Heating/cooling potential of passive technique.

HEATING/COOLING POTENTIAL OF PASSIVE TECHNIQUES

ASHISH SHUKLA

Centre for Energy Studies

Submitted in fuiffilment ofthe requirements ofthe degree of Doctor of Philosophy

to the

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi August 2006

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It is certiffied that the thesis entitled, "Heating/cooling potential of passive techniques", submitted by Ashish Shukia to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of 'Doctor of Philosophy' and is a record of the original bonaffide research work carried out by him with our guidance and supervision. The results contained in the thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award ofany degree or diploma.

(Prof. M. S. Sodha)

Department ofEducation Building Lucknow University

Lucknow, 226007

Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas, New Delhi- I 10016

Date: August 2006

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I have immense pleasure in expressing my heart felt gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. M.S. Sodha and Prof. G.N. Tiwari for their guidance at every stage, which culminated in successful completion ofmy research work.

I am also very thankんi to Prof. M.K.G. Babu, Prof. S.C. Kaushik, Dr. J.C. Joshi, Prof. T.S. Bhati, Dr. H.D. Pandey, Dr. S.N. Garg and Prof. R.P. Sharma of Centre for Energy Studies for their kind advice and assistance fflom time to time. My sincere thanks go to Prof. V.K. Srivastava, Department of Chemical Engineering for academic discussion and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (MN郎）for ffinancial support by awarding scholarship and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for experiments.

My special thanks go to my colleagues Dr. Arvind Tiwari, Dr. Rajesh Tripathi, Dr. Anil Kumar, Dr. AS Joshi, Ms. Manisha Ranjan, Ms. Parul Singh, Ms. Poonam, Dr.

Nisha Dahiya, and Mrs. Tribeni Das for their cooperation.

I have no befitting words to express deep sentiments towards my parents;

Smt.M.Shukla, Shri P.R.Shukla, my brother Er. Pankaj Shukla, my sister Mrs. Vineeta Dixit and Shri Indiresh Dixit for their support during the period of study.

Last but not the least, I convey my sincere thanks to Mr. Lakhmi Chand, Mr.

Dhaney Singh, Mr. Umesh Kumar Mishra and staff members of lIT, Delhi for their kind support and help in completing this research work.

Date: August 2006

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The thesis contributes to a better understanding and appreciation of the heating/cooling potential of some passive techniques e.g. an earth-air heat exchanger, movable curtain, evaporative cooling and geothermal heating for buildings as well as for greenhouses.

Experiments were conducted to study the thermal performance of an earth-air heat exchanger for composite climate of New Delhi (lat如de 280 58' N, longitude 770 17' E and altitude 216 m from mean sea level), India. A quasi-steady state mathematical model is. developed and tested with the experimental results. Further this mathematical model is used to predict monthly heating/cooling potential of an earth-air heat exchanger for different surface treatments for different climatic condition of India namely Jodhpur, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkぬ．

A thermal model has also been developed for heating of greenhouse with different combination of inner thermal curtain, an earth-air heat exchanger and geothermal energy.

The results of Barral et. al. (1999) has been validated with the above developed thermal model. It is seen that the use of geothermal heating increases the temperature of greenhouse air by 5.5 O C during off sunshine hours in Argentina. Further for the places where geothermal energy is not available the greenhouse heating is carried out with the help of an earth・air heat exchanger・

Experiments have been conducted at Solar Energy Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India for a passive house coupled with an earth-air heat exchanger.

The passive house is divided in three section (i) room with an earth-air heat exchanger

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(ii) room with cross ventilation and (iii) untreated room. A periodic model has also been developed to stuむthe thermal behavior of passive house. It is seen that use of an earth- air heat exchanger increases the temperature of room by 6.5 oc during December with comparison to untreated room. The maximum temperature variation occurs in room with cross ventilation. During winters in peak sunshine hours ambient temperature is high, so air temperature can be used for heating the room by cross ventilation and vice versa for summer season during night time.

