Systems studies for micro level irrigation water management

s

A Thesis submitted to th e

ThdIan ins t Lute of Technology, Delh i for the a ward of the degree of

~r ~r r • ~r • r ~ •

De partment of Applied Mechanics

Indian Institute of Technology, Delh i.

(I) CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the tliecis entitled, SYSTEM ST1DIES FOR MIODO LEVEL IRRIGATIOM WATER 1TA14AGBMENT s1,trijtd by Fr- SHANKAR SS KH)PAR

to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF P1TILOSOPflY is a bonafide pieoe of research work carried out by him under our guidance andsupervision. The

quality of his thesis fulfils all requirements of the regulations relating to the said degree.

The results contained in this tthsis have not ^• boon subnd tted in part or full toea other Urjvers :1 ti or Institution for the award of any Dip?a

( Dr. ^{i' 0 •} Chai;urvedi ) Prfeor

Appl 1, eQ Mechanic= Departn ni Iodari Insti tute of TechncLaF'y Wow Delhi

( Dr • P • r3 thai< ) Dean Engineering

Punjab Agricultural Un1 v Ludhiana

ACYN OWIJEDGEflENT S

The author has great rleasure in recording his rras and profound sense of gratitude to Dr CChaturvedi,

?rofeor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Iricti, Lute of Technol opy, Delhi and Dr. B .S.Pathak, Dean Engineerin, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for their inspiring

ui dane e, constant encouragement and immense help throughout the period of Doctoral programme But for their understanding, untiring enthusiasm and great care, this work would have not been possible.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to

Dr. B.Winbn, Soil bys:icI ot , Punjab Agricultural Uni vo oity Ludhiana for his unstinted help In this endeavour.

The field experiments were carried out at the Rese och Fan of the Punjab Agricultural University. The author

wi. hc to acknowl dm hin gratitude to the university authcui t;i cc for providing too requited facilities. The a ssistance provided by Dr. V ^tT .Dugai , Er. H .5 .Gulati Br, Iunrit Rai and Er. Gurmei Singh in collection of data

from the field experiments is acknowledged.

The help of ON J .Sharma Conservator of Soils, Government of Pun jab, Fero zepur and bin staff in petting the field data is also acknowledged,

The author is rrai;cfu1 to the Director, Computer Centre, Indian Arou1tui1 Research Strtst,es, Inst:itL Now Delhi for proviaine computer facilities.

ivaily the author wishes to acknowledge with

rtt1tUde the enoourperrcut and forbearance contributetJ by his wife during the course of the study.

(iv) ABSTRACT

Irrigation water is one of the most vital inputs to agricultural production. The :ia jor botti CneClr in achieving the food production targets is the scarcity of wator. The shortge Of irrgatirn water could be met either with the construction of new projects or by improving the terminal facilities. So far, main emphasis has been laid on the

construction of new projects, specially the major and medium sio river valley nrc j oct s Further development of such 'rojects may be not only technically more difficult, but may also ho economically unviah10 Improvement of the terminal sys t er by implementing appropriate land and water manafyoment

,therefore, holds out grater possibilities of rnoeti ng water shortage for agricultural production The need for ciovol ciment of Wei management programmes at nicro level has not been given due recognition so far.

The overall improvement is the product of improvement of ii divi dui water management alternatWes. The development of all components of wst or management require huge investment fleith'r It in pos'ibic for developing country to male such investment nor it may bo economical. Therefore, decision models need to be developed for maximising the returns with limited fflnd, available. In addition to the optimum decisions for investment, management of water di stributi on, cavttcr(

with optimal cropping pattern will have to be deveicrped Over recent years, several studies have been reported

(v)

in the litoraturo which de1e with the problem" associated with decision making at micro level, yet these studios have boon mainly piecemeal and of qualitative nature with limitrd application for decision making. Thar, in the Prosent study an attempt has boor made to develop ecisirm models for ortImum solutions for individual irrigation water management alternatives at micro level Jflce lining of watorcourscs, conjunctive use of canal and poor quality rrouncl water consistent with optimum cropping pattern end rroun J water development alternatives and precision

land levelling etc. The decisions developed give an optimal solution for each alterntive while dealing with them

iudopcuciently. The optimum 1eeisiorui thus developed for

ouch aiterintive have brat Jniegr ted for investment policies for maximisinc the returns when all thee, alteiatives nrc competing for irnTLcmcntotirm with limited funds. The facts for iri. igati on farming cyst em including water management

innttntj onal inraotructures and interaction of NO Nrmcps with Government of.Neials who are concerned with decision making are reported with a view to bring an overall irvrovement in the irrigation firming system. The summary of the research work carried out and sugge3tions for further scope of research work are also highlighted.

