-II
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-II
*
9-1 vfèkxe mís';
9-2 ifjp;
9-3 laxhr fpfdRlk
9-3-1 laxhr fpfdRlk dh ifjHkk"kk 9-3-2 laxhr fpfdRlk dk bfrgkl 9-3-3 laxhr fpfdRlk ds ykHk 9-3-4 laxhr fpfdRlk ds mikxe 9-3-5 Hkkjr esa laxhr fpfdRlk
9-4 dyk fpfdRlk
9-4-1 dyk fpfdRlk dh ifjHkk"kk
9-4-2 dyk fpfdRlk ds fpfdRldh; mi;ksx 9-4-3 dyk fpfdRlk esa rduhdsa
9-5 ØhM+k fpfdRlk
9-5-1 ØhM+k fpfdRlk mikxe
9-5-2 ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa fpfdRldh; dkjd 9-5-3 ØhM+k fpfdRlk ds fy, lkexzh 9-5-4 ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa rduhdsa
9-6 lkjka'k 9-7 izeq[k 'kCn
9-8 Lo&vkdyu ç'uksa ds mÙkj 9-9 bdkà ls lacafèkr ç'u 9-10 lanHkZ
9-11 ikB; lq>ko
bl bdkà dk vè;;u djus ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa l{ke gksaxs%
• laxhr fpfdRlk dh mRifÙk vkSj vFkZ dh O;k[;k djuk(
*
204
• laxhr fpfdRlk ds mikxeksa vkSj ykHkksa dk o.kZu djuk(
• dyk fpfdRlk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj bldh mRifÙk oÆ.kr djuk(
• dyk fpfdRlk ds fpfdRldh; mi;ksx vkSj rduhdksa dk o.kZu djuk(
• ØhM+k fpfdRlk ds mikxeksa ij ppkZ djuk(
• ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa fpfdRldh; dkjdksa dh O;k[;k djuk( rFkk
• ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa lkefxz;ksa vkSj rduhdksa dk o.kZu djukA
lfjrk tc fdlh ckr dks ysdj ijs'kku gksrh gS rks og vkerkSj ij dqN xkus xquxqukus yxrh gSa vkSj ;s xkus mlds eu esa vius vki vk tkrs gSaA fnypLi ckr
;g gS fd mlds eu esa vkus okys xkus ml le; ds ewM dks n'kkZrs gSaA tc mldh vius çseh ls rh[kh cgl gqà gks vkSj mlus iwjk fnu ckr ugÈ dh gks rks mldk eu mnkl xhr xquxqukrk gSA tcfd ,d vU; volj ij tc mlus ç'uksÙkjh çfr;ksfxrk esa iqjLdkj thrk vkSj og cgqr [kq'k Fkh rks mlds eu esa [kq'kh Hkjs xhr py jgs FksA
vki esa ls vfèkdka'k yksx mijksä mnkgj.k ls Lo;a dks tksM+ ldrs gSaA vkius Hkh vuqHko fd;k gksxk fd vkids eu esa vkus okys xkus Lopkfyr :i ls vkids ewM dks n'kkZrs gSA vki esa ls dqN yksx fp=dkjh djus] fp=ksa esa jax Hkjus ;k ;gka rd fd [ksyus vkSj ukpus ls tqM+s gks ldrs gSaA laxhr] dyk vkSj [ksy( dyk ds vfHkO;atd :i gSa tks Lo;a dks vkSj vius laosxksa] nqÇ'prkvksa] Hk;] Çprkvksa vkSj vfuf'prrkvksa dks O;ä djus esa O;fä dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA viuk ruko nwj djus ds fy, vki ukp ldrs gSa] O;k;ke dj ldrs gSa] ckgj Vgy ldrs gSa ;k laxzghr laosxksa vkSj Hkhrjh mFky&iqFky dks nwj djus ds fy, laxhr ok| ;a= ctk ldrs gSaA
dyk ds bu fofHkUu :iksa dk nks rjg ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS% igyk mi;ksx vkRe vfHkO;fä ds fy, gS tgka vki larqf"V çkIr djus vkSj vkarfjd 'kkafr ,oa çlUurk dh fLFkfr dk vkuan ysus ds fy, fdlh jpukRed [kkst esa O;Lr gksrs gSaA nwljk mi;ksx] fpfdRldh; mís'; ds fy, gS tgka bu vfHkO;atd dykvksa dk mi;ksx eu ds ncs laosxksa dks eqä djus] Lo;a dh Li"V le> fodflr djus vkSj u, ifjçs{; çkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls O;fä dks csgrj lkaosfxd vkSj ekufld LokLF; çkIr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
bl bdkà esa] vki vfHkO;atd dyk fpfdRlk ds rhu :iksa laxhr] dyk vkSj [ksy fpfdRlk ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA vxyh bdkà esa] vki nks vU; vfHkO;atd dyk fpfdRlkvksa u`R; ,oa xfr fpfdRlk vkSj ukVd fpfdRlk ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA
pkgs dksà cPpk cky dfork lqu jgk gks ;k dksà fd'kksj viuk ilanhnk xkuk lqu jgk gks] ekuo eu vkSj laosxksa ij laxhr dk çHkko dksà fNih gqà ckr ugÈ gSA laxhr dks lHkh çdkj ds fofoèk laosxksa dks O;ä djus ds ekè;e ds :i esa le>k x;k gS vkSj bls laxhr dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgsa O;fä vius ewM ds vkèkkj ij lqurk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc dksà O;fä jksekafpr] çlUu ;k
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çseiw.kZ gksrk gS rks og jksekafVd çse xhr lqusxk ysfdu vius çseh@çsfedk ds lkFk
>xM+k gksus ij ogh O;fä mnkl xhr lqusxk tSlk fd vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa fn, x, mnkgj.k esa vkius ns[kk FkkA laxhr Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk vfHkUu vax jgk gS –
;g gekjs çR;sd volj vkSj R;ksgkj dk fgLlk gSA lezkV vdcj ds njckj esa egku laxhrdkj vkSj xk;d rkulsu dh dgkfu;ka lHkh tkurs gSaA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd rkulsu es?k eYgkj jkx xkdj es?k cjlk ldrs Fks ;k nhid jkx xkdj nhid tyk ldrs FksA jktk dh foJkafr vkSj fnu dh O;Lrrk ds ckn ruko ls NqVdkjk ikus esa lgk;rk ds fy, mUgksaus jkx njckjh dh jpuk dhA rkulsu ds laxhr vkSj xk;u dh 'kfä ,slh foy{k.k FkhA
vki lHkh us g‚yhoqM dh çfl) fQYe *VkbVSfud* ds ml –'; dks ns[kk gksxk ftlesa e`R;q ds le{k [kM+s ;kf=;ksa dks 'kkar djus esa lgk;rk ds fy, ok;fyu okndksa us 'kkare; xkus pykdj laxhr dh 'kfä dk mi;ksx fd;k Fkk ¼jSVfDyQ
¼Ratcliffe½] 2012½A
lzksr% ¼jSVfDyQ ¼Ratcliffe½] 2012½
laxhr dh bl 'kfä vkSj {kerk dks tc vkSipkfjd :i ls le>k tkrk gS vkSj DykbaV dh lkaosfxd] euksoSKkfud vkSj 'kkjhfjd t:jrksa ds çfr çfrfØ;k nsus ds fy, bldk lk{;&vkèkkfjr rjhds ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks bls laxhr fpfdRlk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mi;qä laxhr fpfdRlk ç'kkflr djus ds fy,]
çR;sd DykbaV ds fy, oS;fä—r vkSj fof'k"V ;kstuk fodflr djus ds fy, ;ksX;
vkSj çf'kf{kr laxhr fpfdRld }kjk DykbaV dh t:jrksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
laxhr fpfdRlk ek= laxhr ctkus vkSj lquus ls vyx gSA laxhr fpfdRlk esa]
fdlh fo'ks"k laxhr —fr dks ctkus ;k ;gka rd fd p;u djus ds ihNs ,d mís';
gksrk gSA laxhr DykbaV vkSj fpfdRld ds chp laçs"k.k ds lkèku ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls mu jksfx;ksa ds fy, ftUgsa cksyus esa fnôr gks ;k mUgsa 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls Lo;a dks O;ä djus esa dfBukà gksA laxhr fpfdRlk jksxh ds fopkjksa vkSj laosxksa dh vfHkO;fä ds fy, fudkl çnku djus ds lkFk&lkFk jksxh ds ifjtuksa dh lkaosfxd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSA
206
dsusFk czqfl;k ¼Kenneth Bruscia½ ¼1991½ laxhr fpfdRlk esa vxz.kh 'kksèkdrkZvksa esa ls ,d gSaA mUgksaus laxhr fpfdRlk dh ladYiuk vkSj bldh tfVyrkvksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, ,d fdrkc fy[kh FkhA czqfl;k ¼1991½ us laxhr fpfdRlk dks fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS
Þ;g ,slh ikjLifjd çfØ;k gS ftlesa fpfdRld jksfx;ksa dk LokLF; lqèkkjus] cgky djus ;k cjdjkj j[kus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, laxhr vkSj blds lHkh igyqvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSÞ ¼eSjkVksl] xksYM] okax ,oa ØkQ‚MZ ¼Maratos] Gold] Wang &
Crawford½] 2008½A
laxhr fpfdRlk ds ykHkdkjh çHkkoksa dks vkSipkfjd ekU;rk nsrs gq, vesfjdh laxhr fpfdRlk la?k }kjk ekU;rk çkIr vkSj vuqeksfnr laxhr dk;ZØe rS;kj fd, x,A
*laxhr fpfdRlk fpfdRldh; lacaèk ds Hkhrj oS;fä—r y{;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, laxhr gLr{ksiksa dk uSnkfud vkSj lk{;&vkèkkfjr mi;ksx gS* ¼vesfjdh laxhr fpfdRlk la?k] 2005½A
