Concepts of Productivity

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An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

ECOSYSYTEM

17-11-2017 UNIT I CE 623 Ecology and Environmental Microbiology 1

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Energy and Nutrient transfer in through Ecosystem

Nutrients (shown by light arrows) cycle through ecosystems in a closed loop, while energy (shown by dark arrows) is released at each stage.

(4)

Concepts of Productivity

• Primary Productivity

• Gross Primary Productivity

• Net Primary Productivity

• Net Community Productivity

• Secondary Prouctivity

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Terrestrial net primary productivity

Many factors influence primary productivity rates, but the most important on land are temperature and water availability.

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Ocean net primary productivity, 1997-2002

© National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

In contrast to land, where vascular plants carry out most primary production, most primary production in the

oceans is done by microscopic algae.

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Biogeochemical Cycles

Nitrogen Cycle:Nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere but occurs in an inert form that living organisms cannot use directly. In the nitrogen cycle, some of this supply is converted to biologically useful forms .

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Biogeochemical Cycles

Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus is found in water, soil, and sediments. Like nitrogen, it must

be converted to biologically useful forms before plants and animals can take it up.

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Ecotones

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).

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Pacific crest ecotone. The peaks of the Cascade mountain range cast a rain shadow over

eastern Oregon, instigating a harsh change from the wet, evergreen forests of the west to the

dry, sparse, high desert of the east. Landsat 5satellite on 27 Oct 2011.

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ECOTONES

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BIOMES

• A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate."Biome" is a broader term than "habitat"; any biome can comprise a variety of habitats.

• While a biome can cover large areas, a microbiome is a mix of

organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller

scale. For example, the human microbiome is the collection of

bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on

a human body.

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Terrestrial biomes around the world

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TYPES OF BIOMES

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Ecological Succession

• Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction.

• The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and

animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes

stable as a climax community . The "engine" of succession, the cause

of ecosystem change, is the impact of established species upon their

own environments. A consequence of living is the sometimes subtle

and sometimes over alteration of one's own environment.

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Ecological Succession

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Freshwater Ecosystem

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Zonation in Lake Ecosystem

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Planktons are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water

and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to

many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales

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Benthos: the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments, of a sea or

lake.

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Periphyton

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Marine Ecosystem

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Zonation in Sea

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Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine water that contain few nutrients.

(34)

Concepts of Productivity

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

ECOSYSYTEM

Energy and Nutrient transfer in through Ecosystem

Nutrients (shown by light arrows) cycle through ecosystems in a closed loop, while energy (shown by dark arrows) is released at each stage.

Concepts of Productivity

• Primary Productivity

• Gross Primary Productivity

• Net Primary Productivity

• Net Community Productivity

• Secondary Prouctivity

Terrestrial net primary productivity

Many factors influence primary productivity rates, but the most important on land are temperature and water availability.

Ocean net primary productivity, 1997-2002

© National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

In contrast to land, where vascular plants carry out most primary production, most primary production in the

oceans is done by microscopic algae.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Nitrogen Cycle:Nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere but occurs in an inert form that living organisms cannot use directly. In the nitrogen cycle, some of this supply is converted to biologically useful forms .

Biogeochemical Cycles

Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus is found in water, soil, and sediments. Like nitrogen, it must

be converted to biologically useful forms before plants and animals can take it up.

Ecotones

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).

Pacific crest ecotone. The peaks of the Cascade mountain range cast a rain shadow over

eastern Oregon, instigating a harsh change from the wet, evergreen forests of the west to the

dry, sparse, high desert of the east. Landsat 5satellite on 27 Oct 2011.

ECOTONES

BIOMES

• While a biome can cover large areas, a microbiome is a mix of

organisms that coexist in a defined space on a much smaller

scale. For example, the human microbiome is the collection of

bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that are present on

a human body.

Terrestrial biomes around the world

TYPES OF BIOMES

Ecological Succession

• Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction.

• The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and

animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes

stable as a climax community . The "engine" of succession, the cause

of ecosystem change, is the impact of established species upon their

own environments. A consequence of living is the sometimes subtle

and sometimes over alteration of one's own environment.

Ecological Succession

Freshwater Ecosystem

Zonation in Lake Ecosystem

Planktons are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water

and are unable to swim against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to

many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales

Benthos: the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments, of a sea or

lake.

Periphyton

Marine Ecosystem

Zonation in Sea

Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine water that contain few nutrients.

Mangrove's Plantation