Air quality models for Indian meteorological conditions in urban cities of India

AIR QUALITY MODELS

FOR INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN URBAN CITIES OF INDIA

T.V.B.P.S. RAMA KRISHNA Centre for Atmospheric Sciences

SubmUted

ifl fulfilment of the requirements of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

to the

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI Hauz Khas, New Delhi-Ilo O16.

JULY. 1997

Dedicated to the loving memory of

刀り

Grand Father

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled 'AIR QUALITY MODELS FOR INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN URBAN CITIES OF INDIA' being submitted by T.V.B.P.S. RAMA KRISHNA for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPhY, is a record of the original bonafide research carried out by him. He has worked under our joint guidance and supervision and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this thesis. The results presented in this thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for award of any degree/diploma.

叫一泌気が Dr. (Mrs.) Pramila Goyal Principal Scientific Officer Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi.

」メ叫，一

Dr. (Mrs.) Manju Mohan

Principal Scientific Officer

Centre for Atmospheric Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology

New Delhi.

Acknowledgements

I wish to 壁 press my deep お t sense ofgratitude to my supe ル isorDr. (M 心．）乃ロ mila Go 汐 I for her valuable guidance, ceaseless encouragement, frui 加 I discussions, helpful ideas, moral and emotional s 即 pon throughout the tenure of this work. I am extremely than ゆ i to herfor the

untiring eLorts and immense care in going through the manusc ゆ t.

I am grat 加 I to Dr.(Mrs.) Ma 可 u Mohan n り s 叩 ervisor for her guidance, constant s 即 port and encouragement throughout the period.

I greatly acknowle 噌 e Council of Scient 夢 C and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for providing the ル andiai s 的叩 ort in carying out this work.

My sincere than 厨 are due to Pr 可 S.K. Dube ，石を ad, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences for making available the necessary facilities in the Centre, i am also than ゆ I to all the facully members of C,A. S. for the encouragement by them throughout this period. I am grateful to the staff of Computer Services Centre for providing the necessary computational facilities for ca 男 ing out my research work.

I am personally indebted to Mr ．承 i Kamarfor his constant supj 切 rt and help thro 昭 hout my work and in preparation of the thesis.

i am than ゆ i to Dr. T. K. Bandyopa _画 1 町 for his valuable 皿 ggestions.

At this h 町叩 y morflent, it 's a great pleasure to remember 町 friends, seniors, colleagues and many others who have helped me directly or indirectly during this course of time. ! can never forget the lively moments, I spent with i ）ぴ friends at hostel during 川よ toy.

Finally I am grateful to my mnother, brother, sister, sister-in law and brother-in-law for their emotional and 晩 ole-hearted si ダア ort througliout the teiwre of tu _む work. My loving cheers to the kl 山珂 α, Pro か us/ia and Sarat.

1V _{鮮加一知，}

(T. V.B.P.S. Raina 大冗 shna)

ABSTRACT

Air pollution may be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such duration as may be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of l ife or property or the conduct of business.

Air quality modelling is a numerical technique or methodology, based upon physical principles, for estimating pollutants concentrations in space and time as a

如

netion of the emissions distribution and the attendant meteorological and geophysical conditions, The essential elements of air quality modelling consist of emission inventory, meteorology, concentration data and the air quality models,

A knowledge of the types of pollutants and their emission rates is fundamental to the study. The listing and description of air pollutant emitting sources, including estimated pollutant emission rates comprise the emission inventory. Sources of pollutants are generally classified into three classes:area, line and point sources, Domestic sources and small scale industries are treated as area sources,The vehicular traffic along the highways and main traffic corridors of the city are treated as line sources. Large scale industries and power plants are considered as elevated point sources.

The air quality models are generally categorized into four classes: Gaussian, numerical, statistical or empirical and physical, Gaussian models are the most widely used techniques for estimating the impact of nonreactive pollutants .

In the present thesis, short term air quality models for area, line, and point sources have been used for estimating the ambient air quality in Delhi. These models have been improved for

low 'vind conditions (wind speed 5 2 rns-'), which is frequently occurring meteorological condition in tropical countries like India. These models are applicable for flat terrain. These models can he used for planning, managemem, and decision-making processes in respect of siting of industries, major traffic roads and power plants.

Delhi is one of the most polluted cities of the world. The rapid industrialization and UI

もanization in Delhi necessitates an indepth study of all kinds of pollutant soul ・

ces afld their impact on air quality. The national capital territory (NCT) Delhi has heen selected in the present thesis for application of air quality models which may be suitable for Indian meteorological conditions.

A short term Gaussian area source model namely lIT Short Term (IITST) model has becii designed by lIT with appropriate dispersion parameters and source inventory for predicting the non-reactive pollutants concentration under di

艶rent meteorological conditions at dill セrent

downwind distances.

Three dui恥rent methods of treating calm winds in Gaussian model fr convective unstable conditions have been described and discussed in detail in Chapter 2. These models have been used to predict the pollutant concentrations by including them in the HT Short Term (IITST) arca source model. The results have been compared with the observed values. One model developed by Dear&rL (1984) has been found to be perfonning better than the other two models.

Therefore this mnodel has been incorporated in the air quality models for treating low winds in the present thesis.