fdlh Hkh fpfdRlk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj fpfdRlk ds lHkh igyqvksa dks lekfgr djus ds fy, ,d ifjHkk"kk [kkstuk lnSo pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj ;g ckr laxhr fpfdRlk ds fy, Hkh lp gSA laxhr fpfdRlk ,d tfVy voèkkj.kk gS ftls ,d iafä dh ifjHkk"kk esa oÆ.kr fd;k tkuk eqf'dy gSA laxhr fpfdRlk dks gkykafd
*laxhr nok* dh ladYiuk ls Hkzfer ugÈ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A czSM ,oa fMfy;ks
¼Bradt & Dileo½ ¼2010½ dk dguk gS fd laxhr fpfdRlk ;ksX; laxhr fpfdRld }kjk dh tkrh gS] gkykafd] laxhr nok fpfdRlk l= LokLF; is'ksojksa }kjk fd, tk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] laxhr fpfdRld us laxhr fpfdRld cuus ds fy, vè;;u fd;k gS vkSj ;ksX;rk çkIr dh gSA os laxhr fpfdRlk ds vkèkkj ij mipkj
;kstuk fodflr djrs gSaA ijarq eku yhft, fd dksà ulZ mipkj ;kstuk ds fgLls ds :i esa fdlh jksxh ds fy, laxhr ctkrh gSA ;g vfuok;Zr% laxhr nokfpfdRlk gS tgka jksxh ds csgrj ekufld LokLF; ds fy, laxhr dk mi;ksx nok ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼LVsxeSu ,oa vU;
¼Stegemann et al-½] 2019½
LokLF; ns[kHkky esa laxhr&vkèkkfjr gLr{ksi
laxhr nok LokLF;&laoèkZu y{;ksa ds fy, iwoZ
fjdkMsZM laxhr lquuk
vU;
laxhr&vkèkkfjr LokLF;&laoèkZu ;k euksjatu y{;ksa ds fy, laxhr xfrfofèk;ksa ds vU; mi;ksx
laxhr fpfdRlk LokLF; laoèkZu ds fy, fpfdRldh; lacaèkds Hkhrj
O;fäijd laxhr vuqHkoksa dh fofHkUu fofèk;ksa dk
O;ofLFkr mi;ksx LokLF; ns[kHkky
is'ksoj }kjk çnku
dh tkrh gS ekU;rk çkIr laxhr fpfdRld }kjk çnku dh tkrh gS
LokLF; ns[kHkky is'ksoj] laxhrdkjksa
vkfn }kjk çnku fd;k tkrk gS
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fpfdRldh; rjhds ls laxhr dk mi;ksx ekuo tkfr ds fy, dksà uà ckr ugÈ gSA fpfdRlk ds :i esa laxhr dk mi;ksx yacs le; ls fd;k tkrk jgk gS ijarq fpfdRlk dh fof'k"V 'kk[kk ds :i esa laxhr fpfdRlk us fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa xfr çkIr dh gSA LokLF; laoèkZu vkSj mipkj ds ç;kstuksa ds fy, laxhr dk mi;ksx Çgnw vkSj ;gwnh tSls dà èkeks± esa ik;k tk ldrk gSA Çgnw èkeZ esa oÆ.kr dà o`Ùkkarksa esa Hktuksa vkSj Lrks=ksa dh mipkjkRed 'kfä;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ¼Lokeh]
2017½A Hktu vkSj Lrks= Hkxoku vkSj muds Hkä ds chp ifo= lacaèk ds :i esa igpkus tkrs gSa tks muds chp laçs"k.k ds lkèku ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA blls Hkä foJkafr eglwl djrk gS vkSj mldh euksn'kk vPNh gksrh gS ftlls lkaosfxd Lrj ij mlds mipkj esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
;gwnh ckbfcy ¼vè;k; 16½ esa Hkh blh rjg ds lanHkZ ik, tk ldrs gSa ftlesa jktk ds ekufld LokLF; dks Bhd djus ds fy, dq'ky laxhrdkj MsfoM oh.kk ctkrk gS
¼xzhucxZ] 2017½A
;gka rd fd egku ;wukuh xf.krK vkSj nk'kZfud ikbFkkxksjl us Hkh laxhr ds ykHkksa dks igpkuk vkSj os fofHkUu fpfdRlk vkSj ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa ds bykt ds fy, laxhr ds iSekus fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, çfl) FksA ¼xzhucxZ] 2017½
nksuksa foÜo ;q)ksa ds ckn ?kk;y lSfudksa ds mipkj ds fy, tc laxhr dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k rks laxhr fpfdRlk dks igyh ckj vkSipkfjd ekU;rk feyh ¼n vesfjdh laxhr fpfdRlk] ,u-Mh-½A lSfudksa dk bykt djus okyh ulks± us ?kk;y lSfudksa ds 'kkjhfjd] lkaosfxd vkSj ekufld dY;k.k esa bruk egRoiw.kZ lqèkkj ns[kk fd mUgksaus vfèkd dq'ky laxhrdkjksa ds fy, vuqjksèk fd;k FkkA gkykafd ;g ekuk x;k fd laxhr fpfdRlk dk çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx djus ds fy, laxhrdkjksa dks fo'ks"k çdkj ds çf'k{k.k dh t:jr gksrh gS ftl dkj.k vkSipkfjd laxhr f'k{kk dk fodkl gqvk ¼Øsx ¼Craig½] 2020½
vè;;uksa ls irk pyk gS fd laxhr lqurs le; ;k laxhr ok|;a= ctkrs le;
efLr"d ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa lfØ;rk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Le`fr igyw vkSj laxhr ls lacafèkr vuqHko fgIiksdSEil }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSaA laxhr ok|;a= ctkus esa 'kkfey xfr lsjscSye }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gS tcfd laxhr le>us ds fy, fotqvy d‚VsZDl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
laxhr fpfdRlk ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa dh o`gr~ J`a[kyk esa ykHk ns[ks x, gSaA laxhr jksxh dks 'kkar djds mPp jäpki dks de djus]
ekalisf'k;ksa dks foJkar djus vkSj ân; xfr dks fLFkj djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA laxhr fpfdRlk ds lkaosfxd ykHk Hkh leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj de ruko ,oa Fkdku ls ysdj csgrj nnZ çcaèku rd blds fofHkUu ykHk gSaA laçs"k.k dkS'kyksa dk fodkl] laoÆèkr ,dkxzrk vkSj Le`fr voèkkj.k laxhr fpfdRlk ds dqN Kkr laKkukRed ykHkksa esa 'kkfey gSaA vkRedsafær vkSj uotkr ns[kHkky okys cPpksa ij fd, x, vè;;u esa laKkukRed dkS'kyksa ij laxhr fpfdRlk dh ldkjkRed çfrfØ;k ds lk{; çkIr gq, ¼LVsxeSu ,oa vU; ¼Stegemann et al-½] 2019½A f'kdkxks ds yqjh fpYMªsu vLirky esa 'kY;fØ;k&i'pkr ns[kHkky vkSj LokLF; ykHk çkIr djus okys 9&14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa dks 'kkfey djds fd, x, ,sls gh ,d 'kksèk esa ik;k x;k fd ftu cPpksa dks mudk ilanhnk laxhr dks lquus dh vuqefr nh xà Fkh] muesa nnZ de FkkA
208
;wlh,l,Q csfuvksQ cky vLirky esa laxhr fpfdRld] vksfyoj tSdclu }kjk ctk, x, xhr dks lqu jgk cky jksxh ¼eksaVxksesjh] 2016½A
mi;qä laxhr ds p;u vkSj laxhr fpfdRlk l=ksa esa ç;qä laxhr dh ilan dk laxhr fpfdRlk ds ekè;e ls çkIr ifj.kkeksa ij çHkko iM+rk gS ¼dksiSDt+ ¼Kopacz½]
2005½A çR;sd O;fä vf}rh; gS vkSj blfy, mudh laxhr dh ilan Hkh vf}rh;
gSA bl rjg laxhr ds p;u vkSj laxhr dh ilan ds vkdyu dh blesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ;g bl rjg gS ekuks çR;sd O;fä dks mldh t:jrksa vkSj p;uksa ds vkèkkj ij O;fäxr mipkj ;kstuk,a cukà tk,a D;ksafd blls jksxh dks Lok;Ùkrk dks cksèk feyrk gS vkSj fpfdRld ,sls p;u vkSj mipkj ;kstuk cukus esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, csgrj ifj.kke vÆtr dj ikrk gS ¼oSu Msj o‚YV ,oa cSju ¼Van der Walt & Baron½] 2006½A mez] Çyx] O;fäRo y{k.k] ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe ls ysdj ekufld fLFkfr vkSj jksxh dh orZeku fLFkfr ,sls dkjd gSa tks O;fäxr fodYiksa vkSj fpfdRld }kjk laxhr p;u dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
laxhr Mksikekbu] ,aMksÆQu vkSj dksÆVlksy tSls gkeksZUl dks lzkfor dj yksxksa dks çlUu djrk gSA blfy, laxhr esa yksxksa dks vkuan dk vuqHko djkus vkSj mudh nnZ laosnuk dks de djus dh {kerk gSA blesa MªXl] 'kjkc vkSj lsDl ds leku çHkko ik, x, gSaA blds vykok laxhr efLr"d dh U;wjksIykfLVflVh esa lgk;rk djrk gS] ;g efLr"d esa lajpukRed vkSj dk;kZRed ifjorZuksa dks çsfjr dj ldrk gS ftlls jksfx;ksa dks efLr"d {kfr ls mcjus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
laxhr fpfdRlk laçs"k.k leL;kvksa dk Hkh lekèkku djrh gS ¼dksY'k ¼Koelsch½]
2009½ D;ksafd ;g ekSf[kd laçs"k.k leL;kvksa okys yksxksa dks muds laxhr fodYiksa ds ekè;e ls Lo;a dks O;ä djus dh fofèk çnku djrh gS ¼xsjsRlsxj ,oa vU;
¼Geretsegger et al-½] 2014½A
xq;su ¼Nguyen½ ¼2013½ }kjk fd, x, vkxs ds vuqlaèkku esa ekufld LokLF; dh leL;k,] lkaosfxd ruko] volkn] ruko ls lacafèkr fodkjksa ij dkcw ikus] vk?kkr ls fuiVus] Le`fr {kfr] 'kkjhfjd nnZ] iqjkuh chekfj;ksa tSlh fofHkUu LokLF;
