इकाई-17 वाणिज्यिक साहित्य का अनुवाद

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401

17-0 mn~ns';

17-1 çLrkouk

17-2 *okf.kfT;d lkfgR;* % vFkZ vkSj Lo:i 17-3 okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dk {ks=

17-3-1 jk"Vªh;&varjjk"Vªh; okf.kT;&O;kikj 17-3-2 vk;kr&fu;kZr

17-3-3 'ks;j cktkj 17-3-4 oLrq mRiknu 17-3-5 ysunsu

17-4 okf.kfT;d Hkk"kk dk oSf'k"V~;

17-4-1 ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 17-4-2 fof'k"V okD;&foU;kl

17-5 okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds çdkj

17-5-1 xzkgd laca/kh lkfgR;

17-5-2 forjd laca/kh lkfgR;

17-5-3 Ýsapkbth laca/kh lkfgR;

17-5-4 i=kpkj&çpkj lkexzh

17-6 okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dk vuqokn % vko';drk ,oa egRo 17-7 okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh pqu©fr;k¡

17-8 cktkj dh Hkk"kk vkSj vuqokn 17-9 okf.kfT;d ç;qfDr;k¡ v©j vuqokn 17-10 lkjka'k

17-11 vH;kl ds fy, ç'u

bl bdkÃ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

• okf.kfT;d {ks= ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ns ldsaxs(

• okf.kfT;d Òk"kk ds oSf'k"V~; d¨ igpku ldsaxs(

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh vko';drk] egRo vkSj blesa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks js[kkafdr dj ldsaxs(

• cktkj dh Hkk"kk vkSj okf.kfT;d 'kCnkoyh ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs( v©j

• okf.kfT;d ç;qfDr;¨a v©j muds vuqokn ds lanÒZ d¨ le> ldsaxsA

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402

*iz'kklfud ,oa okf.kfT;d vuqokn* ls lacaf/kr bl ikB~;Øe esa vkius iz'kklfud vuqokn ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu i{kksa ij foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;k gSA izLrqr [kaM ikB~;Øe ds eq[; fo"k; ds nwljs i{k] vFkkZr *okf.kfT;d vuqokn ls lacaf/kr gSA blds varxZr vki eksVs rkSj ij iz'kklu] jktu;] laln vkSj fof/k lkfgR; ds vuqokn ds ckjs esa Kku vftZr dj pqds gSa] buesa vuqokn dh vko';drk vkfn dks le> pqds gSaA

vc ge ikB~;Øe ds nwljs dsanzh; fo"k;] vFkkZr *okf.kfT;d vuqokn* dks v/;;u dk fo"k; cuk jgs gSaA gkyk¡fd ;gk¡ okf.kfT;d vuqokn ds varxZr geus FkksM+k O;kid vFkZ&lanHkZ xzg.k fd;k gS vkSj blesa okf.kT;&O;kikj ds lkFk&lkFk cSafdax vkSj Ik;ZVu tSls okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds {ks=ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gSA

Hkkjr] ,d cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkSj cgq&lkaLÑfrd ns'k gSA fdlh Hkh cgqÒkf"kd lekt esa O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa ds lapkyu esa fdl rjg Hkk"kk lacaèkh ijs'kkfu;k¡ lkeus vkrh gSa] vki vanktk yxk ldrs gSaA iqjkus le; esa O;kikfj;ksa dks vius Hkk"kk&{ks=

ls ckgj fudyus ds ckn vuqokn dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk FkkA vkèkqfud le; esa fLFkfr;k¡ dkQh cny pqdh gSaA ftl rjg O;kolkf;d&okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa yxkrkj foLrkj gksrk x;k gS] fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp O;kikfjd&okf.kfT;d djkjksa ds rgr dkjksckjh xfrfofèk;ksa dks foLrkj feyrk x;k gS vkSj 'ks;j cktkj ds tfj, daifu;ksa dks vke yksxksa dk çJ;&çksRlkgu feyuk 'kq: gqvk gS] mlls O;kolkf;d&okf.kfT;d {ks= esa vuqokn dh laHkkouk,¡ Hkh yxkrkj c<+rh xbZ gSaA bl bdkÃ esa ge okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn ds egRo] vko';drk] blds fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkfn ds ckjs esa i<+saxsA okf.kT; ls tqM+h lkexzh dk vuqokn djrs le;

fdl rjg dh leL;k,¡ lkeus vkrh gSa vkSj muesa fdl rjg lkoèkkuh cjrus dh t:jr gksrh gS] bl ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tk,xkA blds vykok] vuqokn ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa gh cktkj dh Hkk"kk dks Hkh foosfpr fd;k x;k gSA bdkbZ ds var esa okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa esa vke rkSj ij O;ogkj esa ykbZ tkus okyh iz;qfDr;k¡ vkSj muds fganh vuqokn Hkh fn, tk jgs gSaA okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn laca/kh fofo/k vk;keksa ij fopkj djus ls iwoZ] vkb, lcls igys ge blds vFkZ vkSj Lo:Ik ij fopkj djsaA

vke r©j ij nSfud thou&O;ogkj esa Þokf.kT;Þ (commerce)] ÞO;kikjÞ (trade)] ÞO;olk;Þ (business) vkfn 'kCn ç;qDr g¨rs ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA e¨Vs r©j ij ;s vkil esa feyrs&tqyrs 'kCn gSaA bl bdkÃ esa geus bUgsa de¨cs'k ,d gh vFkZ&lanÒZ esa fy;k gS v©j buls lacaf/kr lkfgR; d¨ Þokf.kfT;d lkfgR;Þ uke fn;k gSA O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa dke vkus ;k bLrseky gksus okys lHkh çdkj ds dkxtkr okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds varxZr j[ks tk ldrs gSaA nqfu;k&Òj esa pyus okyh reke O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;k¡ okf.kT; ds {ks= esa 'kkfey gSaA blesa O;olk;] O;kikj]

m|ksx] ifjogu] cSad] daiuh] lgdkfjrk] chek] çcaèku vkfn {ks= 'kkfey gSaA l`tukRed lkfgR; ds ckn ç;qfDr;¨a ds ekeys esa Þokf.kfT;d lkfgR;Þ dk nk;jk

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lcls cM+k gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ls ysdj mUgsa vafre miHkksDrk rd igq¡pkus esa vusd yksxksa dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA oLrq ds mRiknu ls iwoZ dPpk eky rS;kj djus okyksa] mldh <qykbZ] çlaLdj.k vkSj fQj mRiknu ds ckn mldh iSfdax] <qykbZ ls ysdj Fkksd vkSj [kqnjk foØsrkvksa rd igq¡pkus] mlds çpkj&çlkj] ,tsaVksa vkfn ls laidZ cukus vkSj mUgsa yxkrkj tksM+s j[kus esa tks i=kpkj] vuqcaèk] deh'ku vkfn ls lacafèkr dkxtkr vkSj fQj xzkgdksa ds fy, eSuqvy] Q‚eZ oxSjg rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] os lHkh Þokf.kfT;d lkfgR;Þ ds varxZr vkrs gSaA

okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;k¡ yksxksa dh jkstejkZ dh t:jrksa ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA l`tukRed lkfgR;] Kku&foKku ;k fQj foKku vkfn ds {ks=ksa esa dke vkus okyh eqfær lkexzh dk vke yksxksa dh ftanxh esa Hkys gh iwjh rjg ls mi;ksx u gks] ysfdu okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqM+s dkxtkr fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa gj O;fDr ds dke vkrs gSaA blfy, bldh Hkk"kk vke cksypky dh gksrh gS] exj ;g bl {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys rduhdh 'kCnksa ds lgkjs pyrh gSA

fdlh Hkh O;olk;] daiuh] m|e vkfn dks pykus ds fy, deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrÊ djuh iM+rh gSA muds osru] chek] ifjogu lsok&'krksZa vkfn dk fglkc&fdrkc j[kuk iM+rk gSA fQj mu daifu;ksa&m|eksa ds lkFk yxkrkj laidZ vkSj lk[k cuk, j[kuh iM+rh gS] ftuds lkFk O;kolkf;d lacaèk gSaA bl flyflys esa i=kpkj] djkj]

fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk] ysu&nsu dk cgh&[kkrk vkfn cukuk iM+rk gSA fQj eky <qykbZ dk fglkc&fdrkc] xzkgdksa ds lkFk ysu&nsu lacaèkh jlhnsa] chek lacaèkh dkxtkr] cSadksa ls ysu&nsu] [kpZs vkSj vkenuh dk ys[kk&tks[kk] vk;dj vkfn ds C;kSjs rS;kj djus vkSj laHkky dj j[kus iM+rs gSaA bu reke xfrfofèk;ksa esa tks dkxtkr bLrseky gksrs gSa mUgsa okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds varxZr j[kk tkrk gSA eksVs rkSj ij ns[ksa rks cSad] chek] O;olk;] m|e] ifjogu vkfn xfrfofèk;ksa esa bLrseky gksus okys dkxtkr ;k jftLVj FkksM+s ls gsj&Qsj ds lkFk yxHkx ,d ls gksrs gSaA exj bu {ks=ksa esa O;ogkj gksus okys 'kCnksa esa dbZ ckj varj gksus dh otg ls vuqokn esa lkoèkkfu;k¡ cjruh iM+rh gSaA

