM HHH s'A nk ojh j?.
(iii) fJ; feZ;/ ftu HHH B/ jho s/ oKM/ dh ejkDh fpnkB ehsh j?.
(iv) tkfo; Pkj ƒ HHH Bkb fgnko j' frnk ;h.
(v) fNZb/ ik e/ HHH d/ ;kjwD/ jZE i'V/ rJ/.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
jho tkfo; Pkj
;?dk yho whnK oKMk d[ZX y/Vk jH tuB pdb' L
(i) uoyk HHH (ii) u/bk HHH (iii) ez{i HHH (iv) gho HHH
tkfo; Pkj i'rh y/fVnK
xo GkrGoh
eH fbzr pdb' L (i) wK HHH (ii) skJh HHH (iii) G?D HHH (iv) ukuk HHH yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) bkrh HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) p/b/ HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) w[oPd HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) ;ho HHH HHH HHH HHH
npbk dk pb
uoB f;zx Pjhd
P\;hns s/ ouBk
uoB f;zx Pjhd jk;–ftnzr fbyD tkb/ fJZe gqf;ZX eth ;B. T[BQK dk iBw 1891 ftZu nzfwqs;o fty/
j'fJnk ;h. nkg B/ e[M ;wK ‘\kb;k ;wkuko’ ftZu go{c^ohvo ns/ nB[tkde dh B"eoh ehsh. 1914 ftZu T[j fonk;s BkGk ns/ gfNnkbk ftZu o'IBkwuk fbyD dk ezw eoB bZr/. T[BQK dh :'rsk ƒ t/yd/ j'J/ T[BQK ƒ gfNnkbk fonk;s dk oki eth Ekfgnk frnk.
1926 ftZu T[BQK B/ nkgDk fJZe wkf;e gZso ‘w"ih’ ikoh ehsk. fJ; ftZu jk;–
ftnzr dhnK eftsktK ‘;[Eok’ T[gBkw j/m gqekfPs j[zdhnK ;B. pknd ftZu fJj eftsktK ‘pkdPkjhnK’, ‘PfjBPkjhnK’ ns/ ‘p/gotkjhnK’ BK dhnK g[;seK ftZu gqekfPs j'JhnK. uoB f;zx Pjhd dhnK eftsktK ftZu ;wkfie e[ohshnK ns/ p[okJhnK ƒ pV/ ftnzrkswe Yzr d[nkok g/P ehsk frnk j?.
npbk dk pb
npbk i' nkyD n"os ƒ, T[j ;'u Iok Bk eod/ B/.
shthA dh skes nZr/ sK, pqfjwzv yzv ;G vod/ B/.
‘ekdo’ dh ‘e[dos’ shthA j? fi; dk ;G ftPt g;kok j?.
‘e[dos’ nZr/ fjwkbk Gh fJe IZo/ tKr ftukok j?.
fJ; ‘ekfJBks’ fJ; ‘f;qPNh’ s/ fJ; ‘fgqEth’ d[BhnK ;koh d/.
T[sgsh, w"s s/ gob?, ;G jB Bkw tZy' tZy Bkoh d/.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE npbk L ewI'o shthA L n"os ekdo L gowkswk e[dos L gfeqsh IZo/ L fsBe/
gob? L G{ukb, nk|s
eos/ dh Pesh dk ekoB e/tb e[b–j[ewh wkfJnk j?.
wkB' fJ; wkfJnk n"os dk cowkB ir s/ SkfJnk j?.
o{j, d/j, ikB s/ y[Ph, rwh d"bs s/ Pkjh shthA j?.
shthA nfs T[~uh w[esh j? shthA u"ok;h, BhthA j?.
sbtko ebw d' uhIK jB j/m je{ws oki ;Gh.
noEks Bko d/ edwK ftZu o[bd/ ;z;koe ski ;Gh.
sedho, sgZf;nk, jwdodh dk fBZs gkm gVQKd/ B/.
;zfXnk rkfJsoh s/ pkDh r[D, fJ;soh fbzr ejKd/ B/.
fJ; Pesh tkbh Bkoh fi fJB;kB o{g ftZu nk ikt/.
jo e'Jh T[; ƒ npbk efj p'bh dh r'bh bk ikt/.
jkbKfe ‘npbk’ d/ jZE jh ;G w[beK ;zrhnK tkrK B/.
npbk d/ ikrD Bkb/ jh e"wK ƒ nkJhnK ikrK B/.
npbk jo xo dh okDh j? npbk g?dk pbtkB eo/.
npbk fi ej/ sK xo ;[Xo/ npbk fi uj/ thokB eo/.
npbk fi frokJ/ gkskb ;[N/ npbk fi T[mkJ/ sK w[efs fwb/.
npbk s'A pb, Xhoi, Pesh, fdqVQsk, PKsh s/ :[esh fwb/.
fJ; ;[zdo BkIe Bkoh ƒ, B ej' npbk, B ej' npbk.
fJ; d/ pb dk BjhA nzs e'Jh j? pVh pbtkB pVh ;pbk.