leL;kvksa ds fy, laxhr fpfdRlk ds ykHkdkjh çHkkoksa dh iqf"V gqÃA
O;ogkjxr fl)kar ds vkèkkj ij O;ogkj esa lqèkkj
;k ifjorZu ds fy, laxhr fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx dks laxhr fpfdRlk ds çfr O;ogkjxr mikxe ds :i esa oÆ.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA laxhr fpfdRlk dk
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209
mi;ksx ldkjkRed ¼;k mi;qä½ O;ogkj çkIr djus vkSj udkjkRed ¼;k vuqfpr½ O;ogkj dks lekIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ¼czqf'k;k ¼Bruscia½] 1998] i`"B- 184½A jksxh dh t:jr ds vkèkkj ij fpfdRld laxhr fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx iqucZyu dh fofèk ds :i esa djrk gSA ,sls ifj–'; dh dYiuk djsa tgka jksxh ;fn mldh mipkj ;kstuk dk ikyu djrk gS rks fpfdRld mldk ilanhnk laxhr ctk,xkA nwljh rjQ] jksxh ;fn mipkj ;kstuk ds vuqlkj O;ogkj ugÈ djrk gS rks laxhr lquus dk fodYi Nhuk tk ldrk gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa] ;g ,d Vksdu ç.kkyh dh rjg gS D;ksafd laxhr ,d Vksdu gS ftlls jksxh dks iqjL—r fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ltk ds :i esa bls okil fy;k tk;k tk ldrk gSA
bl mikxe dk lhèkk lkèkk mís'; ;g gS fd O;ogkj çcaèku ds fy, laxhr fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A ;g mikxe 'kS{kf.kd miyfCèk vkSj lkekftd laidks± dks csgrj cukus esa Hkh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh fofèk dks çHkkoh ekus tkus ds fy, ,sls ekudksa dk gksuk vko';d gS ftuds rgr mldk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A laxhr fpfdRlk esa fuf'pr ewY;kadu ekudksa dk gksuk laHko ugÈ gSA gkykafd] eSMlsu ¼Madsen½ ¼1981] i`"B 5½ us laxhr fpfdRlk esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh ewY;kadu çfØ;k esa dqN pj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
• lcls igys ml O;ogkj dh igpku dh tkuh pkfg, ftls lekIr djus ;k lq–<+ djus dh t:jr gSA blesa mipkj ;kstuk ls fpfdRld ds y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gS vFkkZr fpfdRld fpfdRlk ls D;k çkIr djuk pkgrk gS\
• O;ogkj dh igpku ds ckn] fpfdRld ?kfVr gq, ifjorZuksa ds ewY;kadu djus vkSj bUgsa ekius dk rjhdk [kkstsxkA
• fpfdRld cnys gq, O;ogkj ds çHkkoksa dks fuèkkZfjr djsxkA bl çfØ;k dks Þifj.kke ¼consequate½Þ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA O;ogkj ifjorZu ds fy, iqjLdkjksa dk fuèkkZj.k fpfdRld }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d lkFk [ksyus tSlh ljy çfØ;k dh rjg lkèkkj.k lh çfØ;k Hkh gks ldrh gSA
• mipkj ds lexz çHkkoksa dk vkdyu O;ogkjxr mikxe fpfdRlk dk vafre pj.k gSA
laxhr fpfdRlk ds çfr vU; mikxe gS tgka jksxh }kjk lkeuk dh tk jgh eukslkekftd fodkl leL;kvksa esa lgk;rk ds fy, laxhr dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s leL;k,a ikjLifjd leL;kvksa] laKkukRed dkS'ky leL;kvksa vkSj laosnh eksVj dkS'ky leL;kvksa ls lacafèkr gks ldrh gSaA ;g mikxe laçs"k.k ds ekè;e ds :i esa laxhr ds mi;ksx dh ladYiuk dk ikyu djrk gSA ,fMFk c‚Dlfgy ¼Edith Boxhill½ ¼1985] i`-15½ us mYys[k fd;k gS fd Þ,sls vfLrRo tks vius lexz ds :i esa vius fgLlksa ds ;ksx ls vfèkd gS] ds :i esa euq"; dks iksf"kr djus dh –f"V ls pyus&fQjus lacaèkh] laçs"k.kkRed] laKkukRed]
HkkokRed vkSj lkekftd tSls dkedkt ds lHkh MksesUlß dks laoÆèkr djuk bl mikxe dk mís'; gSA
tc laxhr fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx fpfdRldh;
LFkyksa esa fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g mikxe fpfdRlkRed laxhr fpfdRlk gSA blesa fpfdRlk LFky tgka jksxh dh 'kkjhfjd leL;kvksa dk bykt fd;k tk jgk gks] ogÈ laxhr fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls jksxh ds lkaosfxd vkSj euksoSKkfud dY;k.k dks funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA
210
gkykafd tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] laxhr fpfdRlk vkSj laxhr dk;ZfpfdRlk esa Hkzfer ugÈ gksuk pkfg, ¼LVsxeSu ,oa vU; ¼Stegemann et al-½]
2019½A vLirky ds çrh{kky; esa yksxksa dks vkjke çnku djus ds fy, laxhr ctkuk laxhr fpfdRlk dk mnkgj.k gSA 'kY; fpfdRlk ls xqtjus okys jksfx;ksa ds fy, laxhr ctk;k tkuk LokLF; is'ksojksa }kjk laxhr fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx dk ,d vU; mnkgj.k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] gky gh esa dksfoM&19 egkekjh esa mUgsa vPNk eglwl djkus] çlUufpÙk cukus vkSj mudk mRlkg c<+kus ds fy, fpfdRldksa vkSj ulks± }kjk vLirkyksa esa laxhr ctk;k tkuk laxhr ds mi;ksx dks çnÆ'kr djrk gSA blds foijhr laxhr fpfdRlk dk lapkyu ;ksX; laxhr fpfdRld }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA laxhr dk;ZfpfdRlk mipkj ds mís'; ls laxhr ctkus rd gh lhfer gS]
tcfd laxhr fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx gLr{ksi ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fpfdRld vkSj jksxh ds chp lacaèk ij vR;fèkd cy nsrs gq, mipkj ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k] laxhr jpuk tSls fofHkUu igyw 'kkfey gksrs gSaA DykbaV dk lexz dq'ky {kse gkfly djuk bldk eq[; y{; gSA raf=dk lacaèkh leL;kvksa ds fy, bldk mi;ksx djuk fpfdRldh; laxhr fpfdRlk ds Hkhrj miyCèk fo'ks"kKrk gSA ekufld LokLF; leL;kvksa tSls vYtkbelZ] Le`fr {kfr vkfn ls ihfM+r jksfx;ksa dh lgk;rk djuk bldk mís'; gSA
geus laxhr fpfdRlk ds dqN lkekU; mikxeksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS ijarq ;g lexz lwph ugÈ gSA ekuorkoknh mikxe vkfn tSls laxhr fpfdRlk ds dà vU; mikxe Hkh gSaA
laxhr fpfdRlk vis{kk—r :i ls uà voèkkj.kk gS tks Hkkjr esa viuh çkjafHkd voLFkk esa gS gkykafd Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa çkphu dky ls gh laxhr ds egRo dks O;kid :i ls ekU;rk çkIr gSA laxhr fpfdRlk dks O;ogkj ds ;ksX; {ks= ftlds fy, vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh t:jr gks] ds :i esa Lohdkj fd, tkus ls igys vHkh Hkh yack jkLrk r; djuk gSA 2011 esa 10 lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; O;kolkf;d laxhr fpfdRld la?k dh 'kq#vkr gqÃA ¼foÜo laxhr fpfdRlk QsMjs'ku
¼MCY;w,Q,eVh½] 2013½A Hkkjr esa dsoy nks Ldwy gSa tks laxhr fpfdRlk dh f'k{kk nsrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; laxhr fpfdRlk la?k ¼vkÃ,eVh,½ us O;ogkj ;ksX; {ks= ds :i esa laxhr fpfdRlk ds ckjs esa tkx:drk QSykus ds mís'; ls 2018 esa dke djuk 'kq:
fd;kA orZeku esa laxhr fpfdRld ds :i esa dke dj jgs lHkh lnL; bl la?k dk fgLlk gSaA yksxksa ds chp laxhr fpfdRlk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh lk>k djuk]
laxhr fpfdRlk ds fy, vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØe cukuk vkSj fodflr djuk]
laxhr fpfdRlk esa vkxs 'kksèk djuk vkSj lHkh lnL;ksa dks tksM+us okyk IysVQ‚eZ çnku djuk vkÃ,eVh, dk lexz y{; gS ¼fgDl ¼Hicks½] 2020½A
viuh Hkk"kk@Çgnh@vaxzst+h esa dqN xhrksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa vkSj orZeku esa vkidh Hkkouk,a n'kkZus okys nks ;k rhu xhrksa dk p;u djsaA vki ,d ls vfèkd Hkk"kk,a Hkh pqu ldrs gSaA Hkk"kk ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd xhr vkidh orZeku Hkkoukvksa vkSj laosxksa dks n'kkZrs gksaA