okf.kT; dk {ks= O;kid gSA blds varxZr cSafdax] ifjogu] i;ZVu] oLrq mRiknu]

foi.ku] çcaèku] ç'kklu] 'ks;j cktkj] foKkiu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA gkyk¡fd buesa ls gj {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okyh 'kCnkoyh] ç;qfDr;¨a ;kuh jftLVj vkfn dk Lo:i fHkUu gksrk gS] ysfdu vusd ekeyksa esa lcesa dgha u dgha lekurk gksrh gSA tSlk fd Åij ge mnkgj.k ns pqds gSa] dksbZ Hkh O;olk; pykus ds fy, vusd pj.kksa esa xfrfofèk;ksa dk lapkyu djuk iM+rk gSA blfy, okf.kfT;d {ks= ds varxZr vkus okys lHkh {ks=ksa dk vkil esa dgh&u&dgha ijLij lacaèk tqM+k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cSad vkSj chek ds {ks= dks ysaA O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa yxs m|eksa ls bu nksuksa {ks=ksa dks O;olk; feyrk gSA tcfd bu nksuksa {ks=ksa ds fcuk fdlh Hkh O;olk;

dk dke ugha py ldrkA cSad u flQZ fdlh O;olk;h ;k m|eh ds iSls lqjf{kr j[kus dh ftEesnkjh ysrk gS] cfYd t:jr iM+us ij dtZ vkfn ds ekè;e ls mldh enn Hkh djrk gSA blh çdkj chek {ks= dks m|eksa ls tksf[keksa ds cnys feyus

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okyh jde vftZr gksrh gS rks tksf[ke ds oDr chek {ks= Hkh mlds lkFk [kM+k gksrk gSA blh çdkj ifjogu] 'ks;j cktkj] foKkiu vkfn m|eksa] O;kolkf;d&O;kikfjd daifu;ksa dk vkil esa xgjk fj'rk tqM+k gksrk gSA

dqy feykdj ns[ksa rks okf.kT; dksbZ Lora= vkSj Lok;Ùk {ks= ugha gSA ;g dbZ çdkj ds m|eksa] O;kolkf;d&O;kikfjd xfrfofèk;ksa dk ,d latky gSA ;g QqVdj dkjksckj ls ysdj çcaèku] fofèkd vkfn xfrfofèk;ksa dks Hkh lesVs gq, gSA blesa gj bdkbZ ,d lk>hnkj dh rjg dke djrh gSA okf.kT; dk {ks= fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa lekt ds gj O;fDr ls tqM+k gksrk gSA bldk nk;jk eksgYyk Lrj ls ysdj varjjk"Vªh; Qyd rd QSyk gks ldrk gSA eku yhft,] fdlh eksgYys dk dksbZ Qy foØsrk tc rd ,d txg nqdku [kksydj ,d lhfer {ks= dks yksxksa ds chp Qy cspus dk dkjksckj djrk gS rc rd mldk O;olk; LFkkuh; Lrj rd lhfer gksrk gSA ysfdu tc ogh nqdkunkj mlh 'kgj ds vyx&vyx uxjä esa viuh nqdkusa [kksydj dqN deZpkfj;ksa dh enn ls Qy cspus dk dkjksckj QSyk ysrk gS rks mldk dkjksckj LFkkuh; ugha jg tkrkA O;olk; dh lao`f) dh ;g fLFkfr uxjä ls Åij mBdj 'kgjä] jkT;ä] ns'kä rd QSy ldrh gSA ,sls esa ml O;olk;h d¨ vius dkjksckj esa fglkc&fdrkc] ys[kk&tks[kk vkfn ds fy, ,d ra= fodflr djuk iM+rk gSA Qyksa dh [kjhn&fcØh lacaèkh fglkc&fdrkc ds fy, gj fnu dqN dkxtkr rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA fQj lky Hkj dk ys[kk&t¨[kk j[krs gq, vk;dj vkfn ls lacafèkr dkxtkr Hkh rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA vxj mls vius dkjksckj esa fdlh rjg ds tksf[ke dh vk'kadk gksrh gS rks og chek {ks= dh enn Hkh ysrk gSA vxj ogh nqdkunkj ns'k ds nwljs 'kgjksa esa Hkh viuh nqdku dh Ükà[kyk 'kq: dj nsrk gS ;k nwljs ns'kksa esa Qyksa dk fu;kZr djus yxrk gS rks mlds dkjksckj esa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ls enn dh t:jr c<+rh tkrh gSA mlh ds vuq:i mls deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djuh iM+rh gSA muds osru vkSj lqfoèkkvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj] okf.kT; {ks= dk foLrkj gksrk tk jgk gSA

;gk¡ ;g Hkh è;ku j[kus dh ckr gS fd tks laLFkk,¡] laLFkku vFkok foHkkx lhèks O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa ls ugha tqM+s gksrs mUgsa Hkh deZpkfj;ksa ds osru&HkÙks] n¶rj esa bLrseky gksus okyh phtksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r vkfn ds ekeys esa foÙkh; çcaèku dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA blfy, gj n¶rj esa ys[kk foHkkx vo'; gksrk gSA og foHkkx yxHkx mlh rjg dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa yxk gksrk gS] yxHkx mlh rjg ds dkxtkr bLrseky djrk gS tSls fdlh O;kolkf;d laLFkku esa gksrs gSaA

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g fd tSls&tSls dksbZ O;olk; foLrkj ikrk tkrk gS] mlesa nwljs cgqr lkjs m|eksa] O;olk;ksa ds lg;ksx dh t:jr c<+rh tkrh gSA blh Øe esa okf.kfT;d {ks= esa vuqokn dh t:jr Hkh iM+rh gSA bl bdkÃ esa vkxs ge fopkj djsaxs fd okf.kT; ds {ks= esa vuqokn dh t:jr fdu :iksa esa iM+rh gS vkSj bls og fdl çdkj iwjk djrk gSA

ge okf.kT; ds {ks= dks fuEufyf[kr {ks=¨a esa ck¡V ldrs gSa % 1) jk"Vªh;&varjjk"Vªh; okf.kT;&O;kikj

2) vk;kr&fu;kZr 3) 'ks;j cktkj

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4) oLrq mRiknu 5) ysu&nsu

vkb,] vc bu ij la{ksi esa fopkj djsaA

vkid¨ ;g Li"V g¨ gh x;k g¨xk fd O;kolkf;d&okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa dk nk;jk LFkkuh; Lrj ls ysdj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj rd gks ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ls okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ds nk;js dks le>k tk ldrk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd mÙkj çns'k ds fQjkstkckn esa dk¡p vkSj eq[; :i ls pwM+h dk dkjksckj gksrk gSA pwM+h cukus dk dkj[kkuk yxkus okys dks dk¡p cukus ls lacafèkr dPpk eky tqVkus ds fy, LFkkuh; dkjksckfj;ksa ls ysdj varjjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa rd ls laidZ cukuk iM+rk gSA fQj pwM+h ;k dk¡p dk dksbZ lkeku cukus ds ckn og ml ij dkVdj fMtkbu cukus okys] jaxkbZ okys] vafre :i ls cktkj esa mrkjus yk;d cukus okys vyx&vyx yksxksa dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA bl rjg mu lHkh ds lkFk laidZ cuk, j[kus] muds dke vkSj Hkqxrku vkfn dk fglkc&fdrkc j[kus ds fy, ,d ra= fodflr djuk iM+rk gSA fQj rS;kj pwfM+;ksa ;k dk¡p ds lkeku dks vyx&vyx forjdksa rd igq¡pkus dk dke 'kq: gksrk gSA ;s forjd ns'k ds Hkhrj vyx&vyx 'kgjksa esa QSys gks ldrs gSa vkSj fons'kksa esa Hkh gks ldrs gSaA bl rjg forjdksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh bdV~Bk djus] muls laidZ cukus ls ysdj ysu&nsu rd dh lkjh çfØ;k esa O;kolkf;;ksa dks vusd dkxtkr rS;kj djus] mUgsa laHkky dj j[kus] muls i=kpkj vkfn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

bl rjg gj O;olk;h dks ;g è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS fd og ftl forj.k ;k dPpk eky vkiwfrZ djus okys] fMtkbu oxSjg esa lg;ksx djus okys ls lacaèk dk;e j[kuk pkgrk gS og dkSu&lh Hkk"kk i<+&fy[k ldrk gSA vxj dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ esa mls teZuh] Ýkal] Lisu] vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa dh fdlh daiuh ls laidZ djuk gS rks mls mlh ds vuq:i Øe'k% teZu] Ýkalhlh] Lisfu'k ;k vaxzsth esa çLrko vkfn Hkstus ;k i=kpkj] djkj vkfn djuk iM+rk gSA ysfdu vxj og ;gh dke LFkkuh;

Lrj ij djuk pkgrk gS rks mldk dke fganh ;k vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ls py tkrk gSA ysfdu tSls gh og viuh Hkk"kk ls vyx fdlh vU; Òk"kk esa okf.kfT;d lkexzh dk bLrseky djuk pkgrk gS] mls vuqokndksa dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA

tc rd dksbZ O;olk;h LFkkuh; Lrj ij viuk dkjksckj djrk gS] mls Hkk"kk lacaèkh ijs'kkfu;k¡ ugha vkrhaA og LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds tfj, vklkuh ls viuk dke pyk ysrk gSA mlh Hkk"kk esa vius dkjksckj lacaèkh dkxtkr rS;kj djrk vkSj forjd] xzkgd vkfn ls laidZ cuk, jg ldrk gSA exj tc og fdlh vkSj txg ls & og txg ns'k ds Hkhrj Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj ckgj Hkh & vius dkjksckj ls tqM+s m|fe;ksa]