;s oZfynk iK T[geko bJh id npbk pb fdybKdh j?.
sK T[; dk wjK ibkb d/y ;G ekfJBks EZoKdh j?.
i/ sho ubkJ/ B?DK d/, sK xkfJb wod jIko eo/.
i/ ;[Eo/ fdb ftu i'P Go/ sK uoB sb/ ;z;ko eo/.
fN~gDh
eth B/ fJ; ouBk ftZu n"os d/ r[D ns/ Pesh pko/ dZf;nk j? fe wB[Zy n"os ƒ ewI'o efjzd/ j'J/ Iok th BjhA ;'ud/. id fe n"os dh skes nZr/
sK ;w[Zuk pqfjwzv Gkt d[BhnK f;o M[ek fdzdh j?. e[dos dh ;G s'A ;'jDh ouBk n"os j? fi; dk ;w[Zuh d[BhnK nzdo g;kok j?. fi; soQK gfeqsh d/
;kjwD/ fjwkbk gops th fJZe fsDe/ dh soQK bZrdk j? T[;/ soQK jh fJ;
d[BhnK ftZu fgqEth ’s/ iBw, w"s s/ G[ukb fbnkT[D tkbh n"os jh j?.
Gkt/A fJ; ƒ fe;/ th BK Bkb ;zp'XB eo bt'. id'A fe gowkswk dh ;koh Pesh gdkoEK d/ o{g ftZu c?bh j'Jh j? b/feB T[;/ wkfJnk dk o{g n"os ƒ jh fdZsk frnk j?. ;ko/ ;[ZyK, rwK s/ \[PhnK dh fIzw/tko fJ;soh jh j?.
sbtko s/ ebw Gkt Pesh s/ ekƒB ;ko/ ;oeko d/ j/mK jB, b/feB fJj
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
eos/ LoZp
ir Ld[BhnK
o{j Lnkswk
u"ok;h Li{BK ftZu gkT[D tkbh je{ws Loki o[bd/ Lfybod/
sedho Lfe;ws
;zfXnk LPkw
p'bh LskjBk
w[beK Ld/PK ikrK Likro{esk okDh Loki eoB tkbh thokB Lpopkd gkskb LXosh dk
j/mbk gk;k
BkIe LBow
;pbk Lpjkdo
;s oZfynk LfJZIs wjK ibkb Lr[Z;k ekfJBks Ld[Bhnk uoB sb/ Lg?oK EZb/
;G th fJ;soh d/ g?oK ftZu o[bd/ jB. frnkBh b'e ;kƒ fe;ws, Grsh dk gkm gVQkT[Ad/ jB. ;t/o/ Pkw oZp ƒ :kd eoB bJh efjzd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/
fJj' Pesh i/eo Bkoh d/ o{g ftZu ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nk ikt/ sK n;hA gSkD BjhA ;ed/. T[; ƒ skjBK wkoB sZe ub/ iKd/ jK. id fe ;ko/ d/;K ftZu nZi n"osK d/ jZE jh tkrv'o BIo nkT[Adh j?. fJ; ikro{esk Bkb jh ;koh d[BhnK ftZu u/szBsk nkT[Adh j?. fJj xo ftZu oki eoB tkbh j? i' fe GbtkBK ƒ iBw fdzdh j?. fJ; d/ efjD ’s/ xo ;[Xo th iKd/ jB s/ ftrV th iKd/ jB. i/ wB[Zy ƒ frokT[D ftZu nk ikt/ sK gskb ftZu fbnk ;[ZNdh j? s/ fJj' jh wB[Zy dh w[esh dk ekoB pDdh j?. fJ; ƒ ewi'o efj e/
Bk g[eko'. fJ; dh skes dk e'Jh nzs BjhA j? fJj pj[s jh PeshPkbh j?.
nkgDh fJZIs dh ykso id'A skes fdykT[Adh j? sK ;ko/ fjZb iKd/ jB. fJ;
dk dpdpk s/ r[Z;k t/y e/ ;koh ekfJBks th v'b iKdh j?. i/eo fJj ewI'o fdb ftZu i'P g?dk eo d/t/ sK T[j ;kok ;z;ko nkgD/ g?oK j/mK eo bt/.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJ;soh dh skes s'A e"D vod/ jB <
(ii) ‘ekdo dh e[dos’ e"D j? <
(iii) T[sgsh, w"s ns/ gob? fe; dk gqshe wzB/ rJ/ jB <
(iv) je{wsK fe; d/ f;o ’s/ oki eodhnK jB <
(v) w[beK dhnK tkrK fe; d/ jZE ftZu jB <
(vi) fJZIs s/ T[geko d/ bJh id'A n"os ;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j? sK fco eh tkgodk j? <
(vii) shthA d/ ‘wjK ibkb’ ƒ t/y e/ e"D EoEokT[Adk j? <
(viii) n"os s'A ;kƒ fejV/^fejV/ r[D jk;b j[zd/ jB <
(ix) eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L npbk i' nkyD n"os ƒ, T[j ;'u Iok Bk eod/ B/.
shthA dh skes nZr/ sK, pqfjwzv yzv ;G vod/ B/.