The lIT Line Source (IITLS) model has been used to predict the concentrations of non- reactive pollutants in Dcliii,This model is capable of dealing with different road to wind

に

ross w i ud,Parallel 'vind and Oblique wind) angles. The model、s descripti

く）fl is presented in Chaptじr

3. Four different methods of estimation of pollutant source strength have been compared in this chapter. The source strengths estimated from these methods have been given as input to IITLS model for predicting the pollutant concentrations. The results are compared with observed values at some receptors in Delhi. One of these methods (the method based on Vehicle Kilometer Travel and road length) is found to be performing satisfactorily in estimating the source strength out of the four methods. The performance of the HTLS model has been evaluated by comparing the model predictions with the Calmne-3 model predictions and observed values. Calme-3 model is a California operational line source model. From this comparison it is found that IITLS model is found to be performing better than Calmne-3 model.

The features of IlT Point Source (IITPS) model, a simple Gaussian plume model has been described in Chapter 4. The model has been used to predict the concentrations of pollutants due to point sources in Delhi. The model has been evaluated by comparing with the U.K Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) model and observed values at some receptors in Delhi. The model results are found to be in good agreement with the observed values.

The lIT Flare (IITFL) model, a coupled model, is a combination of two models, a jet model and a plume-touch down model. The model is described in detail in Chapter 5. The model lias been used to predict the trajectory of the jet, its characteristics and maximum concentration at ground level at the touch down point. The model's results are compared with the ADMS model to see the sensitivity of the parameters.

In Chapter 6 the evaluation of the IITALP model has been carried out. The IITALP model is a combination of the area (IITST), line (IJTLS) and point (IITPS) source models. This model has been used to predict pollutant concentrations over the entire Delhi city and at some

receptors. The model results have been compared with the results of Urban Airshed Model (UAM) and observed values. The results of IITALP inodel are found to be close to observed values and not far from UAM model. Though the UAM is a US operational model which is already applied by many US government agencies for prediction of air quality of New York city etc

In the present thesis Delhi city with its emissions from various sources and meteorology is taken as a case study for evaluation of the above mentioned air quality models. It has heen found that the HT models performance is quite satisfactory compared to observed values and other US operational models. Therefore, it may be recommended that the HT models may be used to predict the pollutant levels in the ambient air of diffei

・

ent ur

・

hlul cities of India with similar type of meteorological conditions.

Chapter 1

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CONTENTS

Abstract List of Tables List of Figures

Page No

71 no Cソ 11 111 一11

:General Introduction

Atmospheric Dispersion Models Air Quality Models

Gaussian Models

Pollutant Sources and Emissions Meteorology

Meteorological Data

Indian Meteorological Conditions Dispersion Parameters

PJ3L Parameters Model Calibration

Selection of Study Area in the Present Thesis Organization of Thesis

(1-25) 2 4 6

'o

11 11 13 14 18 20 21 23

Chapter 2:Area Source Gaussian Dispersion Model for Urban Cities of India 2.i Introduction

2.2 IlT Short Term (IITST) Model 2.2.1 Source Inventory

2.2,2 Models for Treating Calm Winds 2,2.2(a) Model 1

2.2.2(b) Model 2 2:2'2(c) Model 3

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Meteorological Data

Evaluation of the Models for Treating Calm Winds Results and Discussion

Comparison of Hourly Predicted and Observed Concentrations Results and Discussion

Conclusions 2.3

2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5.i

2.6

Chapter 3:A line source model for predicting pollutant concentrations due to vehicular traffic

3.i Introduction

3.2 The lIT Line Source (IITLS) Model 3.2.1 Cross Wind

3.2.2 Parallel Wind 3.2.3 Oblique Wind

3.3 Methods of Estimation of Source Strength (q) 3.3.i Method i

3.3.2 Method 2 3.3.3 Method 3 3.3.4 Method 4

3 .4 Evaluation of Four Different Methods of Estimating Source Strength

3.4.1 Results and Discussion

3 . 5 Calculation of Pollutant Concentration Using Line Source Model

3.5.i Results and Discussion 3.6 Calmne-3 Model

3.7 Comparison of IITLS and Calmne-3 models 3.7.1

恥

suits and Discussion

3.8 Conclusions

(55-84)

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94 i 00 Chapter 4:lIT Point Source Model

4 . 1 Introduction

4.2 The lIT Point Source (IITPS) Model 4. 2 . 1 Salient Features of the IITPS Model

4.3 Features of Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) 4.4 Source Inventory

4.5 Evaluation of IITPS Moder with U.K ADMS 4.5.i Results and Discussion

4.6 Evaluation of IITPS Model 4.6.1 Results and Discussion 4.7 Conclusions

Chapter 5:

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5.3,1 5.4 5.4.1 5.5 5.6 5'6.1 5.7

lIT Flare Model

Introduction HT Flare Modet

Trajectory Model for a Jet Model's Characteristics

Trajectory and Characteristics of the Jet Emitting from a Stack

Results and Discussion Plume-Touch Down Model

Comparison of the IITFL and U.K ADMS Models Results and Discussion

Conclusions

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6.4

IIT Area Line and Point (IITALP) Model Due to All Sources

Introduction

Emissions of SO2, 5PM and NOx in Delhi Urban Airshed Meteorological Data Used in the Present Study

Evaluation of the IITALP Model

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6.4. 1 Results and Discussion

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3 Results and Discussion

6.6 Conclusions

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7.2 Iknure Work and Suggestions I 65

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ences (167-175)

Appendix- A:List of niodcls and their abbreviations. (A!)

Appendix- 13 (131-134)