O;olkf;;ksa ls laidZ cukuk pkgrk gS] mls vuqokn dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA dksbZ Hkh O;olk;h vke rkSj ij nks fLFkfr;ksa esa vius Hkk"kk&{ks= ls ckgj fudyus dh t:jr eglwl djrk gS & ;k rks og ckgj ls lkeku eaxkrk gS ;kuh vk;kr djrk gS] ;k fQj og ckgj lkeku Hkstrk ;kuh fu;kZr djrk gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds

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vkt ds fo'o esa] fiNys dqN n'kdksa ls ftl çdkj ljdkjksa dh igy ij fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp O;kikfjd&O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;k¡ yxkrkj c<+rh xbZ gSa] mlls vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dh çfØ;k u flQZ lgt gqbZ gS] cfYd c<+h Hkh gSA ,sls esa NksVs nk;js esa dkjksckj djus okyh vusd daifu;k¡ rd] vk;kr&fu;kZr ds {ks= esa lgtrk ls ços'k dj tkrh gSaA bl rjg] nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa i=kpkj] djkj] fu;e vkSj 'krZsa]

ifjogu] chek] dkuwuh lgk;rk vkfn ekeyksa esa vuqokn dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA

mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa ds pyrs fiNys dqN n'kd¨a esa vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk cktkj dk vkdkj Hkh yxkrkj c<+rk x;k gSA vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa vkSj cktkj ds chp vusd lgk;d rRo dke djrs gSaA buesa ,tsaVksa vkSj forjdksa ls ysdj foKkiu ,tsafl;ksa] xq.koÙkk fu;a=d vkSj QqVdj foØsrk rd 'kkfey gksrs gSaA blh Øe esa 'ks;j cktkj Hkh daifu;ksa ds fy, çk.kok;q dk dke djrk gSA daifu;k¡

vius lkoZtfud fuxZe ¼ifCyd b';w½ ;kuh çfrHkwfr ds tfj, vke miHkksDrkv¨a ls fuos'k vkdf"kZr djrh gSaA miÒ¨Drk] daifu;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa] ykHk vkSj Hkfo"; esa çxfr dh laÒkouk vkfn ds vkèkkj ij vkdyu djds muesa fuos'k djus dk eu cukrk gSA bl rjg daifu;ksa dks vke yksxksa ds lg;ksx ls vklkuh ls vkfFkZd enn fey tkrh gSA

tc Hkh dksbZ daiuh 'ks;j cktkj dh v¨j #[k djrh gS] mls viuk ifCyd b';w tkjh djus ds Øe esa lsch vkfn laLFkkvksa ls eatwjh ysus ls ysdj vke yksxksa ds chp foKkiu] fuos'k lacaèkh fu;e vkSj 'krksZa vkfn ls lacafèkr dkxtkr rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA bl Øe esa daifu;k¡ fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa ;s lkjs dkxtkr rS;kj djkrh gSa]

fQj mUgsa vuqokn ds tfj, fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh yksxksa rd igq¡pkus dk ç;kl djrh gSaA

vc rd fd, x, vè;;u ls vkid¨ ;g Li"V g¨ x;k g¨xk fd okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;¨a ds lqpk# lapkyu ds fy, oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa dPpk eky tqVkus ls ysdj eky <qykbZ] deZpkfj;ksa] nSfud etnwjksa vkfn ds lkFk laidZ cukus] muds dkedkt vkSj osru&etnwjh vkfn dk fglkc&fdrkc j[kus ds fy, ,d ra=

fodflr djuk iM+rk gSA bl ra= esa okmpj] jlhn] djkj] vuqcaèk i=] HkrÊ lacaèkh fu;e vkSj 'krZsa] i=kpkj vkfn 'kkfey gksrs gSaA buesa bLrseky gksus okyh Hkk"kk gkyk¡fd bl ç—fr ds nwljs foHkkxksa tSlh gh gksrh gS] ysfdu buesa okf.kfT;d {ks=

dh fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh dk [kwc bLrseky gksrk gSA

oLrq mRiknu ds ckn mldh iSfdax dk dke 'kq: gksrk gSA iSfdax vkd"kZd gksuh t:jh gSA blfy, oLrqvksa ds iSdsVksa ij vkd"kZd] pqVhyh Hkk"kk esa dqN çsjd&vkd"kZd dF; fy[ks tkrs gSaA mu ij oLrq mRiknu esa 'kkfey phtksa dk fooj.k] mlds bLrseky vkSj j[kj[kko lacaèkh fgnk;rsa Hkh vafdr dh tkrh gSaA bl rjg oLrqvksa dh iSfdax esa bLrseky gksus okys fMCcs Hkh okf.kfT;d lkfgR; lkexzh ds varxZr vkrk gSA

tSls&tSls okf.kfT;d {ks= dk foLrkj gksrk tkrk gS] dkjksckj nwljs Hkk"kk {ks=ksa esa foLrkj ysrk tkrk gS] bu dkxtkr¨a ds vuqokn dh vk';drk c<+rh tkrh gSA

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dksbZ Hkh O;olk; ysu&nsu ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA blesa mRiknd dPps eky dh [kjhn] <qykbZ vkfn ls tqM+s yksxksa dks Hkqxrku djrk gS rks og mRiknu ds ckn oLrqvksa ds çlaLdj.k] iSfdax vkfn dk Hkqxrku djrk gS] fQj foi.ku ds ckn mudh dher olwyrk gSA blesa ,tsaV] forjd] QqVdj foØsrk ds deh'ku vkSj tksf[ke ls cpus ds fy, chek] mRiknu 'kqYd] vk;kr&fu;kZr 'kqYd] LFkkuh; vkSj dsaæh; dj vkfn dk fglkc&fdrkc j[kus ls ysdj dqy ykxr vkSj vkenuh dk ys[kk&tks[kk rS;kj djuk ,oa mlds vuq:i vk;dj dk fglkc j[kuk vkfn fofÒUu i{k 'kkfey gSaA bl rjg okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa ysu&nsu dk flyflyk vusd Lrjksa ij pyrk jgrk gSA bl ysu&nsu esa jlhnksa] fofHkUu QkeksZa] vuqcaèk&i=ksa vkfn dk bLrseky gksrk gSA bu dkxtkr¨a dh viuh fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh gksrh gSA fQj bUgha dkxtkr¨a dk bLrseky vusd Hkk"kk {ks=ksa esa djuk gksrk gS rks muds vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ls lacafèkr Hkk"kk vkSj blesa bLrseky gksus okys 'kCnksa dh lwph Hkkjr esa çkphu le; ls miyCèk gSA egktuh O;oLFkk ls tqM+h xfrfofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa dkSfVY; ds ÞvFkZ'kkL=Þ esa rks fooj.k feyrk gh gS] ÞeuqLe`frÞ] Þ'kqduhfrÞ vkfn xzaFkksa esa ml le; pyu esa jgs 'kCnksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA muesa ls cgqr lkjs 'kCnksa dk vkt Hkh ç;ksx gksrk gSA vki è;ku nsa rks okf.kT; ds {ks= esa Hkkjrh;

Hkk"kkvksa esa bLrseky gksus okys T;knkrj 'kCn laL—r ds gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]

ÞewY;Þ] ÞO;;Þ] ÞèkuÞ] ÞvFkZÞ] ÞpØo`f)Þ] ÞC;ktÞ] Þdkfyd o`f)Þ] Þdkf;d o`f)Þ]

ÞtekÞ] ÞmNkyÞ] ÞykHkÞ] ÞgkfuÞ vkfn 'kCn ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA

ckn esa eqxy 'kklu ds nkSjku 'kklu dh Hkk"kk Qkjlh FkhA ml dky esa okf.kT; ds {ks= esa Hkh Qkjlh] vjch v©j rqdhZ Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa dk pyu c<+kA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Þfe;knÞ] Þtksf[keÞ] ÞuqdlkuÞ] ÞuQkÞ] ÞfnokykÞ vkfnA

blh çdkj] fczkfV'k 'kkludky ds nkSjku vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds cgqr lkjs 'kCn okf.kT;

ds {ks= esa vk,A vc O;kikfjd&O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ka tc fdlh ,d ns'k ;k Hkk"kk {ks= rd lhfer ugha jg xbZ gSa] vaxzsth] Ýkalhlh] teZu] :lh] phuh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡

bl {ks= esa daèks ls daèkk feykdj pyus yxh gSaA blfy, varjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa bLrseky gksus okys cgqr lkjs 'kCn bu Hkk"kkvksa ds Hkhrj ls iSnk gq, gSaA ekSfæd bdkb;ksa ls ysdj] 'ks;j cktkj] foi.ku] oLrqvksa ds çlaLdj.k] vk;kr&fu;kZr vkfn {ks=ksa esa varjjk"Vªh; cktkj us viuh ,d ubZ Hkk"kk fodflr dj yh gSA blfy, mu 'kCnksa dh iSB LFkkuh;] nslh okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkh lgtrk ls gks ldh gSA gkyk¡fd okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa dk laca/k vke yksxksa dh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh ls gksrk gS blfy, bl {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okyh Hkk"kk vke rkSj ij cksypky dh gksrh gS]

exj O;kolkf;d t:jrksa vkSj nckoksa ds pyrs blesa vusd ç;qfDr;k¡ pyu esa gSaA dbZ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn Hkh bldk fgLlk cu pqds gSaA ysfdu okf.kfT;d {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys ikfjHkkf"kd&rduhdh 'kCn vkSj Hkk"kk bl gn rd vke cksypky dk fgLlk cu pqds gSa fd bUgsa le>uk eqf'dy ugha gSA foKku ds rduhdh 'kCnksa dh rjg budh ifjHkk"kk dks le>us dh t:jr ugha iM+rhA bldh cM+h otg ;g