‘ekdo’ dh ‘e[dos’ shthA j? fi; dk ;G ftPt g;kok j?.
‘e[dos’ nZr/ fjwkbk Gh fJe IZo/ tKr ftukok j?.
fJ; ‘ekfJBks’ fJ; ‘f;PNh’ s/ fJ; ‘fgqEth’ d[BhnK ;koh d/.
T[sgsh, w"s s/ gob?, ;G jB Bkw tZy' tZy Bkoh d/.
(i) T[go'es ekft^;soK ftZu ‘npbk’ efj e/ fe; ƒ ;zp'XB ehsk frnk j? <
(ii) pqfjwzv, yzv fe; s'A vod/ jB <
(iii) fJBQK ekft^;soK dh ouBk ns/ ouBkeko dk BK fby' <
(iv) ‘ekdo’ ns/ ‘e[dos’ PpdK d/ noE ;gPN eo'.
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L jkbKfe ‘npbk’ d/ jZE jh ;G w[beK ;zrhnK tkrK B/.
npbk d/ ikrD Bkb/ jh e"wK ƒ nkJhnK ikrK B/.
npbk jo xo dh okDh j? npbk g?dk pbtkB eo/.
npbk fi ej/ sK xo ;[Xo/ npbk fi uj/ thokB eo/.
npbk fi frokJ/ gkskb ;[N/ npbk fi T[mkJ/ sK w[efs fwb/.
npbk s'A pb, Xhoi, Pesh, fdqVQsk, PKsh s/ :[esh fwb/.
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) n"os ƒ r[DK dk w[iZ;wk efj e/ ;zp'XB ehsk iKdk j?. nB/eK r[DK dh XkoBh s/ wB[Zy dh iBw dksh efj e/ ;fsekfonk iKdk j?. n"os d/ fJBQK r[DK ƒ t/yd/ j'J/ ‘wK’ pko/ ‘g'qi?eN’ fsnko eo'.
(ii) eh s[;hA fe;/ pjkdo s/ fBvo n"os ƒ ikDd/ j'. i/eo jK sK T[; d/ r[DK T[~go o"PBh gkT[Ad/ j'J/ fJZe eftsk dh ouBk eo'.
(iii) Gkos ftZu tZy'^tZyo/ y/soK ftu BkwDk yZND tkbhnK n"osK pko/ ikDekoh fJeZso eoe/ T[BQK dh s;thoK ;w/s fJe ukoN fsnko eo'.
(iv) eh s[;hA ;wMd/ j' fe n"os ƒ g{o/ nfXeko fwb u[Ze/ jB < fJZe ikDekoh Gog{o b/y fbyD dh e'fPP eo'.
(v) frnkB^ftfrnkB s/ b'eszso d/ :[r ftZu gj[zu e/ th n"os Bkb nfBnK ikoh j?. eh s[;hA fJ; wZs Bkb ;fjws j' < sZEK d/
nkXko ’s/ nkgDk fdqPNhe'D gq;s[s eo'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) n"os nZr/ ;koh d[BhnK f;o M[ekT[Adh j?.
(ii) fgqEth d/ ;kjwD/ gops pj[s tZvk brdk j?.
(iii) ;ko/ ;[y, d[y s/ y[PhnK n"os ekoB jB.
(iv) n"os nkdwh dk e[M th BjhA ftrkV ;edh.
(v) n"os d/ r[Z;/ s'A e[b ekfJBks th vo iKdh j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) T[sgsh, w"s s/ gob? n"os d/ HHH wzB/
iKd/ jB.
(ii) gowkswk dh ;koh HHH dk o{g n"os ƒ jh fdZsk frnk j?.
(iii) n"os ;ko/ HHH ƒ th nkgD/ g?oK j/m eo ;edh j?.
(iv) Pesh dh gqshe n"os HHH ƒ th iBw fdzdh j?.
(v) wB[Zy dh HHH dk ekoB th n"os jh pDdh j?.
;H fto'Xh Ppd pDkT[ L (i) npbk HHH (ii) thokB HHH (iii) BkI[e HHH (iv) gkskb HHH jH fbzr pdb' L
(i) Bo HHH (ii) okik HHH (iii) wksk HHH (iv) G{nk HHH
eH n"os ƒ fJ;soh th nkyd/ jB. fJ; ƒ j'o fejV/^fejV/ BktK Bkb g[ekfonk iKdk j? L
HHH HHH HHH yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) e[dos HHH HHH HHHH HHHH (ii) pqfjwzv HHH HHH HHHH HHHH (iii) p'bh HHH HHH HHHH HHHH (iv) sedho HHH HHH HHHH HHHH
wkfJnk ;z;ko GbtkBk
gqshe w[esh
eftsk
gq'H w'jB f;zx
P\;hns s/ ouBk
gq'H w'jB f;zx dk iBw 1905 ftZu j'sh wodkB (gkfe;skB), fgzv Xfwnkb, B/V/
oktbfgzvh (j[D gkfe;skB ftZu) fty/ j'fJnk. T[BQK B/ n?~wHJ/H |ko;h, n?~wHUHn?~bH dh ftfdnk jk;b ehsh.