vc fuEufyf[kr dk mÙkj nsa%
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• D;k eu esa ;g xkus fcuk fdlh ç;kl vFkkZr fcuk lksps&le>s vk,] ;k vkidks xkuksa ds ckjs esa lkspuk iM+k vkSj fQj vkius xkus pqus\
• ;s xkus dkSu ls gSa\
• vkius bu xkuksa dks D;ksa pquk\ ;s xkus vkids eu esa vkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa\
• bu xhrksa dks lquus ;k xkus ls vkids Hkhrj D;k Hkkouk,a vkSj fopkj mBrs gSa\
• D;k vki xkus ds fdlh fo'ks"k 'kCn ;k fgLls dks iwjs xkus ls vfèkd ilan djrs gSa ftlls vki Lo;a dks vfèkd tksM+ ikrs gSa vkSj ,slk D;ksa gSa\
1½ laxhr fpfdRlk vkSj laxhr dk;ZfpfdRlk esa varj Li"V djsaA 2½ O;ogkjxr laxhr fpfdRlk dh O;k[;k djsaA
3½ dsoy laxhre; xkus ctkuk gh laxhr fpfdRlk gS&lgh ;k xyrA
dyk fpfdRlk (art therapy) vfHkO;atd fpfdRlk (expressive therapy) dk ,slk :i gS ftlesa ekufld] 'kkjhfjd vkSj lkaosfxd dq'ky&{kse çkIr djus ds fy, dyk ds fofHkUu :iksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dyk ds ekè;e ls vfHkO;fä djus ls gekjh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks fudkl ekxZ feyrk gSA ;g vkarfjd nqÇ'prkvksa dks lrg ij ykus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
laxhr dh rjg] dyk Hkh çkphu dky ls gh euq";ksa ds vklikl jgh gSA ,fMª;u fgy ¼Adrian Hill½ 1942 esa *dyk fpfdRlk* 'kCn vkSipkfjd rkSj ij x<+us okys igys O;fä FksA ,fMª;u tc risfnd ls ihfM+r Fks rc mUgksaus dyk fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx ds ldkjkRed çHkkoksa dks vuqHko fd;kA mUgksaus vius fp=ksa ds ekè;e ls Lo;a dks O;ä djus vkSj foJkar djus dk rjhdk [kkstkA ml le; T;knkrj fpfdRlk is'ksojksa vkSj euksoSKkfudksa }kjk dyk fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ijrqa blds fy, dksà vkSipkfjd çf'k{k.k ;k vgZrk ugÈ FkhA
vesfjdh dyk fpfdRlk la?k dh laLFkkid ekxZjsV ukecxZ dks *vkVZ fpfdRlk dh eka* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj og bl {ks= esa vxz.kh gSA mUgksaus jpukRed vfHkO;fä dh 'kfä dks eglwl fd;k vkSj bls ekSf[kd laçs"k.k ds leku ekukA DykbaV ds dYiuk'khy dkS'kyksa ds mi;ksx ls] fpfdRld DykbaV dh vçdV]
fNikà xà ;k lPph Hkkoukvksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksrk gSA ekSf[kd vfHkO;fä ds lkFk jpukRed vfHkO;fä dk la;kstu LokLF; ykHk çfØ;k dks lqxe cukrk gSA
dyk fpfdRlk bl fopkj esa fufgr rduhd gS fd jpukRed vfHkO;fä mipkj vkSj ekufld dY;k.k dks c<+kok ns ldrh gS ¼LVdh ,oa ukscsy ¼Stuckey&Nobel½]
2010½A
vesfjdh dyk fpfdRlk la?k dyk fpfdRlk dks *,sls ,dh—r ekufld LokLF; vkSj ekuo lsok is'ks ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS tks euksfpfdRldh; lacaèk ds Hkhrj
212
lfØ; dyk&fuekZ.k] jpukRed çfØ;k] vuqç;qä euksoSKkfud fl)kar vkSj ekuo vuqHko ds ekè;e ls O;fä;ksa] ifjokjksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds thou dks le`) djrk gSA
¼Þis'ks dh ifjHkk"kkÞ] 2017½A bl rjg dyk fpfdRlk mu yksxksa ds fy, fpfdRld }kjk dyk ds fpfdRlh; mi;ksx dks 'kkfey djrh gS ¼i½ tks ekufld LokLF;
lacaèkh leL;kvksa] thou dh pqukSfr;ksa ls ihfM+r gksa] vkSj ¼ii½ os Hkh tks O;fäxr fodkl vkSj o`f) ryk'k jgs gksaA
bl rjg] dyk ds çfr nks mikxe gks ldrs gSa%
• ,d rks ;g gS fd Lo;a dh vfHkO;fä ds :i esa dyk jpukRedrk]
dykRed xq.koÙkk vkSj lkSan;Z igyqvksa ij dsafær gSA ;g O;fä dks Lo;a dks [kkstus vkSj vkRecksèk ds ekxZ ij ys tkrh gSA blesa O;fä ds laosxksa ds laidZ esa jgus vkSj Lo;a ds csgrj laLdj.k rd igqapus ds fy, vkarfjd vfLrRo ds mipkj xq.k gSaA lkekftd dkS'kyksa esa lqèkkj] vkRefoÜokl esa lqèkkj] ckSf)d {kerkvksa ds fodkl] lkaL—frd ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsus ;k laçs"k.k dkS'kyksa esa lqèkkj ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• vU; mikxe dyk dk mi;ksx fdlh O;fä ds vopsru Hkkx esa tkus ls lacafèkr gSA ;g bl ij dsafær gS fd O;fä viuh dyk lkexzh esa D;k çLrqr dj jgs gSaA O;fä dyk ds ekè;e ls tks O;ä djus dk ç;kl dj jgk gS mldk fo'ys"k.k djus ls fpfdRld dks varÆufgr lkaosfxd leL;kvksa dks tkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh cPps dks ekSf[kd :i ls Lo;a dks O;ä djus esa leL;k gks jgh gks ;k mls vk'kadk ;k Hk; gksa vkSj og fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls lPph Hkkoukvksa dks Nqik jgk gks rks dyk ds ekè;e ls vfHkO;fä mldh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa ds fy, fudkl ekxZ miyCèk djokrh gSA
;gka ;g è;ku j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd dyk fpfdRlk ds lapkyu ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd dyk fpfdRld is'ksoj :i ls ;ksX; vkSj çf'kf{kr gksA gkykafd DykbaV ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd og is'ksoj :i ls çf'kf{kr ;k jpukRed :i ls çfrHkk'kkyh gksA dyk fpfdRlk dk mi;ksx DykbaV ds jpukRed dkS'ky dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d gSA dyk fpfdRlk ds fy, jksxh vkSj fpfdRld ds chp bl le> dh t:jr gksrh gS fd dyk muds chp lapkj dk ekè;e gSA
dyk fpfdRlk fofHkUu pj.kksa dk ikyu djrh gSA
a½ bldh 'kq:vkr vkdyu ls gksrh gS ftlesa DykbaVdh leL;k dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS] DykbaV ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d= dh tkrh gS( vkSj fQj dyk fpfdRlk dh mi;qärk ij fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dyk fpfdRlk dh fof'k"V rduhd dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
b½ blds ckn DykbaV ls rkyesy cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj fpfdRld ;g oÆ.kr djrk gS fd dyk fpfdRlk D;k gS vkSj fpfdRlk esa bldk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk,xkA fpfdRld bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd dyk fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx esa mudh dykRed {kerk ;k dykRed mR—"Vrk dk egRo ugÈ gS cfYd DykbaV dyk ds ekè;e ls Lo;a dks O;ä djus esa çkekf.kd vkSj Lora= gksuk pkfg,A
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213 c½ blds ckn] DykbaV dks dyk fpfdRlk dh fo'ks"k rduhd esa 'kkfey gksus vkSj
Lo;a dks Lora= :i ls O;ä djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA fpfdRld dyk ds ifj.kkeksa ij DykbaV ls ppkZ djrk gS rkfd mls DykbaV ds ifjçs{; çkIr djus] vFkZ fu:fir djus vkSj leL;kvksa ,oa }a}ksa dks gy djus esa lgk;rk fey ldsA
d½ varr% lekiu pj.k dks fpfdRldh; lacaèk ds var ls fpfàr fd;k tkrk gSA
dyk fpfdRlk ds dà ykHkdkjh çHkko gSaA fofHkUu 'kksèk vè;;uksa esa dyk fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx ds ykHk ik, x, gSaA ftu jksfx;ksa esa Lru dSalj dk funku fd;k x;k FkkA mu ij dyk fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx ls mUgksaus ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd nksuksa rjg ls vius LokLF; esa lexz lqèkkj dh lwpuk nhA ¼oqM ,oa vU; ¼Wood et al-½]
2011½A blh rjg áwV~ ¼Huet½ ¼2015½ }kjk dk;ZLFky ruko ls ihfM+r deZpkfj;ksa ds ekeyksa esa vfHkO;fä ds fy, dyk fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx ij dh xà lkfgR;
leh{kk esa dyk fpfdRlk dk ldkjkRed çHkko ik;k x;kA
xzsOl ¼Graves½ ¼2006½ }kjk 24&71 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek ds Hkhrj efLr"d pksV ls ihfM+r jksfx;ksa ij fd, x, vè;;u esa ik;k x;k fd 3 jksfx;ksa us viuh nqÇ'prk esa deh dh lwpuk nh] 4 dks de volkn xzLr ik;k x;k vkSj 5 us de ruko eglwl fd;kA bl vè;;u esa ,d&,d ?kaVs ds 5 l= vk;ksftr fd, x, vkSj isaÇVXl] 3D