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gS fd foKku ds rduhdh 'kCnksa dk vke cksypky ;k lkekU; fyf[kr] l`tukRed lkfgR; esa bLrseky ugha gksrk] ;s ikBÓ&iqLrdksa rd lhfer jgrs gSaA

exj okf.kfT;d {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys 'kCnksa dk jkstejkZ dh t:jrksa esa Hkh bLrseky gksrk gSA tSls 'ks;j cktkj esa bLrseky gksus okys 'kCnksa & Þfuos'kdÞ]

Þfuos'kÞ] ÞrstfM+;kÞ] ÞeanfM+;kÞ] ÞmNkyÞ] Þyq<+dukÞ] ÞçfrHkwfrÞ] ÞlsulsDlÞ] Þfu¶VhÞ vkfn 'kCnksa dk bLrseky vkerkSj ij lquk&fd;k tkrk gSA blh rjg O;olk;&O;kikj vkfn {ks=ksa esa ç;ksx gksus okys 'kCnksa esa ÞC;ktÞ] ÞikorhÞ] ÞjlhnÞ]

ÞpkykuÞ] ÞfcYVhÞ vkfn 'kCnksa dks vDlj lquk tk ldrk gSA

okf.kT; ds {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys 'kCn çk;% vFkZ'kkL= esa bLrseky gksus okys 'kCn gh gksrs gSaA ftu fo|kÆFk;¨a us vFkZ'kkL= fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k gS] os bu 'kCnksa ls c[kwch ifjfpr gksaxsA ysfdu ftu fo|kÆFk;¨a us vFkZ'kkL= ugha Hkh i<+k gS]

muds fy, Hkh bu 'kCnksa ds vFkZ le>uk eqf'dy ugha tku iM+rk gksxkA

lkekU; 'kCnksa ds vFkZ O;kid gksrs gSaA blfy, fof'k"V {ks=ksa esa muds ç;ksx ls vDlj Hkze dh fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA blfy, fof'k"V {ks=ksa esa ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA tSls gh fdlh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] mlls lacafèkr fo"k; dk cksèk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge Þx.kukÞ 'kCn dks ysrs gSaA lkekU; vFkZ esa bldk ç;ksx fdlh Hkh rjg dh fxurh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA exj tSls gh blds lkFk ÞtuÞ 'kCn tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] ;g fof'k"V vFkZ nsus yxrk gSA Þtux.kukÞ ;kuh fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh fxurhA bl rjg ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk fuekZ.k lkekU; vFkZ dh otg ls Hkze dks jksdus ds edln ls Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd okf.kfT;d {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys dbZ 'kCn lkekU; O;ogkj esa Hkh bLrseky gksrs gSa tSls] Þfcp©fy;kÞ] ÞnykyÞ] ÞykHkÞ] ÞgkfuÞ vkfnA exj buds vFkksZa dks ysdj okf.kT; ds {ks= esa dksbZ Hkze ugha iSnk gksrkA ;s tgk¡ Hkh ç;ksx gksrs gSa] ,d fuf'pr vFkZ esa gh gksrs gSaA

okf.kT; ds {ks= esa çkphudky ls ç;qDr gksrs pys vk jgs 'kCn ekStwn gSa rks eqxy vkSj vaxzsth 'kklu ds nkSjku cgqr lkjs rduhdh 'kCn Hkh bl {ks= esa 'kkfey gksrs x, gSaA tSls&tSls okf.kT; dk {ks= foLr`r gksrk x;k gS] blesa fofHkUu ns'kksa&Hkk"kkvksa ls 'kCn vkdj ?kqyrs&feyrs x, gSaA tSls 'ks;j cktkj ,dne vkèkqfud okf.kfT;d {ks= gS] blfy, blesa vusd varjjk"Vªh; 'kCn vkdj ?kqy&fey x, gSaA gkykafd nslh vkSj varjjk"Vªh; cktkj ds Lo:i esa cgqr varj ugha gksrk] ysfdu bu nksuksa esa O;kikfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, Hkk"kk dk Lo:i t:j cny tkrk gSA blfy, ?kjsyw cktkj dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkh varjjk"Vªh; cktkj ds cgqr lkjs 'kCn lekfgr gksrs x, gSaA

okf.kfT;d {ks= esa jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ç;qDr gksus okys dqN ikfjÒkf"kd 'kCn bl çdkj gSa%

• account ys[kk] [kkrk] fglkc

• account head ys[kk 'kh"kZ

• aggregate iw.kZ ;ksx] dqy

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• agreement djkj] vuqcaèk

• bankruptcy fnokyk

• blank cheque dksjk psd

• blanket deal O;kid lkSnk

• blanket order O;kid vkns'k

• bond ckaM] caèk i=

• book value [kkrk ewY;

• borrow mèkkj ysuk

• capital iw¡th

• consumption miHkksx] [kir

• consumer’s goods miHkksDrk oLrq,a

• corporation tax fuxe dj

• debenture fMcsapj

• debit MsfcV] ukes

• debt dtZ] _.k

• denomination vafdr ewY;] ewY;oxZ

• depreciation ewY; gzkl

• depreciation charge ewY; gzkl vfèkHkkj

• encash Hkqukuk

• endorsement i`"Bkadu] cspku] lgh

• investment fuos'k

• ledger [kkrk

• mortgage caèkd] fxjoh

• outlay ifjO;;

• rate nj

• rate card nj i=

• real list nj lwph

• real investment okLrfod fuos'k

• realization olwyh] mxkgh

• rebate ?kVkSrh] NwV

• receipt jlhn

• receipt book jlhn cgh

• receipt challan jlhn pkyku

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• receipt voucher çkfIr okmpj

• risk tksf[ke

• spurt mNky

• withdrawal fudklh

• withhold jksd ysuk

• write off cV~Vs [kkrs Mkyuk

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ds yxkrkj ç;ksx ls rduhdh 'kSyh dk fodkl gksrk gSA bl rjg 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx esa ,d:irk vkSj mudk ekudhdj.k laHko gks ikrk gSA gj lacafèkr foHkkx esa 'kCnksa vkSj Hkk"kk dk yxHkx ,d rjg ls ç;ksx gksus yxrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkekU; Hkk"kk esa fy[kk tkrk gS fd Þ—i;k eq>s lwfpr djsa fd vkidks i=

feyk ;k ugÈAÞ ysfdu ;gh ckr tc ç'kklfud ;k okf.kfT;d {ks= esa fy[ksaxs rks dgsaxs] Þ—i;k i= dh ikorh ÒstsaÞA ;gk¡ ÞikorhÞ rduhdh 'kCn gS tks vaxzsth ds ÞacknowlegeÞ 'kCn ds fy, ç;ksx gksrk gSA

bl bdkÃ ds fiNys Òkx¨a esa vki ;g i<+ pqds gSa fd tc Hkh dksbZ O;kikj ;k O;olk; ,d Hkk"kk {ks= ls nwljs Hkk"kk {ks= esa ços'k djrk gS] mlds dkxtkr lacaèkh ekeyksa esa vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA okf.kT; dk lacaèk pw¡afd lekt ds gj O;fDr ls gksrk gS blfy, bl {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okys dkxtkr¨a dh Hkk"kk ,slh j[kuh t:jh gksrh gS tks lcdh le> esa vk ldsA ,sls esa vuqokn djrs le;

vuqoknd d¨ okf.kT;&O;kikj ds rduhdh 'kCnksa vkSj 'kSyh dh le> t:jh gSA l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn djrs le; dfBu O;atukRed 'kCnksa] eqgkojksa] O;aX;

vkfn dk ç;ksx ikBd ij çHkko t:j NksM+rk gS] exj okf.kT; ds {ks= esa oSls ç;ksx mfpr ugha ekus tkrsA blesa cksypky dh lkekU; vkSj lwpukRed Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, vuqoknd dks Hkh bu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA

okf.kfT;d lkfgR; esa xzkgdksa] forjdksa] ,tsaVksa vkfn ds fy, lkexzh rS;kj djrs le; lwpukRed Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djuk gksrk gSA O;kikfjd lekpkjksa ds ekeys esa t:j dqN vyx rjg ds ç;ksx :<+ gks pqds gSa tSls] Þl¨uk mNykÞ] Þpk¡nh yq<+dhÞ]

Þpuk VwVkÞ] Þelwj detksjÞ] ÞM‚yj ds eqdkcys #i, dh nj fLFkjÞ vkfnA ysfdu bl rjg ds ç;ksx vc vke yksxksa dh tqcku ij p<+ pqds gSa blfy, v[kckjksa&if=dkvksa esa vFkZ&txr dh ;g Hkk"kk ,d rjg ls rduhdh 'kSyh dk :i xzg.k dj pqdh gSA okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds okD; foU;kl bl çdkj dh rduhdh 'kSyh okys g¨rs gSaA vaXkzsth ds çk;% yacs okD;ä dk ç;¨x g¨rk gS ftudk Çgnh esa vuqokn djrs le; muds fopkj&[kaMä vFkkZr muesa vfÒO;Dr vyx&vyx fopkjä ds vk/kkj ij Çgnh esa N¨Vs&N¨Vs okD;ä dk ç;¨x djuk gh mfpr g¨rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr okD; nsf[k, %

‘According to Macquarie, 78% of India’s $329 billion in household savings was held in gold in 2009-2010. With gold evolving as a store of value more than an adornment, rising prices have also contributed

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411 towards increasing Indian households 'perceived wealth'. Macquarie used the

term 'perceived wealth' because most Indian households are reluctant to part with their gold jewellery and alter gold holdings, even at times of crisis, as doing so in considered a stigma, it said.’