gq'H w'jB f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh eth jB. T[BQK nB[;ko T[BQK dh ebw dk
;|o 1921^22 ftZu P[o{ j'fJnk id'A nzro/I^fto'Xh
nzd'bB nkgDh f;\o T[~s/ ;h. T[BQK B/ eftsktK fbyD d/ Bkb^Bkb eJh nB[tkd th ehs/. gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ wjKekft ‘BBekfJD’ dh ouBk ehsh, fi;
bJh T[BQK ƒ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh tb'A 1972 ftZu ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. T[BQK d/ ekft^;zraqfj jB—‘;kt/ gZso’, ‘e;[zGVk’, ‘nXtkN/’, ‘tZvk t/bk’, ‘fizdo/’
nkfd. nkg B/ ;kfjse gZso ‘gzi dfonk’ dk ;zgkdB eoe/ Bt/A T[God/
b/yeK ƒ nZr/ tXD bJh gq/fos ehsk. g'qH w'jB f;zx ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko (1959) ns/ ;'thns b?Av Bfjo{ g[o;eko (1968) Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk.
f;gkjh dk fdb
tkrK SZv d/ jzM{nK tkbhJ/ Bh, g?o XoB d/ w?ƒ oekp T[~s/.
;kv/ d/P ’s/ pDh j? GhV Gkoh, N[ZN gJ/ B/ t?oh gzikp T[~s/.
o' o' e/ gkDh Bk c/o n?t/A, w/o/ ;'jD/ gzikp dh nkp T[~s/.
;o[ torh itkBh w?A c{eDh J/A, pfj rJ/ Gz{v i/ nk e/ r[bkp T[~s/.
fejVh r~b'A sz{ jT[e/ s/ bJ/A jT[ek, fejVh rZb'A sz{ nZyK ;[ikJhnK B/ <
bKx/ gziK dfonktK d/ ;B E'jV/, i' sz{ j'o d' BdhnK uVjkJhnK B/.
c{jh c{jh ƒ ;fjed/ tho w/o/, eh eoK w?A d[ZX S[jkfonK ƒ.
;kEh sVcd/ gJ/ B/ \ke nzdo, gZSh bktK w?A wfjbK u[pkfonK ƒ.
|"ih pkfinK nkD xBx'o gkJh, bZr fojk J/ vrk BrkfonK ƒ.
w/o/ x'V/ th u[Ze bJ/ ezB d't/A, d/y fJjfdnK y[oK c[zekfonK ƒ.
v"b/ coed/ gJ/ B/ nZi w/o/, i'P Bkb gJh ezpdh ikB w/oh.
ihGK eZYd/ gJ/ B/ sho frm frm, gJh nkeVK GzBdh ewkB w/oh.
ftu ozr d/ w;s wbzr j' e/, bkJhJ/ skohnK n;hA MBK nzdo.
ftu izr d/ sbh ’s/ ikB Xoe/, bVhJ/ n;hA sbtkoK dh SK nzdo.
ftu ozr d/ fSziK s/ x'b gkJhJ/, Y'b/ rkthJ/ jbK d/ rkj nzdo.
ftu izr d/ \{B dh bk wfjzdh, gkJhJ/ pKj sbtko dh pKj nzdo.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE tkrK Lx'V/ dh
brkw GhV Gkoh LtZvh w[Peb
nkp L PkB
c{eDh L roe eo
d/Dh $ \sw eo d/Dh BdhnK L jzM{nK
GohnK nZyK c{jh c{jh L E'VQh^E'VQh
o'Nh d[ZXK S[jkfonKL n?P'^nkokw
\ke L fwZNh
gZSh bktK L nZr bktK vrk BrkfonKL izr dk
n?bkB uZ[e bJ/
ezB d't/A L u/szB j' rJ/
v"b/ coed/ L izr d/ w?dkB ftZu ikD bJh T[sktb/
sbh ’s/
ikB Xoe/ L e[opkB j'D dh GktBk sbtkoK dh SKL sbtkoK
Bkb fGnkBe y{B dh izr bk wfjzdh L Pjhdh pkDk$
e[opkBh dh GktBk ozr L w"i$\[Ph
Bko L gsBh
izr L :[ZX
n;hA gziK dfonktK d/ P/o d[b/, d'jK d/thnK ƒ fBwPeko ;kvh.
ftu ozr d/ d/th j? Bko ;kvh, ftu izr d/ d/th eNko ;kvh.
ftu izr d/ Gkt/A w?A uZfbnk jK, sK th oy;K s/ok f\nkb fgnkoh.
pz[d/ ;wM e/ s/o/ w?A SZfonK ƒ, bk;K x[ZN eb/i/ d/ Bkb fgnkoh.
X{nK t/y e/ s'gK ’u'A g/u yKdk, s/o/ ;wM;K x[zro/ tkb fgnkoh.
s/o/ gbeK dh :kd ftu sho yk;K, jkEh t/y fusko;K ukb fgnkoh.
i/ w?A ihAdk ikrdk gos nkfJnk,
‘oZy ;kJhA dh’ w?A p[bk SZvhA.
