WELCOME
To
IInd Yr. B. Tech (Petrochemical Engg. Students) By
Mohammad Kamil, PhD Professor & Chairman
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES AMU, Aligarh
VISION
To become a center of excellence for the
development of the country and mankind by
providing highly competitive professionals,
cutting edge technologies and effective services
to the academia and hydrocarbon industry.
MISSION
To provide education and training to the students for serving at national and global levels
To develop a strong R&D infrastructure for solving the technological needs of the global economy and human society
To develop vibrant and creative learning environment to produce technically sound, ethically strong and morally elevated human resource
Course Title CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS
Course Number: PK-231
Credits: 4
Course Category: DC
Pre-requisite(s): PK-231 Contact Hours (L-T-P) 3-1-0 Type of Course: Theory Course Outcomes:
•To understand the chemistry, characteristics and evaluation of crude oils.
•To understand the crude oil fractionation processes (Atmospheric and Vacuum distillation), different petro products and physical and thermal properties.
Objectives:
•To learn about formation of crude oil, composition, classification and, evaluation of crude oil.
•To understand physical and thermal properties, ASTM, TBP, EFV distillation curves.
•To learn about the petroleum refining industry, distillation of crude oil, petro products and quality standards.
•Ability to understand quality control tests on crude and products and be able to analyze the results.
•To learn about petrochemical industry, classification and uses, reaction mechanisms of hydrocarbons (Thermal and catalytic cracking, isomerization, alkylation etc.).
Syllabus
Unit I: Origin and formation of Petroleum, Reserves and deposits, Indian Petroleum Industry, Composition of crude Oils, ultimate and chemical composition , non-hydrocarbons in petroleum, Asphaltenes and Resins, classification of petroleum, evaluation of crude oil, Bench mark crudes.
Unit II: Characterization of crude oils: TBP and ASTM distillation, Classification by chemical composition, Correlation Index, Density, API gravity, Viscosity, UOP characterization factor, etc. Physical &
Thermal properties of petroleum, ASTM, TBP, EFV distillation curves.
Unit III: Distillation: Pretreatment, Electric desalting, atmospheric and vacuum distillation, petroleum products and their quality control tests.
Unit IV: Value addition of petrochemicals from feedstock to consumer end products, chemical reactions of hydrocarbons like Decomposition (Thermal & Catalytic), Halogenations, Isomerization, Hydrogenation, Alkylation, Nitration, Sulfonation, etc. with chemistry and reaction mechanism.
Text Books:
Rao, B.K.B., “Modern Petroleum Refining Processes”, Oxford & IBH Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. (Latest Ed.)
Prasad, R., “Petroleum Refining Technology”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
Reference Books:
•Speight, J.C.; “The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum”, Marcel Dekker, New York, 3/e1999.
•Lucas, A.G. (ed.), “Modern Petroleum Technology”, Vol. 2, Downstream, John Wiley & Sons Limited, New York, 6/e, 2000.
•Simanzhenkov, V. and Idem, R., “Crude oil Chemistry”, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2003.
•Hobson, G.D., “Modern Petroleum Technology” Vol I & II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 5/e, 1984.
•Rao, B.K.B., “Petrochemicals”, Khanna Pubs. New Delhi.
•Sukumar Maiti , Introduction to petrochemicals , Oxford and IBH pubs co. New Delhi.
•Evaluation:
• End Semester Exam. (60 marks): Descriptive in nature; Mid Semester Exam. (25 marks):
•Class Test/ Assignments/ Presentations/Quiz etc. (15 marks):
Surprising in nature.
Suggestions for preparation
• Preparation: Make full use of library, internet, Books/e-books and class notes etc.
•Spare just 1 hr. every day.
•Follow the above instructions & enjoy during the examination days.
Class Attendance
•See notice board (before mid semester/ end semester exam).
•Best policy to ease your anxiety, is to attend the classes regularly.
•75%
For Latecomers:
•Within 05 minutes; don’t ask, just come inside silently and take your seat.
•After 05 minutes; Please do not disturb the class.
Contact
•Submit the e-mail address and Cell phone number of all the students, in a notepad file to me; at
sm_kamil@rediffmail.com; mkamilamu@gmail.com My contact no: 9359500486
Mohammad Kamil, PhD Course Instructor
Engineering is a combination of knowledge, skills, creativity, innovation, management, commitment and ethics. It is the art of making practical applications of the knowledge of pure science. It is all about solving real life problems and providing optimum solutions and designs.
Engineers shape the future of the nations and enhance the quality of life of the population.
What is Petrochemical Engineering?
Petrochemical Engineering is the field of engineering that deals with manufacturing processes where chemical reactions are involved.
Students start by taking basic science courses in mathematics, chemistry, and physics among others.
Also take advanced basic science courses such as organic and physical chemistry along with engineering science courses which focus on applications of heat, mass, and momentum transport, chemical reaction, and chemical process simulation, design, optimization and control.
Also study the application of process economics and project investment analysis.
Careers in Process Engineering
Because of their very diverse education, Process engineers can find employment in many different fields and industries including processing of oil and gas into finished products, finding solutions to air and water pollution problems, reducing corrosion in chemical processing plants, producing plastics and other polymer products, manufacturing pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals and food products, and manufacture of microelectronic devices to name a few. It also gives students an excellent background for advanced study in such fields as bio- engineering, materials science, and even medicine etc.
The Petrochemical Engg profession.
Many students know very little about what Petrochemical/Petroleum engineers do, where they work and how much money they make and the like.
Plant trips to see, feel and smell a petroleum refinery / Petrchemical/Chemical plant and by talks from practicing engineers, alumni of the college are particularly effective since they demonstrate that it is possible to get through the curriculum.