ÞeSdDoSjh us dgk fd foŸk o"kZ 2009&2010 esa Òkjrh; ifjokjä dh dqy cpr 329 vjc MkWyj FkhA blesa ls 78 çfr'kr fuos'k lüs esa fd;k x;k FkkA lüs d¨ vkÒw"k.k ls vf/kd laifŸk j[kus ds lk/ku ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl otg ls bl le; lüs ds nke c<+us ls Òkjrh; ifjokjä dh bl Þvuqekfur Lo.kZ laifŸkÞ dk ewY; Òh c<+k gSA fji¨VZ esa ;g 'kCn blfy, bLrseky fd;k x;k gS D;äfd vke Òkjrh; ifjokj ladV ds le; Òh lüs ds vkÒw"k.k ;k lük ugÈ csprs] D;äfd ,slk fd, tkus d¨ os lgh ugÈ ekursAÞ

Okkf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds fofo/k {ks=ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gkfly djus ds ckn] vkb, vc ge bl izdkj ds lkfgR;&lkexzh ds izdkjksa ij fopkj djsaA

okf.kfT;d lkfgR;@lkexzh ds varxZr os lHkh dkxtkr vkrs gSa] ftudk bLrseky O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa gksrk gSA buesa xzkgd] forjd] ,tsaV] QqVdj foØsrk]

Ýsapkbth ls ysdj cSad] chek] foKkiu] ifjogu] çcaèku] ç'kklu vkfn lHkh ds lkFk O;ogkj esa vkus okys i=kpkj] eSuqvy] Q‚eZ] jlhn] dS'keseks oxSjg 'kkfey gSaA buesa ls dqN Xkzkgd¨a ls lacaf/kr g¨rs gSa v©j dqN forjd&Ýsapkbth ls lacaf/krA

xzkgdksa ls lacafèkr okf.kfT;d lkfgR; mRikn ds mi;ksx ls lacaf/kr Òh g¨ ldrk gS] ç;ksx dh fofèk ls lacaf/kr Òh ;k fQj mRikn ds j[k&j[kko lacaèkh lkfgR; ÒhA okf.kfT;d {ks= esa xzkgd dh Hkwfedk vge gksrh gSA blfy, gj O;olk;h xzkgdksa ls yxkrkj laidZ cukus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA og vius mRikn ds ckjs esa le;≤

ij ;k yxkrkj tkudkfj;k¡ miyCèk djkus ds vykok fofHkUu ;kstukvksa] çLrkoksa vkfn ds tfj, mUgsa vius O;olk; ls tksM+s j[kus dk ç;kl djrk gSA vkt ftl rjg dkjksckjh gksM+ ds pyrs gj O;olk;h lqanj vkSj vkd"kZd rjhds ls ltk dj xzkgdksa dks oLrq,¡ miyCèk djkrk gS] mlesa oLrq ds iSdsV ij Nius okyh lkexzh ds vykok mlds bLrseky lacaèkh fgnk;rsa] ç;ksx esa cjrh tkus okyh lko/kkfu;k¡] mlds Qk;ns&uqdlku] j[kj[kko vkfn ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkfj;k¡ miyCèk djkbZ tkus yxh gSaA blfy, oLrqvksa ds iSdsV esa xzkgd eSuqvy Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA ;g eSuqvy ,d ijps ds :i esa Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj lfp= iqfLrdk ds :i esa HkhA

,sls esa gj Òk"kk&Òk"kh dks mldh Hkk"kk esa gh xzkgd eSuqvy miyCèk djkus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA ftu daifu;ksa dk O;olk; Hkkjr esa gS] os fganh vkSj vaxzsth ds vykok lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ml lkexzh dk vuqokn djkrh gSaA ftu daifu;ksa dk O;olk; fofHkUu ns'kksa esa gS os nqfu;k dh lHkh çeq[k Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn djkrh gSaA tSls vaxzsth] teZu] Ýkalhlh] dksfj;kbZ] phuh] :lh vkfnA cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡

bl ckr dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[krh gSa fd ftl Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh çkar ds fy, eky Hkstk tk, mlds lkFk xzkgd eSuqvy mlh Hkk"kk dk j[kk ;k fn;k tk,A blls daiuh xzkgdksa

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esa ;g fo'okl iSnk djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gS fd mls mudh t:jrksa dh fQØ gS vkSj mUgsa og mUgÈ dh Hkk"kk esa iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA bl rjg xzkgdksa dks Hkh yxrk gS fd ftl daiuh dk eky os [kjhn jgs gSa og mUgha ds chp dh gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd tc vki fdlh cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh dk eksckby Qksu [kjhnrs gSa rks mlds lkFk feyus okys eSuqvy esa mu reke Hkk"kkvksa esa tkudkfj;k¡ miyCèk gksrh gSa] ftudk çk;% gekjs ns'k esa ç;ksx gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] e¨ckby Q¨u ds lkFk funsZ'k iznku djus okyh iqfLrdk dk f}Òkf"kd vFkok cgqHkkf"kd gksukA blls mRikn ds iz;ksDrkvksa dks mudh Hkk"kkvksa esa mRikn&fo'ks"k ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh iwjh&iwjh tkudkjh fey tkrh gSA

blds vykok jlhn] dS'keseks vkfn dh Hkk"kk dk Hkh è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd budh t:jr vkerkSj ij LFkkuh; nqdkunkj ;k ,tsafl;k¡ djrh gSa blfy, os çk;%

LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa gh mUgsa çdkf'kr djrh gSaA exj fiNys dqN lkyksa ls daI;wVj dk pyu c<+us dh otg ls jlhn] dS'keseks vkfn Hkh daI;wVj ls fudkys tkus yxs gSaA fQj cSadks vkfn esa xzkgdksa dks iSls tek djus] fudkyus] Mªk¶V oxSjg cuokus ds fy, ifpZ;ksa dk bLrseky djuk iM+rk gS] fofHkUu çdkj ds QkWeZ Hkjus iM+rs gSaA ,sls esa tks daifu;k¡ fofHkUu Hkk"kk çkarksa esa dkjksckj djrh gSa mUgsa ,sls QkWeZ] ifpZ;k¡]

jlhn oxSjg cukrs le; vyx&vyx Hkk"kk&çkarksa dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa eq[; laidZ Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls gekjs ;gk¡ fganh Hkk"kh çkarksa esa Q‚eksZa] jlhnksa] lwpukvksa vkfn ds fy, vaxzsth ds lkFk&lkFk fganh dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] ckaXyk Òk"kh çkarksa esa vaxzsth ds lkFk ckaXyk dkA bl rjg xzkgd eSuqvy dh rjg fofHkUu QkeksZa] jlhnksa vkfn ds vuqokn dh Hkh t:jr iM+rh gSA dsanz ljdkj ds v/khu dk;kZy;ksa@vfHkdj.kksa@

cSadksa vkfn esa rhu Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

daifu;ksa dks xzkgdksa dh rjg forjdksa dh Hkk"kk lacaèkh lqfoèkkvksa dk Hkh è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA ftl rjg xzkgdksa dks oLrqvksa dh xq.koÙkk vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyCèk djkuh iM+rh gS mlh rjg forjdksa ds fy, xzkgdksa ds lkFk O;ogkj] ykHk]

;kstukvksa vkfn ls lacafèkr eSuqvy rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA muds lkFk djkj] eky eaxkus lacaèkh dkxtkr] fu;e&'krZsa vkfn r; djuh iM+rh gSaA daiuh vkSj xzkgdksa ds chp forjd ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gksrs gSa] blfy, igys mUgsa larq"V djuk iM+rk gSA vxj fdlh oLrq] ;kstuk vkfn ls feyus okys ykHk ds ckjs esa forjd larq"V gksrk gS rHkh og xzkgdksa dks Hkh mudh rjQ vkdf"kZr&çsfjr djrk gSA blfy, forjd]

QqVdj foØsrk] ,tsaV vkfn dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, daifu;ksa dks vyx ls fofHkUu dkxtkr rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA buesa oLrqvksa dh dherksa dh lwph ls ysdj mu ij forjdksa] ,tsaVks vkfn dks feyus okys ykHk] fcØh vkSj eky okilh lacaèkh fu;e vkSj 'krZsa] djkj&i= vkfn rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA

bu reke dkxtkr¨a ds Hkh vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA forjdksa ds fy, rS;kj dh tkus okyh okf.kfT;d lkexzh esa vuqca/k] çLrko] lwpuk] i=kpkj] ç'kklfud çys[k vkfn 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSaA

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tc dksbZ daiuh vius eky] lsokvksa vkfn dh xq.koÙkk ds vkèkkj ij xzkgdksa ds chp Hkjkslk dk;e dj ysrh gS] mlds mRiknksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa dh ekax c<+ tkrh gS]

exj og O;kid nk;js esa foLrkj ugha dj ikrh rks og ,sls yksxksa dks vius uke ij O;olk; dh ftEesnkjh lkSai nsrh gS] tks bl {ks= esa dkjksckj ds bPNqd gksrs gSaA bl rjg og vkèkkjHkwr <k¡pk rS;kj djus] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrÊ] muds osru&HkÙks vkfn dh >a>V ls cp tkrh gS] exj mlds dkjksckj dk foLrkj gks tkrk gSA og flQZ mu dkjksckfj;ksa ij utj j[krh gSA bldh ,ot esa og mu dkjksckfj;ksa ls lkykuk vkèkkj ij dqN jde olwy djrh gSA bls Ýsapkbth dgrs gSaA

vkius fnYyh vkSj nwljs 'kgjksa esa Hkh txg&txg feBkb;ksa] uedhu oxSjg dk dkjksckj djus okyh daiuh chdkusj okyk dh nqdkusa ns[kh gksaxhA buesa ls T;knkrj Ýsapkbth ds rgr pyrh gSaA blh rjg ÞfiTtk gVÞ] Þlkxj jRukÞ] ÞuSos|eÞ vkfn dks Ýsapkbth vkèkkj ij pyrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vusd v[kckj vkSj if=dk,¡ Hkh Ýsapkbth ;kstuk ds rgr nwljs 'kgjksa esa viuk foLrkj djrs gSaA eksckby daifu;ksa ls tqM+h vusd lsok,a Ýsapkbth vkèkkj ij pyrh gSaA

bl rjg Ýsapkbth ;kstuk ds rgr daifu;ksa dks vyx&vyx Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh {ks=ksa ds eqrkfcd vyx&vyx Hkk"kkvksa esa djkj&i=] fu;e&'krZsa] eSuqvy] eky iwfrZ lacaèkh dkxtkr] jlhn] dS'keseks vkfn rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA bu lcds vuqokn dk Hkh cankscLr t:jh gksrk gSA Ýsapkbth dks è;ku esa j[k dj rS;kj fd, tkus okys lkfgR; dh dksfV;k¡ Hkh yxHkx ogh gksrh gSa tks forjdksa vkSj ,tsaVksa dh gksrh gSaA

;kuh buesa Òh vuqca/k] çLrko] lwpuk] i=kpkj] ç'kklfud çys[k vkfn 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSaA bu lÒh çdkj ds dkxtkr¨a ds Hkh vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

fdlh Hkh dkjksckj esa i=kpkj vkSj çpkj ,d lrr çfØ;k gSA blds tfj, daifu;ksa dk u flQZ vius forjdksa] ,tsaVksa] xzkgdksa vkfn ls yxkrkj laidZ cuk jgrk gS]

cfYd muls vius mRikn] xfrfofèk;ksa vkfn ds ckjs esa çfrfØ;k Hkh gkfly gksrh jgrh gSA blls bu lcdk vkil esa tqM+ko cuk jgrk gS vkSj daifu;ksa dks cktkj dh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd vius mRikn¨a vkSj lsokvksa esa cnyko dh çsj.kk feyrh jgrh gSA blfy, daifu;k¡ lkekU; dkjksckjh i=kpkj ds vykok R;ksgkjksa] u, lky]

u, lhtu vkfn ij 'kqHkdkeuk,¡] fof'k"V ;ksxnku ij cèkkb;ksa vkfn dk Hkh vknku&çnku djrh jgrh gSaA ;s xfrfofèk;k¡ O;fDrxr rkSj ij Hkh pyrh gSa vkSj lkewfgd Lrj ij HkhA daifu;k¡ tgk¡ vius lwphc) forjdksa] ,tsaVksa vkfn dks futh rkSj ij 'kqHkdkeuk lans'k Hkstrh gSa ogha jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] lekpkj&i=ä vkfn esa foKkiu ds tfj, lHkh forjdksa] ,tsaVksa] xzkgdksa vkfn dks Òh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ nsrh gSaA blds vykok] lÒh daifu;k¡ foKkiuä ds tfj, vius mRiknä vkSj lsokvksa ds ckjs esa yxkrkj tkudkfj;k¡ nsrh jgrh gSaA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] çpkj&çlkj ds vusd rjhds gSaA buesa lkekU; ipZs ls ysdj cM+s&cM+s gksfMZax] cSuj] nhokjksa ij b'rgkj]

Vhoh] jsfM;ks] v[kckj&if=dkvksa vkfn esa fn, tkus okys foKkiu Hkh 'kkfey gSaA tSlk fd xzkgdksa vkSj forjdksa dks miyCèk djk, tkus okys fofHkUu çdkj ds lkfgR; ds ekeys esa gksrk gS] i=kpkj vkSj çpkj lkexzh ds ekeys esa Hkh vuqokn dh

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cM+s iSekus ij t:jr iM+rh gS rkfd mRikn d¨ Xkzkgd dh Òk"kk ds lkFk t¨M+s j[kk tk ldsA

okf.kfT;d lkfgR;&lkexzh ds fofo/k izdkj dks tkuus ds ckn] vkb,] vc ge okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn ij fopkj djsaA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd vuqokn ds ,d {ks=&fo'ks"k ds :i esa okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA bls rS;kj djrs le; gj dne ij vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gS] ftlds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkuus dh t:jr gSA lkFk gh] okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn ds egRo]

leL;kv¨a&pqukSfr;ksa v©j muds laÒkfor lek/kku¨a ij Òh fopkj t:jh gSA

okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh vko';drk vDlj rc iM+rh gS tc O;olk;h dks ,d ls vfèkd Hkk"kk {ks=ksa esa viuk dkjksckj QSykuk iM+rk gSA ;g flQZ vkèkqfud le; dh t:jr ugha gSA çkphu dky esa tc O;kikjh fofHkUu bykdksa esa viuk dkedkt 'kq: djrs Fks rks mUgsa ges'kk vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh FkhA rc ns'k NksVh&NksVh fj;klrksa esa caVk gqvk FkkA vkt dh rjg u rks jkT;ksa dk Hkk"kk dh –f"V ls Li"V caVokjk Fkk] u ;krk;kr dh lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj u O;kikj esa enn djus okyh ,tsafl;k¡ FkhaA blfy, O;kikjh vius rjhds ls vyx&vyx bykdksa] xzkgdksa]

lg;ksxh O;kikfj;ksa vkfn dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ;kstuk,¡] fu;e vkSj 'krZsa rS;kj djrs FksA ml le; Hkh okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ls lacafèkr lkfgR; [kwc pyu esa FkkA bl bdkÃ ds Òkx 17-4 esa ;g crk;k tk pqdk gS fd ÞvFkZ'kkL=Þ]

Þ'kqduhfrÞ] ÞeuqLe`frÞ vkfn çkphu xzaFkksa esa okf.kT; lacaèkh 'kCnkoyh] Hkk"kk vkSj uhfr;ksa dk foLrkj ls fooj.k feyrk gSA

vkèkqfud le; esa O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa dk foLrkj djuk vklku gks x;k gSA blds fy, ljdkjsa] cSad] fofHkUu ,tsafl;k¡ enn djus dks gj le; rS;kj jgrh gSaA

;krk;kr dh lqfoèkk csgrj gks tkus dh otg ls mRikn¨a vkSj lsokvksa dh igq¡p vklku gks xbZ gSA u flQZ ns'k ds Hkhrj] cfYd nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh dkjksckj QSykuk cgqr vklku gks x;k gSA ijLij okf.kfT;d lg;ksx ds fy, vusd ns'kksa us feydj vyx&vyx laxBu cuk, gSaA Þvkfl;kuÞ] Þth&vkBÞ] Þth&lksygÞ] ÞlkdZÞ vkfn ds lnL; ns'kksa dk edln vkfFkZd etcwrh ds fy, vkilh O;kikj&okf.kT; dks c<+kok nsuk gSA reke ns'k vkSj jkT; dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd nwljs ns'kksa&çkarksa ds O;olk;h muds ns'k ;k jkT; esa vk,¡A blds fy, os txg] djksa esa NwV vkSj blh rjg dh dÃ vU; fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,¡ eqgS;k djkrs gSaA fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks= (Special Economic Zone) ;kuh Þlst+Þ (SEZ) dk fodkl ,sls gh ç;klksa dk urhtk gSA ,sls esa tc O;kikfjd xfrfofèk;k¡ ns'k vkSj fons'k esa Hkk"kk dh ljgnsa yxkrkj ikj djrh tk jgh gSa] i=kpkj] çpkj&çlkj] vuqcaèk] çLrko] xzkgd eSuqvy] forjd eSuqvy] ,tsaV eSuqvy vkfn fo'o dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa rS;kj djus esa vuqokn dh vko';drk Òh yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gSA bl vko';drk dh iwfrZ flQZ dqN vuqokndksa dh futh igy ls gksuk laHko ugha jg x;k gSA blfy, vusd vuqokn ,tsafl;k¡ bl fn'kk esa laxfBr :i ls dke djus yxh gSaA dbZ varjjk"Vªh; Lrj dh vuqokn ,tsafl;k¡ Hkh bl {ks= esa dke dj jgh gSaA