BjhA sK g[Zs id w/ok itkB j'fJnk, s/} U; ƒ w/oh cVk SZvhA.
fN~gDh
gq'H w'jB f;zx eftsk ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ ftZu dZ;d/ jB fe f;gkjh dk BtK^BtK ftnkj j'fJnk j?. UXo d/; T[~s/ d[PwBK B/ jwbk eo fdZsk j?. T[j f;gkjh izr ftZu ik e/ T[BQK Bkb izr bVBk ukj[zdk j?. T[; dh Bt^ftnkjh gsBh T[;
ƒ tk;s/ gk e/ o'eDk ukj[zdh j?. go T[j T[; ƒ jzM{ tjkT[D s'A o'edk j'fJnk nkgD/ x'V/ dh brkw SZv d/D bJh nkydk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe w?ƒ oekp T[~s/
g?o oZy e/ x'V/ T[~s/ uVQB d/ feT[Afe ;kv/ d/; (gzikp) T[~s/ tZvh w[Peb nkJh j'Jh j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe T[; dh fJ; itkBh dk e'Jh bkG BjhA i/ T[j d/;
bJh bV Bk ;fenk. T[j T[; ƒ fuskodk j? fe sz{ feT[A o' ojh j?A, jT[e/ b?
ojh j?A, w?A sK gziK dfonktK (Gkt ;sb[i, fpnk;, okth, MBkn, i/jbw) ƒ gko eoe/ t?oh Bkb w[ekpbk eoB ikDk j?. f;gkjh efjzdk j? w?A d[ZXK S[jkfonK Gkt n?P'^nkokw ƒ eh eoBk j?, i/eo w/o/ Gok o'Nh ƒ so; oj/
jB. w/o/ ;kEh izr d/ w?dkB ftZu i{M e/ PjhdhnK gqkgs eo oj/ jB. bVkJh bJh fpr[b tZi u[Zfenk j?. w?A, w/o/ sho ns/ ewkB s/ w/ok x'Vk izr ftZu ikD bJh i'P ftZu nk rJ/ jK. i/ n;hA y[Ph ftZu w;s j' e/ MBK dfonk ftZu s?od/ jK sK bVkJh t/b/ n;hA izr d/ w?dkB ftZu gj[zu iKd/ jK. nkgDh
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE eNko L sbtko oy;K L oZyKrk SZfonK L r'bhnK bk;K L bktKrk yk;K L yktKrk fusko;K L :kd eoKrk
s/} L sbtko
e[opkBh d/D bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jK. y[Ph ftZu n;hA e[PshnK bVd/ jK, jb tkjz[zd/ jK, rhs rkT[Ad/ jK. T[; ƒ gzikp d/ ;{ow/ j'D T[go wkD j?. bVkJh d/
w?dkB d/ fdqPK dh T[j y{B dh wfjzdh s/ sbtkoK dh SK Bkb s[bBk eodk j?.
nzs ftZu T[j f;gkjh nkgDh gsBh ƒ ;zp'XB eodk j'fJnk fdbk;k fdzdk j? fe T[j bVkJh d/ w?dkB ftZu ik e/ th T[; dk g{ok fynkb oZy/rk. T[j pzd{e dhnK r'bhnK ƒ T[; d/ pz[d/ ns/ s'gK d/ tb yKd/ Xz{J/A ƒ T[; d/ x[zrokb/
tkb ;wMD dh s;Zbh fdzdk j?. T[j y[Ph Bkb shoK dk tko ;fjD eo/rk.
jkEhnK ƒ d/y e/ T[; dh w;skBh ukb ƒ :kd eo/rk.
eftsk d/ nyho ftZu d/P^g/qw dh GktBk T[ikro j[zdh j?. T[j gsBh ƒ nkyoh Ppd nkydk j?. T[j T[; ƒ fJe c[owkB tKr ;zd/P fdzdk j? fe i/eo T[j mhe^mke gos nkfJnk sK fJ; ƒ oZp dk nPhotkd ;wM e/ T[;
dk ;tkrs eohA. go Pjhd j'D dh ;{os ftu T[; d/ g[Zso ƒ itkB j'D s/ T[; d/ jZE sbtko cVk e/ d/P dh oZfynk bJh G/i d/D dh nkgDh fJZSk dk gqrNktk eodk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eftsk ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(ii) f;gkjh d[ZXK, S[jkfonK ns/ wfjbK u[pkfonK dh gotkj feT[A BjhA eodk <
(iii) eftsk ftZu gsh nkgDh gsBh e'b feE/ ikD dh fIZd eodk j? <
(v) ‘fprb’ fe; dk ;ze/s j? <
(v) bVkJh ftZu Pjhd j'D dh jkbs ftZu f;gkjh nkgDh gsBh ƒ eh eoB bJh efjzdk j? <
(vi) f;gkjh bVkJh d/ w?dkB d/ fdqPK dh feBQK Bkb s[bBk eodk j?.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L ftu ozr d/ w;s wbzr j' e/,
bkJhJ/ skohnK n;hA MBK nzdo.
ftu izr d/ sbh ’s/ ikB Xoe/, bVhJ/ n;hA sbtkoK dh SK nzdo.
ftu ozr d/ fSziK s/ x'b gkJhJ/, Y'b/ rkthJ/ jbK d/ rkj nzdo.
ftu izr d/ \{B dh bk wfjzdh, gkJhJ/ pKj sbtko dh pKj nzdo.
n;hA gziK dfonktK d/ P/o d[b/, d'tK d/thnK ƒ fBwPeko ;kvh.
ftu ozr d/ d/th j? Bko ;kvh, ftu izr d/ d/th eNko ;kvh.