fp=ksa vkSj dksykt cukus ds dyk :iksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
vU; vè;;uksa ¼tSls jsxso ,oa dksgsu&;kfRt+o ¼Regev&Cohen&Yatziv½] 2018½ us vk?kkr vkSj volkn ds ekeys esa dyk fpfdRlk dh çHkko'khyrk ikà gSA
bl rjg gekjs 'kkjhfjd LokLF; vkSj euksoSKkfud dq'ky {kse esa lqèkkj ds fy, dyk fpfdRlk dk fofHkUu rjhdksa ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fpfdRlk fLFkfr;ksa vkSj lkaosfxd dfBukb;ksa ,oa euksoSKkfud ladV ds ekeys esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
• ;g visf{kr ugÈ gS fd DykbaV dks dyk ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k Kku vkSj çf'k{k.k çkIr gksA
• DykbaV dks viuh dyk ds çn'kZu esa dykRed gksus dh t:jr ugÈ gSA
• fpfdRld dyk fpfdRlk esa çf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg,A
• dyk fpfdRlk dsoy fp=ksa rd gh lhfer ugÈ gS cfYd blesa MwMÇyx]
isaÇVx] e`fÙkdyk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA O;fä viuh ilan vkSj fpfdRlh; y{;ksa ds vuqlkj budk p;u djrk gSA
• dyk fpfdRlk dksà dyk dh d{kk ugÈ gSA dyk d{kk,a vkidks fo'ks"k dyk dh rduhd fl[kkus ij dsafær gS tSls fp=dyk lh[kuk( vkSj ifj"—r mRikn rS;kj djukA vkarfjd nqfu;k dh Lora= vfHkO;fä dyk fpfdRlk dk y{; gSA
214
dyk fpfdRlk ds fy, t:jh lkefxz;ksa esa vkVZ isij ;k Mªkbax 'khV] lknk dkxt@'khV~l] isafly] isu] jaxhu isafly] Øs;‚Ul] Ldsp isu] isaV c‚Dl] isaV cz'k]
o‚Vj dyj] dyj iSysV] Dys] Dys ekmYM] ikuh vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
mijksä lkefxz;ksa dk mi;ksx djds dyk fpfdRlk dh dqN rduhdksa esa MwMÇyx
;k fLØÇCyx] dksykt] eqä fp=dyk] jax Hkjuk] maxyh ls fp=dkjh] LdÇYIVx vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
Lo;a dk vUos"k.k] viuh vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dks O;ä djuk vkSj nqfu;k ls Lo;a ds lacaèkksa dk vUos"k.k djuk bu rduhdksa ds fpfdRlh; y{; gSaA
dqN fof'k"V rduhdksa ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa]
?kj&isM+&O;fä % DykbaV ls bu rhuksa dk fp= cukuk visf{kr gksrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd DykbaV fp= esa O;fä dh vk—fr dks vU; nks vk—fr;ksa ls fdl rjg tksM+rk gSA
Lo;a dks tkuoj ds :i esa fpf=r djuk DykbaV dks Lo;a dks fdlh Hkh rjg ds tkuoj ;k dksà Hkh pht ftlls os Lo;a dks lacafèkr ekurs gksa] ds :i esa fpf=r ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA
rhu bPNk,a % DykbaV dks mudh rhu bPNkvksa dks fpf=r djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA ;g n'kkZrh gSa fd mudk ifjiDork Lrj D;k gS vkSj os bu bPNkvksa dks dSls çkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA
fp= iwjk djuk % DykbaV dks vèkwjh Mªkbax 'khV nh tkrh gS ftlesa dqN js[kk,a ;k lkèkkj.k vk—fr;ka gksrh gSaA mUgsa bUgsa iwjk djus vkSj O;kid fp= cukus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA
draw your inner child)
1½ xgjh lkal ysa vkSj iwjh rjg ls vkjke djsaA D;k vkids ikl dkxt vkSj Øs;‚u miyCèk gSaA
2½ vc viuh vka[ksa can djsa vkSj cPps dh dYiuk djsaA cPps dh 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa tSls vka[kksa vkSj ckyksa dk jax] Åapkà ;k psgjs ds Hkko ij è;ku nsaA cPpk dSls [kM+k gS\ blds ckn dYiuk djsa fd vki iwjs fny ls cPps dks oSls gh Lohdkj dj jgs gSa tSlk og gSA cPpk pkgs Øksfèkr fn[k jgk gks] mldk fny VwVk gqvk gks ;k og Hk;Hkhr gksA vc vius vanj ds cPps dks vius lkeus iM+s dkxt ij fpf=r djsaA
vkarfjd cPps ds çlUurk] Øksèk] mnklh vkSj Hk; tSls fofHkUu laosxksa dks n'kkZus okys fofHkUu fp= fpf=r fd, tk,axsA ;s vkarfjd cPps vkidk è;ku pkgrs gSa vkSj çR;sd ds lkFk n;kyq O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mUgsa Lo;a dks O;ä djus dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,] Hkys gh og vifjiDo fn[ksaA
fdM~l Iys ¼ Kid's Play½ ds ys[kd fe'ksy dSlksÅ ¼Michele Cassou½ ls çsfjr &
vkarfjd cPps ds fy, vuqdwfyrA
1½ vius Hkhrjh cPps dk mlh rjg lEeku vkSj ns[kHkky djsa tSls vki okLrfod
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cPps dh djsaxsA bldk ikyu&iks"k.k djsa] n;kyq cusa vkSj fnypLih ysaA
2½ jpukRedrk dks çfØ;k&mUeq[k xfrfofèk ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A Hkhrjh cPps ds lgh fp= çkIr djus dh vis{kk u djsaA
3½ Hkhrjh cPps ds fp= dh vkykspuk ;k ç'kalk ls cpsaA mudk mi;ksx ek=
voyksdu ds fy, djsa
4½ ;FkkFkZoknh fp= dh vis{kk u j[ksa
5½ fp= dks oÆ.kr djus ;k ;g D;k n'kkZrk gS] bl ckjs esa vius Hkhrjh cPps ls ç'u ugÈ iwNsaA lqjf{kr okrkoj.k çnku djds vki fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ds iw.kZ çdVhdj.k dk volj miyCèk djok,axsA
6- viuh ijokg vkSj fnypLih fn[kkus ds fy, çfØ;k dk fujh{k.k djsaA blls Hkhrjh cPpk Loh—r vkSj ljkguk çkIr eglwl djrk gSA
7½ Hkhrjh cPps ds dke ds fy, rqyuk,a ;k çfr;ksfxrk,a ugÈ gksuh pkfg,A
bl xfrfofèk esa fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls dke djuk 'kkfey gS tks vkidks [kq'k djrh gSa vkSj vkids ikl tks dqN miyCèk gS] mlds çfr ljkguk iw.kZ vkSj vkHkkj iw.kZ cukrh gSaA
vkidks ifj;kstukvksa dk laxzg feysxk ftlls vkids ikl tks dqN gS mlds ckjs esa çlUu jgus vkSj blds fy, vkHkkj O;ä djus esa vkidks lgk;rk feysxhA
1½ —rKrk dh dYiuk&vius thou esa mu phtksa dh igpku djsa ftuds fy, vki vkHkkjh gSaA bu ckrksa dks isaÇVx ;k dksykt ds :i esa –'; :i ls O;ä djsaA
2½ 'kfä dk ikfjokfjd o`{k& mu yksxksa dk ifjokj o`{k cuk,a tks vkidk leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj vkids dfBu le; ds nkSjku vkidks 'kfä çnku djrs gSaA 3½ fdlh vU; O;fä ds fy, dqN cuk,a ;k djsa& ;g vH;kl vkidks miyfCèk dh
Hkkouk nsrk gS vkSj nwljs O;fä dh lgk;rk djds vkidks vPNk yxrk gSA 'kSyh DySej ¼Shelly Klammer½ }kjk%
www.intuitivecreativity.typepad.com/expressiveartinspirations/10 0-art-therapy-exercises.html
1½ dyk fpfdRlk D;k gS\
2½ dyk fpfdRlk ds pj.kksa dk mYys[k djsaA 3½ dyk fpfdRlk ds fy, t:jh lkefxz;ka D;k gSa\
[ksy cPpksa dh LokHkkfod vfHkO;fä gSA bls cPpksa dh Hkk"kk dgk tk ldrk gS ftlds ekè;e ls os Lo;a dks vfHkO;ä djrs gSaA [ksy lkefxz;ka os 'kCn ;k midj.k gSa tks vfHkO;fä vkSj laçs"k.k dks lqxe cukrs gSaA NksVs cPps vlajfpr vkSj lgt [ksy esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks muds cpiu esa ços'k djus ij fu;eksa lfgr lajfpr [ksy esa cny tkrk gS vkSj fQj tSls&tSls os vkxs c<+rs gSa] [ksy esa vfèkd vewrZ
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lksp Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gSA [ksy dh lkekU; vodk'k≤ xfrfofèk dk mi;ksx fpfdRlh; gLr{ksi ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa ds ekeys esaA gkykafd o;Ldksa ds ekeys esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg tc ekufld LokLF; lacaèkh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus esa cPps dh lgk;rk ds fy, fpfdRldh; midj.k ds :i esa [ksy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks bls [ksy fpfdRlk dgk tkrk gSA