(vi)

TABLE OF COYTEITS

Pare

ORTIFIC'TE (1)

ACTCNOflJEDC1EWENTS (i 1)

ATSTRACT (iv)

TALE OF OONT1I1TS (vi) LIST OF FIGURES (ix) LIST OF TABLES (xi)

CiAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 T u es, 1

1 .2 Objectives3cope and Approach 4 CUAPT1R II OPTIMUM DT!)CISIONS FOR LINING 12

CANAL WATER COURSES

2.1 Introduction 12

2.2 Model Porn lation 16 2.2.1 Linear ProgtnimIng Approach 16 2.2.2 Dynamic Proginmin Approach 18 2.3 Model Application 21 2 4 Results and Discussions 22

2.5 Conclusions 24

CHAPTER III OPTIMUM DECISION FOR CROPPING 26 PATTERn A D CtUJiWCTrVB uSE OF

C 4. AL At I) POOR QUALITY GROMM WATERS

3.1 Intro duct! on 26 3.2 Ponnulatim or Model 29 3.3 Model Application 32 3.3.1 Characteristics of the Area 37

Selected for the Study

3.3.2 Data Requirements 37 3.4 Results nd Discussions 43

3,5 Conclusions 49

(v±ì)

CHAPTER IV PRECISIOY LAND LEVELLING 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Methods and Materials 54

42.1 Field Experimental Set-Up 54 4.2

*

4.2.4 Farming System 61

4.3 Results and Discussions 61 4.3.1 Relationship Between Crop Yield 61

and Topopraphy Index

4.3.2 Relationship Between Toporraphy 63 Index and Annual Benefit an a

Result of Precision Land levelling 4.3.3 Relationship Between Annual Cost 65

and Topography Index

4.3.4 Economic Decisions 67

4.3.5 Economic Inter-relationships 68

4.4 Conclusions 71

CHAPTER V INTEGRATED IRRIGATION WATER 73 MATT kCEMENT I VESTMENT

DECISIONS

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 approach to the Study 75

5.3 Model Formulation 76

53.1 Uinj Lanranr14n Multiplier 77 5.3.2 Linear Prorarnmjng Model 79 5.3.3 Dynamic FroUramming Model 80

5.4 Model Application 82

5.5 Renalts and Discussion,- 84

5.6 Conclusions 87

CHAPTER VI IRRIGATION FARt'ING SYSTEM AND 88 PATTERS IfITZRACITION WITH

0OVEMEHT OFFICIALS

-

6.1 Introduction 88

6.2 Characteristics of the Area 88 Selected for the Study

6.3 Methodology 89

6.4 0ranisations 90

6.5 Results and Discussions 92 6.5.1 Irrigation Paining System 93 6.5 .2 Interaction with Government 109

Officials

6.4 Conclusions 114

Page CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS AND REOONUENDATIONS 115

FOR FuRTHER WORK

7.1 Summary of Results 115

7.2 Acevcrnemtrind Limitions 122 7.3 Recommendations for Further Work 124

RNFLRUI i CBS 1 26

APiErDIXA OPTINUN LENGTH TO F;E LINED OF A 130 SINGLE WATERCOURSE

APPENDIX-i3 PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT 146 CROPS

UNIT COST OF TUBEIIELL WATER 162 APPENDIX-D AVAILABILIt OF CANAL WATER 169 APPENDIX-B TOPOGRAPHICAL DETAILS 170

APPENDIX-P ADDITIONAL TABLES 188

APPDNDIX-G LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 197

APPENDIX-H BlO-DATA 198