(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ eth dk Bk fby'.
(ii) MBK ftZu skohnK fe; B/ bkJhnK.
(iii) eth ‘ozr’ ns/ ‘izr’ ftZu fej' fijhnK ;fEshnK ƒ g/P eo fojk j? <
(iv) ‘x'b’ ns/ ‘eNko’ PpdK d/ noE fby'.
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L ftu izr d/ Gkt/A w?A uZfbnk jK,
sK th oy;K s/ok f\nkb fgnkoh.
pz[d/ ;wM e/ s/o/ w?A SZfonK ƒ, bk;K x[ZN eb/i/ d/ Bkb fgnkoh.
X{znK t/y e/ s'gK ’u'A g/u yKdk, s/o/ ;wM;K x[zro/ tkb fgnkoh.
s/o/ gbeK dh :kd ftu sho yk;K, jkEh t/y fusko;K ukb fgnkoh.
i/ w?A ihAdk ikrdk gos nkfJnk,
‘oZy ;kJhA dh’ w?ƒ p[bk SZvhA.
BjhA sK g[Zs id w/ok itkB j'fJnk, s/} U; ƒ w/oh cVk SZvhA.
d' N'fNnK d/ ftu G'A N[~Nh
d' N'fNnK d/ ftu G'A N[ZNh fJe wfjbK dk fJe Y'eK dk.
d' XfVnK ftu \bes tzvh, fJe b'eK dk fJe i'eK dk.
e'Jh t/bk ;h tzvekoK B/
d[BhnK ƒ gkfVnk tzfvnk ;h.
ftZEK ftu ftZEK j'o tXk, iBsk ƒ vkYk so[zfvnk ;h.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE G"A L Xosh wfjbK L nwhoK, b'eK Y'eK L rohp b'eK XfVnK L fjZf;nK i'eK L bj{ u{;D tkbk
ehVk, P'fPs t/bk L ;wK
tzvekoK L tzvD tkfbnK ftZEK L d{ohnK vkYk L pVk
e[M gkJhnK ftZEK toB dhnK e[M tkjhnK bheK Xow dhnK, fco ezXK eow e[eow dhnK, fco X[zXK nzBQ/ Gow dhnK.
fco ftZEK fbZgh IpkB dhnK, fco gfjokt/ s/ t/; dhnK, fco ;fGsk, ;fGnkuko dhnK fco d/; ns/ god/; dhnK.
iBsk ƒ Ej[ Bk brD fdsk fJjBK ikd{ro ftZEekoK B/, n;bhns ftu B/ d' ftZEK, pkeh ;G e{VhnK gkVK B/.
e[M u/sB^P/o itkBK B/
ftZEekoK skJhA tzrkfonk id SkJhA wkJhA eo ftZEK ƒ, n;bhns skJhA T[xkfVnk id.
sd feosh s/ feo;kD T[~m/, ekbh s/ p'bh oks w[eh, rZb gJh wBhih b'eK dh s/ ;kwoki dh pks w[eh.
fN~gDh
eth gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ tzvhnK gkT[D tkb/ j[ewokBK dh ehsh ;wkie tzv ns/
nkoEe tzv ƒ g/P eod/ j'J/ dZf;nk j? fe tzvhnK gkT[D tkfbnK B/ gfjbK Xosh d/ d' fjZ;/ eo fdZs/. fJZe sK nwhoh ns/ rohph dk gkVk gk fdZsk.