ØhM+k fpfdRlk la?k ¼1977½ [ksy fpfdRlk dks ikjLifjd çfØ;k LFkkfir djus ds fy, lS)kafrd e‚My ds O;ofLFkr mi;ksx ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ftlesa Þçf'kf{kr ØhM+k fpfdRld loksZR—"V o`f) vkSj fodkl çkIr djus ds fy, xzkgdksa dh eukslkekftd dfBukb;ksa dks jksdus ;k gy djus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, [ksy dh fpfdRlh; 'kfä;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaßA
ØhM+k fpfdRlk dh mRifÙk euksfpfdRlkRed mikxeksa ds vxznwrksa ds dk;ks± ls gqà gSA
Ýk;M ds fy, [ksy eqä lkgp;Z dk rjhdk Fkk tcfd vUuk Ýk;M ¼Anna Freud½ vkSj esykuh Dysu ¼Melanie Klein½ }kjk cPpksa ds lkFk dke djrs le; [ksy vkSj fpfdRlk dks tksM+dj bls euksfo'ys"k.kkRed rduhd ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA gÆe;ksu gx&gsyeqFk ¼Hermione Hug&Hellmuth½ dks ,slk igyk O;fä ekuk tkrk gS ftlus 1921 esa fpfdRlk ds :i esa [ksy dk mi;ksx fd;kA Hkkjr esa gekjs ikl *fxYyh MaMk*] *daps*] *pksj&iqfyl*] *cQZ&ikuh*] g‚Ild‚p vkfn tSls cgqr lkjs ikjaifjd [ksy gSa ftUgsa cPps [ksyrs gSa vkSj ftuds cPpksa ds lkekU; fodkl ds fy, fufgrkFkZ gSaA [ksy vkSj cPps vfoHkkT; :i ls lac) gSaA blfy, f'k{kk ds çkjafHkd o"kks± esa [ksy ds ek/;e lslh[kus dhi)fr ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
• euksfo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj euksxfrd fpfdRlk,a% ØhM+k fpfdRlk ds rhu eq[;
mikxe Dysfu;u] Ýk;fM;u vkSj v‚CtsD'ku gSa vkSj ;s lHkh ,d&nwljs ls vyx gSaA
• ;qafx;u ØhM+k fpfdRlk& ;g mikxe yksxksa ds vk| :i vkSj ;g le; ds lkFk dSls fodflr gksrk gS] ij dsafær gSA ;g mikxe bu Lo&mipkj vk| :iksa ls ykHk mBkus ij dsafær gS vkSj cPps ds lkFk [ksyus ds nkSjku mUgsa mipkj çfØ;k esa 'kkfey djuk pkgrk gSA mudh vpsru Hkkoukvksa dks çnÆ'kr djus ds fy, cPpk [ksy {ks= dks *lqjf{kr LFky* ekurk gSA fpfdRlk ds bl mikxe dks ,yu ,oa ysfou ¼Allan & Levin½ ¼1993½ Þ[ksyuk] cukuk] djuk] dYiuk,a vfHkuhr djukÞ dgrs gSaA
• vuqHkokRed ØhM+k fpfdRlk - çR;sd O;fä vius vuqHko ls lh[krk gS vkSj bl fopkj dh ladYiuk dSjy ¼Carol½ vkSj u‚VZu ¼Norton½ ¼1997½ us dh FkhA mUgksaus vuqHko lacaèkh ukVd fpfdRlk dh ladYiuk dks ;g dgrs gq, fl)karc) fd;k fd cPps nqfu;k esa tks vuqHko djrs gSa mlls lh[krs gSaA os çrhdksa vkSj :idksa ds ekè;e ls vFkZ cukus ds fy, bu vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA fpfdRlk ds nkSjku Hkh cPps vFkZ fudkyus yxrs gSa vkSj vius }a}ksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA
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• ,Mysfj;u ØhM+k fpfdRlk& ;g mikxe Vsjh dksêee ¼Terry Kottmam½ ¼1995½ }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk tks fpfdRlk ds pkj pj.kksa esa foÜokl djrs FksA cPps ds ekxZn'kZu esa cPps vkSj fpfdRld ds chp lacaèk cukuk bldk igyk pj.k Fkk ftlds ckn cPps ds O;ogkj vkSj mldh lksp ds fy, le> fodflr dh tkrh gSA vxys pj.k esa ;g 'kkfey gS fd cPps dks iSVuZ esa n'kkZà tk jgh Hkkouk,a le>kà tk,a vkSj mlds ckn vafre pj.k esa u, O;ogkj vkSj Çpru çfØ;k lh[kus esa cPps dh lgk;rk vkSj ekxZn'kZu djuk 'kkfey gSA
• laKkukRed O;ogkjxr ØhM+k fpfdRlk – ;g mikxe lqlku usy ¼Susan Knell½
¼1993½ }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k ftlesa 2-5 ls 6 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy, laKkukRed vkSj O;ogkjxr fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx 'kkfey FkkA l= ds nkSjku rdZghu fopkjksa ij ç'u mBkus vkSj pqukSrh nsus ds fy, dyk ds fofHkUu :iksa tSls Hkwfedk fuokZg] e‚MÇyx] f[kykSuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 'ksYch
¼Shelby½ ¼2000½ }kjk vk?kkr vkSj volkn ds ekeys esa [ksy fpfdRlk ds mi;ksx esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;k x;k FkkA
• ikfjokfjd ØhM+k fpfdRlk& bl mikxe esa ikfjokfjd fpfdRlk vkSj ØhM+k fpfdRlk dk la;kstu 'kkfey FkkA fpfdRlk l= ds nkSjku ns[kHkky djus okys dk mi;ksx igyh ckj lsQj ¼Safer½ ¼1995½ }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ikfjokfjd ØhM+kfpfdRlk dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, fofHkUu vyx&vyx mikxe ckn esa bjfou ¼Irwin½ vkSj ekSyh ¼Molly½ ¼1975½ }kjk fodflr fd, x,A blds ckn fxzQ ¼Griff½ ¼1983½ vkSj gky gh esa LVho gkosZ ¼Steve Harvey½ ¼1993] 2006½ }kjk bUgsa vkxs c<+k;k x;kA
ØhM+k
,fjdlu ¼Erikson½ ¼1963½ us [ksy dks cpiu esa lcls çk—frd mipkj çfØ;k ds :i esa oÆ.kr fd;k gSA [ksy ds fodklkRed fufgrkFkZ gSa vkSj ;g cPps ds lok±xh.k fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g cPps ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl] ladYiukRed&eksVj fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk laKkukRed] lkaosfxd vkSj lkekftd fodkl esa lgk;rk djrk gSA [ksy u, raf=dk dusD'kuksa vkSj efLr"d iFkksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA [ksy ds ykHkksa dks fuEukuqlkj oÆ.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• ;g lkaosfxd vfHkO;fä esa lgk;rk djrk gS
• blls fojspu fey ikrk gS ftlls ncs gq, laosx eqä gks ikrs gSa
• vkRe tkx:drk fodflr djrk gS
• viuh dYiukvksa vkSj Hk;ksa esa thus esa lgk;rk djrk gS
• lacaèk cukus vkSj }a}ksa dks gy djus dk rjhdk lh[kus esa l{ke cukrk gS
• jpukRed dk;ks± esa layXu djrk gS
bl çdkj [ksy vkRe ds lHkh vk;keksa dk lekèkku djrk gSA 'ksQj ¼Schaefer½
¼2011½ us [ksy ds 20 ykHkksa dh igpku dh gS tks xzkgdksa esa ldkjkRed cnyko ykus] vlgk;d fopkjksa dks la'kksfèkr djus vkSj O;ogkj ifjorZu dks lq–<+ djus esa eè;LFk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bUgsa pkj O;kid Jsf.k;ksa tSls ¼d½ laçs"k.k lqxe cukuk] ¼[k½ lkaosfxd dY;k.k çksRlfgr djuk] ¼x½ lkekftd lacaèkksa dks laoÆèkr djuk] vkSj ¼?k½ O;fäxr rkdrsa c<+kuk] esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA
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1½ vkRe&
vfHkO;fä 2½ vpsru rd
igqap
3½ çR;{k f'k{k.k 4½ vçR;{k f'k{k.k
5½ fojspu 6- Hkkofojspu 7½ ldkjkRed laosx 8½ vk'kadkvksa dk
çfr vuqdwyu 9- ruko Vhdkdj.k 10- ruko çcaèku
11½ fpfdRlh;
lacaèk 12½ lac)rk 13½ vkRe dk cksèk 14½ lekuqHkwfr
15½ jpukRed leL;k lekèkku 16- yphykiu 17½ uSfrd fodkl 18½ Rofjr
euksoSKkfud fodkl 19- Lo&fu;eu 20- LokfHkeku ØhM+k
ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa fofHkUu çdkj dh [ksy lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fpfdRldh; [ksy d{k DykbaV dks lqjf{kr vkSj vkjkenk;d LFkku çnku djrk gS ftlesa os [ksy lkexzh dk vUos"k.k djrs gSa vkSj mldk mi;ksx djrs gSaA bu lkefxz;ksa esa eqyk;e f[kykSus] M‚y gkml] M‚y ds diM+s] Iys Vªd] M‚DVj lsV]
dkj] fdpu f[kykSus] fcÇYMx Cy‚Dl ;k ysxks Cy‚Dl] Iys MQ] NksVh xqfM+;k]
f[kykSuk pkdwq] xu vkfn gks ldrs gSaA
jsr dh Vªs ;k jsr dk fMCck [ksy d{k dk egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA ;g cPps ds Hkhrjh laosxksa ds fy, fudkl ekxZ çnku djrk gSA igyh ckj ekxZjsV yksosuQsYM }kjk mi;ksx dh tkus okyh jsr [ksy fpfdRlk rduhd ç—fr esa vfHkO;atd vkSj vuqHkokRed gSA ;g DykbaV ds vkarfjd }a}ksa vkSj la?k"kks± dks vfHkO;fä çnku djrh gSA
jsr [ksy esa çnku dh tkus okyh [ksy lkexzh esa ekud vkdkj ¼28-5 x 19-5 x 3 bap½ dh jsr Vªs ¼dkYQ] 2003( VuZj] 2005½] f[kykSus] NksVh ewÆr;ka] y?kq oLrq,a] ikuh]
Lçs ikuh dh cksrysa vkSj jsr 'kkfey gSaA ;s Vªs T;knkrj uhys jax dh gksrh gSa tks Vªs ds ry esa ikuh vkSj fdukjksa ij f{kfrt dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSaA
fofoèk lkefxz;ksa dh miyCèkrk etcwr [ksy –'; cukus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA gkses;j vkSj Lohuh ¼Homeyer and Sweeney½ ¼2011½ ds vuqlkj fpfdRld }kjk
;k rks [kqys rkSj ij ;k jsr ds cDls esa oLrqvksa dh fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ka çnku dh tk ldrh gSa%
• jgL;e; & fØLVy c‚Yl] eSftd osaM] èkkÆed vkSj ÃÜojh; fp=
• dkYifud& dkVwZu fp=] cPpksa dh fQYeksa ds ik=] [ktkus ds cDls] MªsxUl]
foÇ'kx osy
• yksx & lSfud] M‚DVj] ifjtu] vyx&vyx tkrh; i`"BHkwfe ds yksx
• tkuoj & dhM+s] taxyh tkuoj] ?kjsyw tkuoj] foyqIr tkuoj] leqæh tkuoj
• ifjogu & cl] oSu] dkj] gokà ifjogu] ty ifjogu
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• Hkou &>ksifM+;ka] cM+s ?kj] NksVs vikVZesaV] ykbVgkÅl] fdys] èkkÆed Lekjd
• rRo & ok;q] vfXu] cQZ] ty pôk vkfnA
• ouLifr & NksVs ikSèks] csysa] isM+] dSDVl] >kfM+;ka
• xsV@lM+d ladsr@ckM+ – ;krk;kr ladsr] jsy VªSd] cSfjdsM~l
• çk—frd oLrq,a & 'ka[k] dadM+] iRFkj
• çk—frd –'; & paæek] rkjs] lw;Z] lqjax] igkM+] iqy
• fofoèk oLrq,a & gfFk;kj] ?kjsyw lkeku] jlksà ds midj.k] fpfdRlk midj.k
• dqN Nk;k,a vkSj e`R;q ds fp= tksM+s tk ldrs gSa
• jsr ds vkStkj & ysiuh] ckYVh
jsr dk [ksy lekIr gksus ds ckn] fpfdRld vkSj DykbaV la;qä :i ls fuÆer dyk ds vFkZ] fofHkUu oLrqvksa dh ilan] 'kkfey :idksa ds vFkZ vkfn ij ppkZ djrs gSaA fpfdRldh; dk;Z dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, fpfdRld Ýk;fM;u <kaps ;k ,Mysfj;u]
tqafx;u ;k vU; mikxeksa dk lgkjk ys ldrk gSA
bl rduhd dk ,d uqdlku ;g gS fd dqN LFkkuksa esa lkaL—frd fuÆefr ds :i esa jsr dks ÞxansÞ ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS ftl dkj.k dqN DykbaV jsr ls [ksyus ds fopkj dks ukilan dj ldrs gSaA
• cPps dks [ksy lkexzh ls laidZ cukus dh Lora=rk nsa
• funsZ'k ;k vuqns'k u Fkksisa
• 'kq#vkr esa cPpk tSlk pkgrk gS mls [ksyus nsa( ckn esa fof'k"V [ksy lkexzh ls voxr djok,a ijarq cPps dks lkexzh dk mi;ksx Lo;a djus nsa
• cPps dks [ksy fLFkfr;ksa dk fooj.k çnku djus ds fy, dgk tk ldrk gS
• çksRlkgu nsa vkSj ç'kalk djsa
• cPps ds lkFk phtksa dk vUos"k.k djsa ijarq ekrk&firk ls iqf"V Hkh djsa ØhMk fpfdRlk esa lhek fuèkkZj.k ;k gnsa r; djuk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA vR;fèkd lhekvksa ls cPps dh dYiuk vkSj Qyuk&Qwyuk ckfèkr ;k vo:) gks ldrk gS( tcfd vR;fèkd f'kfFkyrk cPps esa vfu;af=r O;ogkj dks çksRlkfgr dj ldrh gSA fpfdRlh; lsÇVx esa ftl mís'; ds fy, cPps ij lhek,a yxkà tk jgh gSa] og fpfdRld ds fnekx esa Li"V gksuk pkfg,A lhekvksa ds dqN dk;ks± esa vkerkSj ij fpfdRldh; js[kkvksa dks fpfàr djuk] DykbaV vkSj fpfdRld nksuksa ds fy, 'kkjhfjd&lkaosfxd lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk ds ekeys esa foÜoluh; okrkoj.k cukuk]
fpfdRlk d{k vkSj bldh lkexzh dh j{kk djuk vkSj dkuwuh] uSfrd vkSj is'ksoj ekudksa dk ikyu djuk 'kkfey gSA fpfdRldh; lhekvksa dk lhekadu dqN euksoSKkfud dk;ks± dks Hkh iwjk djrk gS vkSj l= dks okLrfodrk dk iqV nsus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] cPps ds fy, fojspu vuqHko dks c<+kok nsrk gS] cPps dh vksj ls fofu;eu vkSj ftEesnkjh ds fy, vfèkd LFkku nsrk gS] vkSj fpfdRld esa ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
220
Lora=rk vkSj mldh lhekvksa ds chp çHkkoh larqyu ds vykok] dqN vU; dkjd tks çHkkoh ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa] muesa bldh yackÃ]
ckjackjrk vkSj l=ksa dh la[;k 'kkfey gSA ØhM+k
cPps M‚DVj lsV Iys] csch M‚y Iys] V‚; VsyhQksu Iys] V‚; daLVªD'ku lsV vkfn[ksy ldrs gSaA os Cy‚Dl] iq'k ckYl vkSj dà vU; f[kykSuk lkefxz;ksa dk mi;ksx djds [ksy ldrs gSaA muds fopkjksa] laosxksa] nqÇ'prkvksa] Çprkvksa vkSj Hk; dks O;ä djus esa cPps dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, fofHkUu dBiqrfy;ksa ;k y?kq tkuojksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA os vius Hk; vkfn dks ckgjh pfj= tSls dqÙks dh dBiqryh ij Mkydj os ckgjhdj.k [ksy ¼externalization play½ esa Hkh layXu gks ldrs gSaA
'kksèkdrkZvksa us fofHkUu ØhM+k fpfdRlk rduhdksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS ¼tSls g‚y]
dMqlu ,oa 'ksQj ¼Hall] Kaduson& Schaefer½] 2002½A
• ccy czhn rduhd foJkafr esa lgk;rk djrh gS vkSj cPps esa Øksèk vkSj ruko dks de djrh gSA
• chV n Dy‚d rduhd cPps dks NksVs dk;ks± dks le; ij iwjk djus vkSj iqjL—
r gksus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA blls dqN gkfly djus dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA
• cSywUl v‚Q ,axj dks Bhd ls fu;af=r u dj ikus ij Øksèk vkSj mlds çHkko dh dYiuk djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;g mu cPpksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks vkØked ;k fofuoÆrr gSaA
• xkjcst cSx rduhd esa cPps dks dqN Hkh Çprk esa Mkyus okyk ;k nqÇ'prk @ Hk; @ mnkl eglwl djkus okyk lkeku fdlh cSx ;k daVsuj esa j[kuk 'kkfey gSA bldk mi;ksx Çprk ds fMCcs ;k mnklh ds fMCcs ;k Øksèk ds fMCcs ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls cPps dks nwj jgdj elys@leL;k dks vyx djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS vkSj fpfdRld fQj cPps ds lkFk bu ij ppkZ djrk gSA
• dNqvk rduhd cPps dks vius xqLls dks fu;af=r djus ;k fdlh Hkh rh{.k laosx ds ekeys esa Lo;a ij fu;a=.k gkfly djus ds fy, FkksM+h nsj #dus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA dNqvk dBiqryh cPps ds #dus] Hkhrj ços'k djus vkSj foJkar gksus ds fy, xgjh lkal ysus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
• ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa Hkwfedk fuokZg rduhdksa dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tgka cPpk lqij ghjks vk;ju eSu ;k LikbMj eSu vkfn ds ekLd ;k iks'kkd igurk gS vkSj phtksa ls [ksyrk gSA
• cPps dh nqÇ'prkvksa] Hk; vkSj dYiukvksa dks Li"V djus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, [ksy fpfdRlk esa :idksa] çrhdksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vU;Fkk cPps cksf>y eglwl dj ldrs gSa vkSj muesa 'keZ] vijkèk vkSj Hk; iSnk gks ldrs gSaA dBiqryh vkSj f[kykSuksa ds ik=ksa dk mi;ksx djds ,slh dgkfu;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuls cPpksa dks viuh Çprk,a nwljksa ls lk>k djus] lqlaxrrk cukus ds fy, vyx&vyx vuqHkoksa dks vkRelkr djus vkSj Hkhrjh nqfu;k esa leL;kvksa dk lekèkku [kkstus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
tc cPps dgkuh&ik=ksa ds lkFk rknkRE; LFkkfir djrs gSa rks mUgsa ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls viuh bPNkvksa] pkgksa] vk'kkvksa vkSj fujk'kkvksa dks O;ä djuk vklku yxrk gSA blls mUgsa viuh Çprkvksa vkSj }a}ksa dks iwjh rjg ls vuqHko djus vkSj le>us ds
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fy, vko';d nwjh feyrh gSA vfHk?kkrt] nch gqà ;knksa dks vpsru ls mtkxj fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj varÆufgr fopkjksa dk lek;kstu djus] vk?kkr dks fQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djus] nnZ çcaèku vkSj var esa vk?kkr esa vFkZ [kkstus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, fpfdRld dgkfu;ksa dks nksckjk x<rk gSA ;g iwjh çfØ;k var–Zf"V dh 'kq:vkr djrh gS] csgrj vkRe&tkx:drk çnku djrh gS vkSj DykbaV dks cnyrh gSA dgkfu;ksa dks fQj ls x<+us ls DykbaV dks l'kä cukus vkSj muesa yphykiu ykus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