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fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA blfy, gj ljdkj O;olk;] O;kikj vkSj buls tqM+h reke bdkb;ksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSA vkS|ksfxd mRiknu] cSadksa ds dkj¨ckj] 'ks;j cktkj] ifjogu] vk;kr&fu;kZr] chek]

fuos'k vkfn ls tqM+h uhfr;ksa ij yxkrkj fopkj&foe'kZ pyrk jgrk gSA gj lky is'k gksus okys ctV ds vykok t:jr iM+us ij O;kikj&okf.kT; lacaèkh uhfr;ksa esa le;≤ ij cnyko gksrk jgrk gSA gj rhu eghus ij vFkZtxr dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk is'k fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkèkkj ij okf.kT; ls tqM+h bdkb;k¡ Hkh viuh uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa] ifj;kstukvksa vkfn esa le;≤ ij cnyko djrh jgrh gSaA bl rjg okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqM+s lkfgR; esa Hkh le;≤ ij cnyko gksrk jgrk gSA mlh ds vuq:i vuqokn dh t:jr iM+rh gSA

cnyh gqbZ uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa vkSj muds vuqlkj çLrkoksa( xzkgdksa] forjdksa] ,tsaVksa ls lacaèkh i=kpkj] vuqcaèk vkfn dkxtkr le;≤ rS;kj djuk vkSj mudk vuqokn djk dj vyx&vyx Hkk"kk&{ks=ksa ds vuqlkj forfjr djuk iM+rk gSA blls u flQZ xzkgdksa vkSj daifu;ksa ls tqM+s reke yksxksa dks lqfoèkk gksrh gS] cfYd daifu;ksa dks Hkh viuh xfrfof/k;¨a esa uohurk ykus dk volj feyrk gSA bl rjg daifu;ksa dk lkfgR; iqjkuk ugha iM+rkA mlesa u;kiu vkSj rktxh cuh jgrh gSA

okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh Hkk"kk cksypky dh gksuh pkfg,] rkfd lkekU;

xzkgd vkSj daiuh dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqM+k gj O;fDr mls Òyh çdkj ls le>

ldsA ,sls esa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vkSj rduhdh 'kSyh dbZ ckj cksèk esa vM+pu iSnk djrs gSaA blfy, vuqoknd d¨ fo'ks"k lko/kkuh cjrus dh t:jr gksrh gSA mls vuqokn esa vuko';d rduhdh 'kCnkoyh] dfBu&nq:g 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx ugÈ djuk pkfg,A okD;ksa dh cukoV ij Hkh è;ku u nsus dh otg ls vDlj xM+cfM+;k¡ iSnk gksus dh vk'kadk jgrh gSA blfy, vaxzsth ls fganh ;k vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn djrs le; y{; Hkk"kk ds okD;ksa dh cukoV dk è;ku j[kuk cgqr t:jh gksrk gSA tSls vaxzsth esa deZokP; okys okD;ksa dk pyu vfèkd gS] exj fganh esa drZ`okP; okys okD;ksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA blfy, vuqokn djrs le; vxj ewy Òk"kk ¼vaXkzsth½ dh okD; 'kSyh dk fganh esa Hkh vuqdj.k djrs gq, deZokP; okD; cuk, tkrs gSa r¨

mlls vuwfnr ikB dh cksèkxE;rk çHkkfor gksrh gSA

blh rjg 'kkfCnd vuqokn ls Hkh eqf'dysa iSnk gksrh gSaA t:jh ugha fd ewy lkfgR;

esa ftrus Hkh 'kCnksa dk bLrseky gqvk gS] mu lÒh dk vuqokn fd;k gh tk,A dFku dh Hkafxek vkSj rkRi;Z dks le>uk t:jh gksrk gSA mlh ds vuqlkj y{; Hkk"kk esa okD; cukus iM+rs gSaA gk¡] bl ckr dk è;ku vo'; j[kk tkrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh t:jh ckr] lwpuk ;k rF; vuwfnr g¨us ls jg u tk,A

blfy, vuqokn djrs le; ckj&ckj ewy ikB dks i<+us vkSj mi;qDr 'kCndks'kksa dh lkoèkkuhiwoZd enn ysus ls leL;k,¡ vklku gks tkrh gSaA dks'k ns[kus esa lkoèkkuh cjrus dh t:jr blfy, gksrh gS fd mlesa ,d gh 'kCn ds dbZ vFkZ fn, gksrs gSa]

tks vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ç;qDr gksrs gSaA blfy, vxj fLFkfr ds vuq:i lgh 'kCn dk p;u ugha fd;k x;k rks vFkZ dk vuFkZ gks ldrk gSA blls dbZ ckj lwpuk fojksèkkÒklh ;k Hkze iSnk djus okyh gks tkrh gSA

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okf.kfT;d lkfgR; esa vFkZ'kkL=] ç'kklu] çcaèku] dkuwu vkfn dh Hkk"kk] rduhdh 'kCnksa dk Hkh [kwc ç;ksx gksrk gSA blfy, okf.kT; lacaèkh lkfgR; ds vuqoknd ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og bu {ks=ksa dh O;kogkfjd ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ls Òh ifjfpr gks v©j lanÒZ ,oa vko';drk ds vuqlkj budk p;u djds ç;¨x esa yk,A okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dk vuqokn dsoy lkekU; 'kCnd¨'k¨a dh lgk;rk ls laÒo ugÈ gS D;¨afd dsoy mUgsa ns[kdj vuqokn djus okys vuqoknd vDlj xM+cfM+;k¡ dj nsrs gSaA

lkjk O;kikfjd&O;kolkf;d dkedkt cktkj ij dsafær gksrk gSA blfy, cktkj dh t:jrksa] mlds fetkt dks le>uk gj O;kolkf;d bdkbZ ds fy, cgqr t:jh gksrk gSA blds fy, daifu;k¡ le;≤ ij loZs{k.k djkrh jgrh gSaA ;s loZs{k.k O;kolkf;d daifu;k¡ vius foØ; foHkkx ds deZpkfj;ksa dh enn ls Hkh djkrh gSa vkSj loZs{k.k ,tsafl;ksa dh enn ls HkhA bl rjg loZs{k.k lacaèkh Q‚eZ vkSj nwljs dkxtkr Hkh daifu;ksa dks rS;kj djus iM+rs gSaA

cktkj daifu;ksa] forjdksa] ,tsaVksa] çpkj&çlkj djus okyh bdkb;ksa] QqVdj foØsrkvksa vkSj xzkgdksa vkfn dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls fey dj rS;kj gksrk gSA blfy, blesa ,d çdkj dh çfrLièkkZ yxkrkj pyrh jgrh gSA gj daiuh ij nwljh daiuh ls csgrj mRikn vkSj lsok,¡ miyCèk djkus dk ncko gksrk gSA blfy, daifu;k¡ u flQZ vius mRikn vkSj lsokvksa esa le;≤ ij cnyko djrh jgrh gSa] cfYd cktkj esa [kqn dks vkxs cuk, j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls yxkrkj u,&u, nkos] ;kstuk,¡]

çLrko vkfn is'k djrh jgrh gSaA

bl fglkc ls mUgsa cktkj dh Hkk"kk ij Hkh yxkrkj utj j[kuh iM+rh gSA foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk ij xkSj djsa rks muesa vkidks lkekU; l`tukRed lkfgR; dh vis{kk vfèkd rktxh] u;kiu] vkd"kZ.k vkSj pqVhykiu fn[ksxkA blh rjg oLrqvksa ds iSdsVksa] çLrkoksa] ;kstukvksa vkfn dh Hkk"kk esa ped] vkd"kZ.k] lgt Xkzkº;rk vkSj eu ij nsj rd vlj NksM+us okyk çHkko fn[ksxkA

oLrqr% foKkiuä dk vuqokn ÒkokFkZ ij vk/kkfjr g¨rk gS v©j blfy, lz¨r Òk"kk rFkk y{; Òk"kk ds 'kCnä] okD;ka'kä rFkk okD;ä esa lekukarjrk de gh feyrh gSA foKkiuä ds vuqokn dh ;g fo'ks"krk vkxs fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS ftlds ewy ikB rFkk vuwfnr ikB esa i;kZIr varj gS] Çdrq nüä dk ÒkokFkZ ,d gh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr ewy lkeXkzh v©j mldk Çgnh vuqokn nsf[k,%

‘We understand that jewellery means more than gold to you. So we take extra care to protect your precious valuables an availing Loan Against Gold.’