Gkt b'eK ƒ d' fjZf;nK ftZu tzv fdZsk. fJe gk;/ ;kXkoB b'e ns/ d{i/ gk;/
bj{ u{;D tkb/ ehV/ ;B. e'Jh n?;k ;wK ;h id tzvD tkfbnK B/ d[BhnK dh tzv eo fdZsh. d{ohnK ftZu j'o d{ohnK g?dk eoe/ iBsk ƒ pVk d[yh ehsk ;h. eth ƒ iks^gks, Xow, wzd/ eowK, GowK, GkPk s/ p'bh, gfjokt/, ofjD^;fjD s/ d/;^gqd/; nkfd ftu b'eK dh gkJh tzv T[~go ;\s n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
toB L iks
tkjhnK L gkJhnK
bheK L behoK,
ftZEK e[eow L wkV/ eow
Gow L tfjw
IpkB L p'bh
;fGnkuko LofjD^;fjD
Ej[ L gsk
e{VhnK gkVK L M{mhnK tzvhnK u/sB L u[ezB/
tzrkfonk L bbekfonk SkJhA wkJhA L d{o eoBk T[xkfVnk L fdykfJnk,
gqrN ehsk feosh L fwjBs
eoB tkb/, fwjBseP wBhih L wzBh rJh
pks L rZb
w[eh L \sw
j' rJh
;kwoki L okikPkjh
fJsokI j?. fJT[A ftZEK$d{ohnK g?dk eoB tkb/ ikd{roK B/ iBsk ƒ gsk jh BjhA brD fdZsk fe pkeh ;G tzvhnK M{mhnK jB. n;bhns ftZu sK f;oc d' jh ftZEK jB. go e[M u[ezB/$pjkdo P/o B"itkBK B/ fJBQK ftZEK gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ bbekfonk. n;bhns pko/ iBsk ƒ ikfrqs eoe/ ftZEK ƒ d{o ehsk. fJ; Bkb fwjBs eoB tkb/ ns/ fe;kB th ikfrqs j'J/. T[BQK dh jB/oh oks Gkt nfrnkBsk d{o j' rJh. b'eK dh rZb wzBh rJh ns/ ;kwoki dh rZb \sw j' rJh.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eftsk ‘d' N'fNnK d/ ftZu G"A N[ZNh’ dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(ii) tzv eoB tkfbnK B/ d[Bhnk ftZu d{ohnK tXk e/ T[BQK ƒ feT[A tzfvnk<
(iii) d' N'fNnk ftZu G'A tzvD s'A eh Gkt j? <
(iv) ;wki ftZu fejVhnK tzvhnK gkJhnK rJhnK <
(v) ftEK ƒ d{o eoB bJh e"D nZr/ nkfJnk <
(vi) b'eK ftZu fe; rZb dh u/sBsk g?dk j'Jh <
(vii) fJ; eftsk ƒ fbyD bJh eth dk eh T[d/P j? <
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L e[M u/sB^P/o itkBK B/
ftZEekoK skJhA tzrkfonk id SkJhA wkJhA eo ftZEK ƒ, n;bhns skJhA T[xkfVnk id.
sd feosh s/ feo;kD T[~m/, ekbh s/ p'bh oks w[eh, rZb gJh wBhih b'eK dh s/ ;kwoki dh pks w[eh.
(i) fJBQK ;soK d/ eth dk BK fby'.
(ii) feBQK B/ fe; soQK tzvK gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ tzrkfonk <
(iii) feosh s/ fe;kBK ftZu ikrqsh nkT[D Bkb eh j'fJnk <
(iv) n\ho ftZu fe; dh fiZs j'Jh <
(v) ‘feosh’ ns/ ‘SkJhA wkJhA’ PpdK d/ noE fby'.
(vi) ‘ekbh s/ p'bh oks’ s'A eh Gkt j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L e[M gkJhnK ftZEK toB dhnK
e[M tkjhnK bheK Xow dhnK, fco ezXK eow e[eow dhnK, fco X[zXK nzBQ/ Gow dhnK.
fco ftZEK fbZgh IpkB dhnK, fco gfjokt/ s/ t/; dhnK, fco ;fGsk, ;fGnkuko dhnK fco d/; ns/ god/; dhnK.
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) d/;^tzv dk nB[Gt Gkt/A s[jkƒ BjhA j? go i' e[M th s[;hA d/;^tzv pko/ gfVQnk$;[fDnk j? T[; pko/ nkgD/ ftuko nkgD/ iwkshnK Bkb
;KM/ eo'.
(ii) id'A ikrqsh nkT[Adh j?, nkIkdh gqkgs j[zdh j? sK fej'^fij/ y[Pjkb wkj"b dh fJZSk ehsh ik ;edh j?, nkgD/ ftuko fby'.
(iii) eftsk ftZu nkJ/ w[jktfonK ƒ u[D e/ T[BQK d/ noE fby' ns/
tke pDkT[.
(iv) d/; dh \kso e[opkB j'D tkb/ fe;/ wjkB f;gkjh dh |'N' brk e/ T[; dh pjkd[oh pko/ fby e/ ukoN pDkT[.
(v) ni'e/ d"o ftZu bVkJh dk ;kI^;wkB pdb frnk j?. g[okD/
jfEnkoK dh BthBsw jfEnko Bkb s[bBk eod/ j'J/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.
(vi) ;wki ftZu nfBnK j'D Bkb b'eK ftu jkjkeko wZu iKdh j?. fJZe
;[yh s/ gqrshPhb ;wki f;oiB bJh s[;hA nkgDk fdqPNhe'D g/P eo'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) feosh b'eK B/ tzv gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ e[M BjhA fejk.
(ii) gsh nkgDh gsBh e'b izr d/ w?dkB ’u ikD dh fId eodk j?.
(iii) bVkJh P[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK frNko tikJh iKdh j?.
(iv) ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ ouBk dk eth ;[oihs gkso j?.
(v) Xosh fszB fjZf;nK ftZu tzvh rJh.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) Xosh d/ HHH N'N/ eo fdZs/ rJ/.
(ii) tzv gkT[D ekoB b'eK ftZu HHH tX rJh.
(iii) HHH T[~go g?o oZy e/ x'V/ T[~go ufVQnk iKdk j?.