A thermal model has been developed to study the effect of evaporative cooling and use of thermal curtain in a cascade greenhouse. The experiments have been conducted during April, May and June . in a cascade greenhouse at Solar Energy Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. It is seen that use of thermal curtain is very much effective in reducing the greenhouse air temperature. Further an earth-air heat exchanger is also used to reduce the greenhouse air temperature.

Energy analysis of passive house and greenhouse is carried out to see their impact on environment in terms of CO2 emission. A mathematical model is developed to calculate the embodied energy of passive house. It is seen that passive houses are much more environmental ffliendly options.

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Page

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Acknowledgements ^Il

Abstract ¹¹¹

Contents v

Figure captions viii

Table captions xlv

Nomenclature ^xv

Chapter-i General introduction 1.1 Importance

i .2 Historical review i .3 Literature review

1.3.1 Passivehe

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1.3.3 Passive heating/cooling conc

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I .4. 1 Conductive heat transfer coefficient i .4.2 Convective heat transfer coe

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i .4.4 Evaporative heat transfer coe

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i .6 Passive house

i .7 Objectives ofthe thesis i .8 Thesis organization

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Chapter-2 Parametric and ex匹rimental study ofthermal performance ofan earth-air庇at exchan^即r

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Basic p^血ciple 29

2.3 E^ゆeri^幻riental earth-air heat exchan^即r 29

2.4 Ins打'mienta鵬ed 31

2.5 E^ゆeri^釘rien^目observations 32 2.6 Statistical analysis 33

2.7 Mathematical formulation

2.7. 1 Prediction ofsolar radiation

2.7.2 Underground temperature distribution 2.7.3 Quasi steady state model

2.7.4 Heating/cooling potential 2.7.5 Coeffcient of pe面nl昭nee

2.8 Computational pmcedure and input parameters 2.9 Results and discussions

2.10 Conclusions

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Chapter-3 T恥rmal modeling ofgreenhouse he面ngりusing thermal curtain and an earth-air heat exchanger

3.1 Introduction 3 .2 Basic principle 3.3 町stem desc如tion 3 .4 Thermal modeling 3 . 5 Results and discussions 3 .6 Conclusions

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Chapter-4 T恥rmal modeling of a passive house coupled to an earth-air heat exchanger

4.1 Introduction 72

4.2 Basic principle 73

4.3 Experimental set up 74

4.3 . 1 Experimental passive house 74 4.3.2 Experimental earth-airheat exchanger 74

4.4 Instmments used 74

4.5 Experimental observations 74

4.6 Statistical analysis 75

4.7 Thermal modeling 75

4.8 Computational procedure and input parameters 78 4.9 Heating/cooling potential of earth-air heat exchanger 82

4.10 Results and discussions 82

4. 1 1 Conclusions 93

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i 58 i 60 Chapter-5 Thermal modeling ofan evaporative cooling system with inner

山ermal curta加in a cascade greenhouse

5.1 Introduction . 94

5.2 Basicprinciple 96

5.3 Experimental greenhouse with evaporative cooling 96

5.4 Instruments used 98

5.5 Experimental observations 99

5.6 Statistical analysis 99

5.7 Thennal modeling 99

5.8 Computational pmcedure and input parameters 103

5.9 Results and discussions 104

5.10 Conclusions 113

Chapter-6

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Energy analysis ofa passive house and a greenhouse 6.1 Introduction

6.2 Desi即ofpassive house 6.3 Design of greenhouse

6.4 Methodolo留to evaluate embodied energy 6.4. 1 For passive house

6.4.2 For greenhouse 6.5 Results and discussions

6.5.1 Forpassive house 6.5.2 For greenhouse 6.6 Conclusions

Conclusions and recommendations

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7.1 Conclusions 136

7.2 Recommendations 137

References Appendices Publications Bio-da

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