[ksy dYiuk dks lac) djrk gS vkSj Hkhrjh :i ls larks"ktud gS ¼fuy] 1994½A ijaijkxr :i ls [ksy fpfdRlk esa laxhr] ukVd] u`R; tSlh fofHkUu fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gS ¼bu rduhdksa ds ckjs esa vki vxyh bdkà esa tkusaxs½A buds lkFk&lkFk Mk;jh fy[kuk] dfork] è;ku vkfn dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA [ksy esa bu lHkh vfHkO;atd dykvksa ds mi;ksx esa ewy fopkj ;g gS fd Hkhrjh nqfu;k dh lw{erkvksa ls tqM+k tk, vkSj mUgsa ys[ku] 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk;ksa]
dBiqryh] dyk vkSj f'kYi vkfn ds ekè;e ls vfHkO;fä fd;k tk,A blls cPps dks 'kkar djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] nqÇ'prk de gksrh gS] vkRe&tkx:drk çkIr gksrh gS] vkRefoÜokl c<+rk gS vkSj vkRe&lEeku] lkekftd lacaèkksa vkSj mi;qä lkekftd&lkaosfxd dkS'kyksa esa lqèkkj gksrk gSA
1½ ;qafx;u [ksy fpfdRlk D;k gS\
2½ [ksyus ds fpfdRldh; ykHk D;k gSa\
3½ ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa dNqvk rduhd D;k gS\
jpukRed mipkj ds fofHkUu :i gSaA ;s lHkh mipkj fpfdRldh; çfØ;k esa vkus okyh ,slh fofHkUu ckèkkvksa dh çfrfØ;k ds :i esa fodflr gq, gSa ftuesa fpfdRld dks bu ckèkkvksa dks ikj djus ds fy, vyx] vf}rh; vkSj jpukRed rjhdksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA ;s mipkj u dsoy fpfdRlk esa ,sls dfBu Çcnqvksa dks ikj djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa cfYd bu mipkjksa dks euksoSKkfud fodkjksa vkSj 'kkjhfjd chekfj;ksa esa lek;kstu vkSj LokLF; ykHk çfØ;kvksa esa Hkh çHkkoh ik;k x;k gSA bu lHkh mipkjksa esa] laxhr fpfdRlk lcls iqjkuh gS D;ksafd ;g lHkh ds fy, lcls vklkuh ls lqyHk gS vkSj ;g çR;sd laL—fr ds fy, lcls vuks[kh gSA 'kksèk lkfgR; esa Hkh bldk O;kid vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA laxhr dh lq[knk;d] nqÇ'prk esa deh ykus] nnZ esa deh ykus] fu;a=.k gkfly djus] raf=dk xfrfofèk dks 'kkar djus vkSj lexz HkkoukRed larqyu dh {kerk ds lk{; miyCèk gSaA
dyk fpfdRlk vkSj ØhMk fpfdRlk mu DykbaV ds lkFk dke djus esa vR;fèkd çHkkoh gSa ftUgsa O;ä djus esa dfBukà gksrh gS vkSj os viuh nqÇ'prkvksa vkSj Hk;
dks O;ä ugÈ dj ikrs gSaA ;s mipkj dSalj] dksjksujh ân; jksx] czsu LVªksd vkfn ls ihfM+r jksfx;ksa ds fy, çHkkoh ik, x, gSaA ;s mipkj nq[k dks O;ä djus] ekSf[kd laçs"k.k] vpsru }a}ksa dks vfHkO;ä djus vkSj jksfx;ksa esa Çprk dks de djus ds rjhds çnku djrs gSaA
bl rjg ØhM+k fpfdRlk] laxhr] dyk vkSj vU; jpukRed vfHkO;fä;ksa }kjk LokLF; ij egRoiw.kZ ldkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA
222
ek= laxhr ctkus vkSj lquus ls vyx gSA ;g DykbaV vkSj fpfdRld ds chp laçs"k.k ds lkèku ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS vkSj jksxh ds fopkjksa vkSj laosxksa dh vfHkO;fä ds fy, fudkl ekxZ çnku djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
DykbaV ds dYiuk'khy dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djrh gS ftlds ekè;e ls fpfdRld DykbaV ds vçdV] fNik, x, ;k lPps laosxksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksrk gSA ekSf[kd vfHkO;fä ds lkFk jpukRed vfHkO;fä dk la;kstu LokLF; ykHk çfØ;k dks lqxe cukrk gSA
ls rkRi;Z gS fd ekufld LokLF; ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa ls fuiVus esa cPps dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, fpfdRlh; midj.k ds :i esa [ksy dk mi;ksx djukA
1½ laxhr fpfdRlk ;ksX; laxhr fpfdRldksa }kjk dh tkrh gS] tcfd laxhr dk;ZfpfdRlk l= LokLF; is'ksojksa }kjk vk;ksftr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
2½ O;ogkjxr laxhr fpfdRlk jksxh dh vko';drk ds vkèkkj ij laxhr fpfdRlk dks iqucZyu dh ,d fofèk ds :i esa mi;ksx djrh gSA laxhr ,d Vksdu ç.kkyh dh rjg gksrk gS ftls jksxh dks iqjL—r djus ds fy, fn;k tk ldrk gS ;k ltk ds :i esa okil fy;k tk ldrk gSA
3½ xyr
1½ dyk fpfdRlk esa fpfdRld }kjk mu yksxksa ds fy, dyk dk fpfdRldh;
mi;ksx 'kkfey gS ¼i½ tks ekufld LokLF; lacaèkh leL;kvksa] thou ;kiu dh pqukSfr;ksa ls ihfM+r gSa vkSj ¼ii½ tks O;fäxr fodkl vkSj o`f) ds bPNqd gSaA 2½ dyk fpfdRlk ds pj.kksa esa rkyesy LFkkfir djuk] DykbaV dh leL;k dk
vkdyu djuk] dyk fpfdRlk rduhd dk mi;ksx djuk] dyk ds ifj.kkeksa ij DykbaV ls ppkZ djuk vkSj fQj lekiu djuk 'kkfey gSA
3½ dyk fpfdRlk ds fy, vko';d lkexzh esa vkVZ isij ;k Mªkbax 'khV] lknk dkxt@pknjsa] isafly] isu] jaxhu isafly] Øs;‚Ul] Ldsp isu] isaV c‚Dl] isaV cz'k] o‚Vj dyj] dyj iSysV] Dys] Dys eksYM] ikuh vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
1½ ;qafx;u [ksy fpfdRlk yksxksa ds vk| :i vkSj ;g le; ds lkFk dSls fodflr gksrk gS] ij dsafær gSA ;g cPps ds lkFk [ksyus ds nkSjku mipkj çfØ;k esa mudk mi;ksx djrk gSA
2½ [ksy ds fpfdRlh; ykHkksa dks pkj O;kid Jsf.k;ksa ds varxZr oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls ¼a½ laçs"k.k lqxe cukuk] ¼b½ lkaosfxd dY;k.k çksRlfgr djuk]
¼c½ lkekftd lacaèkksa dks laoÆèkr djuk] vkSj ¼d½ O;fäxr rkdrsa c<+kuk]A
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3½ dNqvk rduhd cPps dks vius xqLls dks fu;af=r djus ;k fdlh Hkh rh{.k laosx ds ekeys esa Lo;a ij fu;a=.k gkfly djus ds fy, FkksM+h nsj #dus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA dNqvk dBiqryh cPps ds #dus] Hkhrj ços'k djus vkSj foJkar gksus ds fy, xgjh lkal ysus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
1½ laxhr fpfdRlk ds fofHkUu mikxeksa dh ppkZ djsa vkSj le>k,a fd laxhr fpfdRlk fdl çdkj O;ogkj çcaèku esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
2½ ,sls 'kksèk vè;;uksa ij ppkZ djsa tks laxhr fpfdRlk ds ykHkksa dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA
3½ dyk fpfdRlk jksfx;ksa ds fy, laçs"k.k dk ,d :i cu tkrh gSA ppkZ djsaA 4½ ØhM+k fpfdRlk dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa vkSj [ksy fpfdRlk ds rjhdksa dh O;k[;k
djsaA
5½ ØhM+k fpfdRlk esa ç;qä lkexzh D;k gSa\ [ksy fpfdRlk dh dqN rduhdksa dh ppkZ djsaA
1½ ;fn vkidks vHkh dqN laxhr lquus dk volj fn;k tk, rks vki dkSu lh jpuk pqusaxs\ bls yxHkx 10 feuV rd fdlh Hkh fMokbl ¼Qksu] daI;wVj vkfn½ ij xkus ;k ctkus dh dksf'k'k djsaA vki vius ewM esa D;k cnyko ns[krs gSa\ foLrkj ls crk,aA
2½ D;k vkius dHkh dyk ds ekè;e ls Lo;a dks vfHkO;ä djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS\ vius vuqHko ij ppkZ djsaA
3½ dkxt dh ,d 'khV ysa vkSj ml ij ,d cÙk[k cuk,aA dYiuk djsa fd cr[k D;k dj jgh gS] og dSlk eglwl dj jgh gSA vkxs dYiuk dhft, fd lHkh cr[k fdlls f?kjh gks ldrh gSaA cÙk[k dks vius Hkfo"; ds fy, D;k vk'kk,a vkSj Hk; gSa\ fp= iwjk djus ds ckn] viuh Hkkoukvksa dh fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA D;k fp= iwjk djus ij vkius viuh Hkkoukvksa dh fLFkfr esa dksà cnyko ns[kk gS\ foLrkj ls crk,aA
4½ fdlh fo'ks"k vko';drk okys cPps ;k fd'kksj ls dgsa fd og vkidks dyk ds fdlh Hkh :i] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fp=dyk] isaÇVx vkfn ds ekè;e ls vius thou dh dgkuh dks ;FkklaHko foLrkj ls crk, vkSj mlds vkarfjd ekufld thou dks le>us ds fy, ml uSjsfVo dk fujh{k.k djsaA
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