(iv) gsh HHH dfonk gko eoe/ d[PwB Bkb bVB ikDk ukjz[dk j?.
(v) bVkJh P[o{ eoB bJh HHH tZidk j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L brkw izr f;gkjh G'A fprb pzd{e N'Nk x'Vk jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L
(i) wfjb HHH (ii) XVk HHH (iii) GzBDk HHH (iv) t?oh HHH
eH G'A ƒ IwhB nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ; ƒ j'o fezB/ BktK Bkb g[ekfonk iKdk j? <
yH fit/A fprb t~idk j?. T[;/ soQK j/m fbfynK dk ;[Gkn$fposh fby' L (i) x'Vk HHH
(ii) Gz{v HHH (iii) v"b/ HHH (iv) i'e HHH
gzi fprb
d'
d{oh oekp
n;hA gzikph
gqhsw f;zx ‘ek;d’
P\;hns s/ ouBk
gqhsw f;zx ‘ek;d’ dk iBw 1924 JhH ftZu fgzv rfjnk, sfj;hb uZetkb, fIbQk fijbw (j[D gkfe;skB ftZu) fty/ fgsk r'dV f;zx ;kjBh d/
xo wksk Gkrtzsh dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[BQK B/ r[o{
BkBe \kb;k jkJh ;e{b, BBekDk ;kfjp fty/
w?Nfoe sZe dh f;Zfynk jk;b ehsh. fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh s'A n?~wHJ/H gzikph dh gVQkJh ehsh.
T[BQK ƒ Pq'wDh eth ntkov, gzikph ekft wzu dk nwho ekft^G{PD s/ j'o nB/eK jh fJBkwK Bkb ;BwkBs ehsk frnk. T[BQK B/ ;wki gqsh ;/tk fBGkT[AfdnK ftfdne ndkfonK dk fwnko T[~uk u[ZeD dk jo ;zGt isB ehsk s/ b'Vtzd ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ftfdne ;jkfJsk th fdZsh. feZs/ tb'A nkg nkgDh fBZih ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNo ;B. T[BQK dhnK ouBktK ftZu L ‘nkIkdh dh t/dh ’s/’, ‘e/;oh fBPkB’, ‘yVr ykb;k’, ‘o[ZsK d/ goSkt/A’, ‘ikr wB[Zysk ikr’ ‘Bhbw s/ fBPh’, ‘gKXh BBekDth fJe nfXn?B’ (;zgkfds), ‘r[bBkr’,
‘oki \kb;k ^ ski \kb;k’, ‘ekfJBks’, ‘BfPnkJhnK eKrK’, ‘n;hA jK
\kb;/’ nkfd Pkwb jB.
n;hA gzikph
n;hA gzikph, fJPe d/ g[sb/, e[dos th fi; s'A pfbjko.
gzi BdhnK ;kƒ b'oh fdsh, d; r[o{nK ;kv/ Go/ Gzvko.
w"s n;kvh uoB dk;Vh,
|sfj n;kv/ rb dk jko.
d/P, Xow dh o\Pk eoBh, :[r :[r s'A ;kvk eko ftjko.
fi; Xosh ;kv/ p[Zs ƒ xfVnk, T[; s'A id fizd ;de/ j'Jh.
bZy pz{dK ;kv/ sB ’u'A v[bQhnk, go nyhT[A fJe pz{d Bk u'Jh.
n;hA T[jd/ g[Zs S?b Sphb/,
;kT[D fdnK pdbK d/ jkDhA.
d[PwB s/ fpibh pD fvrd/, fwsoK bJh po;ks ;[jkDh.
i/m dh f;yo d[gfjo d/ tKrz{, s/r n;kvh fbPeK wko/.
fiT[A ‘r'fpzd ;kro’ dh fpibh, iBsk dh sedho fPzrko/.
r[o r'fpzd, ;kvk gq/w gN'bk, ozr^wihm/ X[o s'A ozfrnk.
skjhT[A oD ftu w"s ;[jkrD, oZs dk e[zr{ ;kE'A wzfrnk.
n;K Bk u'oh eki oukfJnk, n;K Bk S[g e/ w"s ftnkjh.
jo j'DhA gh gh e/ wo rJh, Goh ojh ;kvh firo^;[okjh.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
g[sb/ L;oho
pfbjko Le[opkB gzi BdhnK Lgzikp ftu
tZrD (tfjD) tkbhnK gzi BdhnK—
;sb[i, fpnk;, MBkn, okth, I/jbw p[Zs L w{osh fizd L o{j$gqkD
;de/ L e[opkB$
pfbjko u'Jh L gkDh d/
NgeD dk Gkt jkDh L jw^T[wo i/m L d/;h wjhB/
dk BK (wJh^i{B)
s/} L sbtko
r'fpzd ;kro L v?w dk BK sedho L fe;ws ozr^wihmk L gZek bkb ozr e[zr{ L e/;o
eki L ekoi
oukfJnk L pDtkT[Dk, ouBk eotkT[Dh PwK L o"PBh d/D
tkbk GzGNK L GwZeV
(GzG, G{ukb)