% Þlüs ds cnys yüA tc ckr g¨ lüs dh]r¨ lcls igys vkrh gS lqj{kkA vkidh t:jrsa iwjh djus ds fy, lqjf{kr v©j lqfo/kktud lek/kku dh vko';drk d¨ ge c[kwch le>rs gSaAÞ

bl rjg ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd foKkiuksa dk vuqokn rks dfBu gksrk gh gS]

oLrqvksa ds iSdsVksa ij Nius okyh lkexzh] çLrkoksa] ;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk vkfn ls

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lacafèkr lkexzh dk vuqokn Hkh [kklk eqf'dy dke gksrk gSA ;ksa gekjs ns'k esa vkerkSj ij okf.kfT;d lkfgR; vaxzsth esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] fQj mls vU;

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn ds tfj, miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA exj foKkiuksa vkfn ds ekeys esa bldk mYVk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks= O;kid gksus vkSj T;knkrj fQYe fuekZrkvksa ;k bl {ks= esa dke djus okys yksxksa }kjk gh çpkj&çlkj dh lkexzh rS;kj fd, tkus dh otg ls vc T;knkrj foKkiuksa ;k çpkj&çlkj dh lkexzh ewy :i ls fganh esa rS;kj dh tkrh gS] fQj mls vuqokn ds tfj, nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA ,sls esa Hkh lz¨r Hkk"kk dh ewy Hkkouk dks le>rs gq, y{; Hkk"kk esa is'k djuk [kklk dfBu dke gksrk gSA

blfy, vuqoknd dks ges'kk cktkj ds #>ku vkSj u, mRiknksa rFkk mudh Ø;&foØ; laca/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ij utj j[kuh iM+rh gSA mldh Hkk"kk vkSj t:jrksa ij è;ku nsuk iM+rk gSA vxj cktkj esa ;qokvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj mRikn mrkjk tk jgk gS rks vuqokn djrs le; mudh cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx visf{kr gksrk gSA vxj mRikn dks cPpksa ds euksfoKku dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, cspus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gS rks mudh gjdrksa vkSj Hkk"kk dks è;ku esa j[kuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA bl rjg cktkj dh t:jrksa] mlesa çpfyr Hkk"kk] çfrLièkÊ daiuh ds ukjksa vkfn ij xkSj djuk ,d vuqoknd dh ;ksX;rk ekuh tkrh gSA dsoy 'kCnksa ds dks'kxr vFkksZa

;k ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dh le> ds vkèkkj ij cktkj ds fetkt dks è;ku esa j[kdj rS;kj dh xbZ lkexzh dk vuqokn fo'oluh; ugha gksxkA

Þç;qfDrÞ 'kCn vaxzsth ds ÞjftLVjÞ dk fganh i;kZ; gSA çfl) lekt Hkk"kkoSKkfud gSfyMs ds vuqlkj ç;qfDr ;kuh jftLVj Hkk"kk dh mu ç;ksxkfJr fofoèkrkvksa dks dgk tkrk gS] tks fdUgha fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa ;k fo"k; {ks=ksa esa ç;qDr Hkk"kk ds :iHksnksa dks çdV djrh gSA thu ,fVplu dk ekuuk gS fd jftLVj Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"kh—r 'kSfy;k¡ gSa] tks Hkk"kk ç;ksx dh ifjfLFkfr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ç;ksDrk bu 'kSfy;ksa dk fLFkfr fo'ks"k ds vuq:i ç;ksx djrk gSA bl rjg dqNsd fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa ;k fo"k; {ks=ksa dh fo'ks"kh—r Hkk"kk dks Þç;qfDrÞ dgk tkrk gSA

Ikz;qfDr ds laca/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s fof'k"V fLFkfr;k¡ Hkk"kk ç;¨Drk ds lkekftd lanHkksZa ls mRiUu gksrh gSA ;kuh O;fDr fdlls] dgk¡] fdl fo"k; esa ckr dj jgk gS ;k fyf[kr :i esa laçs"k.k dj jgk gS blds vuq:i gh og 'kSyh dk ç;ksx djrk gSA ,d gh O;fDr fHkUu&fHkUu ç;kstuksa ds fy, vyx&vyx Hkk"kk&:iksa dk bLrseky djrk gSA tSls] lkekU; thou O;ogkj esa O;fDr dgrk gS fd Þvxj vki gekjs ?kj esa ièkkjsaxs rks eq>s cgqr çlUurk gksxhAÞ ysfdu tc ogh n¶rj esa fdlh deZpkjh ;k vfèkdkjh ls vius dejs esa vkus dks dgrk gS rks mldh Hkk"kk cny tkrh gS & Þ—i;k vanj vkb,AÞ ;k Þvanj vkvksAÞ

blh çdkj odhy] bfrgkldkj] oSKkfud] M‚DVj] O;kikjh] f[kykM+h vkfn dkedkt esa vius&vius {ks=ksa esa ç;qDr 'kCnkoyh dk bLrseky djrs gSaA dbZ ckj ,d gh 'kCn vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa tkdj :i cny ysrk gS ;k vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa ,d gh 'kCn ds fy, fHkUu 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Þ'kwU;Þ 'kCn xf.krh; ç;ksx esa Þ'kwU;Þ vFkkZr Þthj¨Þ ds :i esa gh ç;qDr gksrk gS] tcfd

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Vsful ;k o‚yhcky ds [ksy esa blds fy, ÞyoÞ 'kCn ç;qDr gksrk gSA fØdsV esa blds fy, ÞMdÞ v©j pkSlj esa ÞfuyÞ dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA

ç;qfDr;ksa esa rhu ckrsa çeq[k gksrh gSa] ftuds vuqlkj mudk Lo:i fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA ;s gSa & 'kCnkoyh] okD; foU;kl v©j 'kSyhA

vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd gj {ks= esa 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa gksrk gSA foKku dh 'kCnkoyh vyx gksrh gS] ç'kklu] çcaèku] O;kikj vkfn dh 'kCnkoyh vyx gksrh gSA blh çdkj] okD;ksa dh cukoV vkSj fy[kus dk rjhdk Hkh vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds vuqlkj cny tkrk gSA dkuwu dh Hkk"kk esa Þjkèks';ke cuke ghjkpanÞ ;k Þghjkpan oYn [kq'khpanÞ tSlh ç;qfDr;k¡ vke gSaA blh çdkj ÞoknhÞ]

ÞçfroknhÞ] ÞiqdkjÞ] ÞgkftjÞ] Þis'khÞ] Þfxj¶rkjhÞ vkfn 'kCn vke gSaA okf.kT; ds {ks=

esa ÞequkQk olwyhÞ] ÞfcdokyhÞ] ÞmNkyÞ] ÞfxjkoVÞ] Þis'kxhÞ] ÞMsfcVÞ] ÞØsfMVÞ]

ÞjksdM+Þ] ÞfcpkSfy;kÞ] ÞysunkjÞ] ÞnsunkjÞ] Þys[kkÞ] Þys[kk ijh{kkÞ] Þlk>snkjhÞ]

ÞLokfeRoÞ vkfn 'kCnksa dk çk;% ç;ksx gksrk gSA okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa ç;ksx gksus okyh dqN ç;qfDr;k¡ nsf[k, %

• accepted for payment Hkqxrku ds fy, Loh—r

• arrival report vkxeu fjiksVZ

• balance at credit tek[kkrs 'ks"k

• balance in hand jksdM+ ckdh

• banking and treasury arrangement cSafdax vkSj dks"k O;oLFkk

• best price obtainable vfèkdre çkI; ewY;

• by hand nLrh

• collection of arrears cdk;k olwyh

• cash and carry udn nks eky yks

• computation of repaying capacity pqdkus dh {kerk dk vfHkdyu

• fund not available fufèk miyCèk ugha

• illegal transactions voSèk lkSns

• lowest price fuEure ewY;

bl bdkÃ dk vè;;u djus ds ckn vkius ;g tkuk fd %

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds varxZr vFkZ'kkL=] O;kikj] cSafdax] chek] çcaèku] ç'kklu]

dkuwu vkfn {ks=ksa esa bLrseky 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA

• okf.kT; dksbZ Lora= {ks= ugha gSA blesa O;olk;&O;kikj] ys[kk vkfn {ks=ksa ls tqM+h lHkh xfrfofèk;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA

• okf.kfT;d {ks= dks eksVs rkSj ij nks dksfV;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS & jk"Vªh;

vkSj varjjk"Vªh;A

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• okf.kfT;d {ks= ds varxZr eq[; :i ls oLrq mRiknu] ysu&nsu] 'ks;j cktkj]

ifjogu] cSad&chek] ç'kklu vkfn vkrs gSaA

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; eq[; :i ls xzkgdksa] forjdksa] ,tsaVksa] Ýsapkbth vkfn dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk lgt] cksèkxE; vkSj vkd"kZd gksuk t:jh gSA

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dk vuqokn djrs le; ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh] rduhdh 'kSyh] cktkj dh Hkk"kk vkSj fetkt dk è;ku j[kuk t:jh gksrk gSA

• vuqokn çfØ;k esa okf.kfT;d {ks= esa bLrseky gksus okyh ç;qfDr;ksa] rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vkfn dk lgh&lgh] lgt] cksèkxE; vuqokn visf{kr gksrk gSA

• okf.kfT;d lkfgR; esa ç;qfDr;¨a vkSj rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls vFkZ'kkL= dh Hkk"kk ls gqvk gSA

1- okf.kfT;d lkfgR; fdls dgrs gSa\ blds dkSu&dkSu ls eq[; {ks= gSa\ laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

2- okf.kfT;d lkfgR; dh Òk"kk dk oSf'k"V~; Li"V dhft,A

5- okf.kfT;d lkfgR; ds vuqokn esa cktkj dh Hkk"kk dk è;ku j[kuk D;ksa t:jh gksrk gS\

6- okf.kT; ds {ks= esa ç;qfDr;¨a dk Lo:i Li"V dhft,A