Both are invaluable to inexperienced students in gaining some concept of size and complexity of a modern HC Plant and in providing a perspective of the wide variety of career potentials available to petrochemical engineers.
Principles of mass and energy balance in the context of designing and operating a chemical process in the most profitable and safest manner.
Three Counter current staged operations: distillation ,evaporation and extraction.
IN = out sound simple
Curriculum
A
s chem. Engg. knowledge developed, it was inserted into university courses and curricula. Before world war I, chem. Engg.programs were distinguishable from chemistry programs in that they contained courses in engg. Drawing, engg. Thermodynamics, mechanics and hydraulics taken from engg. depts.
Shortly after world war-I
first text in unit operations- W.H Walker W.K Lewis and W.H. Mc Adams, Principles of chemical engg. , NY McGraw Hill, 1923.
By the mid 1930s chem. Engg. programs included courses in stoichiometry (Process Calculations) ie. By using M.& E.
conservation ideas to analyze chem. process steps ,chemical processes or unit operations, chem.engg. labs in which equipment was operated & tested.
Chem. plant design (in which cost factors were combined with technical elements to arrive at preliminary plant design) and core chemistry courses–
general, analytical, organic & physical chemistry. In addition courses in mechanical drawing, Engg.
Mechanics, Electric circuits, metallurgy and thermodynamics with other engineers.
Since world war II, Process Engg. has developed rapidly as new discipline , they have been added to the curriculum:
Chem.engg. thermodynamics 1945
Chemical kinetics & reactor design: 1950 Process dynamics & control, 1950
Digital computers use began to develop about 1960 Transport phenomena ~ 1960 unifying basis for Chem.
Engg. Education.
In last two decades
Environmental & safety engg. , biotechnology and electronics , manufacturing processing and recently Engineering Biology
Energy Outlook
World primary energy consumption grew by 0.9% in 2014. This was the slowest growth rate since 1998 other than the decline in the aftermath of the financial crisis Growth was below average in all regions except North America and Africa. All fuels except nuclear energy grew at below-average rates.
Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, Hydroelectric and other renewables in power generation both reached record shares of global primary energy consumption (6.8% and 2.4% respectively).
Indian petroleum industry at a glance
Primary Energy Consumption worldwide
World US Asia China India Oil 36.8% 40.2% 34.1% 22.3% 31.7%
NG 23.7% 25% 10.3% 2.6% 7.7%
Coal 27.2% 24.2% 47.1% 69% 54.5%
Nuclear 6% 8% 3.7% 0.8% 1%
Hydroelectric 6.3% 2.6% 4.8% 5.3% 5.1%
PRIMARY COMMERCIAL ENERGY MIX
ENERGY SCENARIO
India’s position on world’s petroleum map
5th largest energy consumer in the world 4th largest crude oil consumer
9th largest crude oil importer 6th in refining capacity
Out of 6 Indian companies figuring in Fortune Global 500 list, 5 are from petroleum sector
Petroleum – Precious natural source of energy
& mother of industrial revolution world wide
Petroleum : HUB of Industrial Revolution
Energy Sector (Fuel)
Bulk Chemicals
Lubricants / Greases / Bitumen
Agriculture Pesticides, Fertilizers
Pharmaceuticals Petrochemical
Industry
HYDROCARBON VALUE CHAIN HYDROCARBON VALUE CHAIN
Exploration & Production
Refining & Blending QC
Crude Oil
Upstream Downstream
definition, exploration, chemistry, classification, processing,
distillation, petrochemical /
fertilizer naphtha, automotive fuels.
Petroleum & Petroleum processing:
Crude Oil - Definition
Speight 1980
“ A mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbon type chemical compounds that can be separated into a variety of different boiling point fractions and that occur naturally in sedimentary rock deposits through-out the world”
ASTM D-288
“A naturally occurring mixture, consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons and/or of sulphur, nitrogen and/or oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons, which is removed from the earth in a liquid state or is capable of being removed. Crude petroleum is commonly accompanied by varying quantities of extraneous substances such as water, inorganic matter, and gas. The removal of such extraneous substances alone does not change the status of the mixture as crude petroleum. If such removal appreciably affects the composition of the oil mixture, the resulting product is no longer crude petroleum”
Theories broadly classified into non-biogenic & biogenic :
• Non-biogenic : from inorganic sources Metal carbides + H2O…..> Hydrocarbons
CaCO3 + alkali metal --->CaC2 + H2O --->Acetylene--->Petroleum hydrocarbons
Reaction of CO2 with water, in presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals, is also postulated to form hydrocarbons
Theory did not receive much recognition
Origin of Petroleum
• Biogenic : from organics, by bacterial transformation :
Organic matter (carbohydrates/proteins//lipid/ lignin both from plant & animal origin --->Decay in presence and/or absence of air into HC rich sediments which in presence of micro organism undergoes biological/physical and chemical
alterations to form Kerogen (geopolymer) which may be coaly or sapropelic
Sapropelic Kerogen under high pressure and temperature further gets converted into Oil & Gas.
Widely accepted theory
Origin of Petroleum
Origin : Cooking
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.
Kerogen
Gas Oil
Organic matter is first changed by the increase in temperature into kerogen, which is a solid form of hydrocarbon
Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid state, which we call oil
Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas A rock that has produced oil and gas in
Origin : Migration
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg • Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source rock in which it occurs
• Oil and gas migrate upwards up through the rock in much the same way that the air bubbles of an
underwater diver rise to the surface
• The rising oil and gas eventually gets trapped in pockets in the rock called reservoirs
Rising oil
origin of oil takes place in three stages:
• Generation
• Migration
• Accumulation
• Fracturing of the cap rock may allow
accumulations to migrate vertically to much shallower depth
