Anthrop. Anz. Jg. 46 3 2 3 5 -2 4 4 Stuttgart, September 1988
Anthropometry and Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India, and Institute for Human Biology, University o f Hamburg, Hamburg, W. Germany
Quantitative palmar dermatoglyphics and the assessment of population affinities:
Data from marine fishermen of Puri, India
B.M. Reddy, V.P. Chopra, B. Karmakar and K.C. Malhotra
With 2 figures and 7 tables in the text
Summary: Variation in quantitative dermatoglyphics among three endogamous groups of marine fishermen o f Puri Coast, India, is greater for the palmar variables than for the fingers.
This is the case in both the sexes. The pattern o f population affinities, however, differs for the males and females. In order to evaluate the importance o f palmar variables in population studies, the results in males are compared with those o f finger variables and anthropometries. There is no significant heterogeneity between the groups for finger variables. Although significant inter
group variability is observed in the palmar and anthropometric traits, the two sets o f results are not in the same direction. Palmar dermatoglyphic relationships reflect the caste affiliations, while the anthropometric are in line with geographic proximity.
Zusammenfassung: An drei endogamen Fischerbevolkerungen von der Puri Coast (Indien) wur- de die Variabilitat von quantitativen Hautleistenmerkmalen untersucht. In beiden Geschlech- tern ist diese bei der palmaren Variablen groRer als bei denen der Finger. Dagegen zeigen Man
ner und Frauen unterschiedliche Ahnlichkeitsbeziehungen zwischen diesen Bevolkerungen. Um die Bedeutung der palmaren Variablen fur Populationsstudien zuerfassen, wurden fur die Man
ner die entsprechenden Ergebnisse m it denen fur anthropometrische Variable und Hautleisten- merkmalen der Finger verglichen. Obwohl sowohl fur die palmaren und anthropometrischen Merkmale signifikante Intergruppenvariabilitat vorliegt, liegt diese nicht in der gleichen Rich- tung. Erstere reflektieren Kascenunterschiede, letztere gehen mit der geographischen Entfer- nung zwischen den Gruppen einher.
Introduction
In an earlier paper (R eddy e t al. 1986) we have exam ined biological affinities between th e th re e endogam ous groups o f fisherm en o f Puri coast, India, using a set
°f an th ro p o m etric an d derm atoglyphic variables each. The results based on th e an
thropom etric m easurem ents suggested closer sim ilarity betw een sym patric popula
tions rath er th a n ethnically sim ilar ones. The derm atoglyphic traits, however, did not provide a clear p icture regarding eth n ic o r geographic affiliations. D isagreem ent in the pattern o f p o p u la tio n affinities, based on anthropom etries and derm atoglyphics, has been observed in m any earlier studies (Chai 1972; Neel e t al. 1974; Friedlaender 1975; R udan 1 978; Ja n tz & C hopra 1983). This is generally in te rp re ted as a result of the d iffe re n t roles o f evolutionary a n d /o r environm ental facto rs causing variation
in th e tw o sets o f variables. But, even w ithin derm atoglyphics, d iffe re n t m ethodo
logies may lead to different results (Jan tz & C hopra 1 983); it depends on whether th e variables are qualitative or quantitative and w h eth er fingers only o r fingers and palms are b o th considered. Our earlier stu d y using q u an tita tiv e finger and some se
lected palm ar variables show ed greater intergroup hetero g en eity o f palm ar variables th a n the fingers, as also observed earlier (Jan tz & C hopra 1983). F u rth e r, palmar variables are found to have rather low correlations w ith those o f fingers (Knuss- m ann 1967; Loesch 1971, 1986; F roehlich 1976; C hopra 1979, 1 982; Skrinjaric 1981; M alhotra et al. 1981) and, therefore, m ay provide add itio n al information.
Since only a lim ited num ber o f palm ar variables like n u m b er o f trirad ii in palm, main line index, and a-b ridge co u n t were used in ou r previous stu d y , it was of in
terest to exam ine interp o p u latio n variation, as show n b y a large n u m b er o f quanti
tative palm ar variables only. M alhotra e t al. (1982) suggested q u an tify in g th e palmar patterns, by analogy w ith fingers, by counting th e ridges. Follow ing th e ir m ethodo
logy, we have increased o u r set o f quantitative palm ar variables to stu d y th e inter
group variation in th e Puri population.
Materials and methods
During 1977 and 1978 rolled finger and dab palm p rin ts fro m 676 individuals (394 males and 282 females), aged betw een 8 and 75 years, w ere collected by ink and roller m ethod (Cummins & Midlo 1943). However, palm p rin ts o f o nly 560 in
dividuals (292 males and 268 fem ales) could be used in this stu d y . Sex and popula
tion-wise sample sizes can be seen from Tables 2 and 3. While interd ig ital ridge counts, m axim um atd-angle, palm ar triradii and main line index w ere scored follow
ing Cum mins & Midlo (1943) and H olt (1968), th e ridge co u n t o f palm ar patterns were determ ined following M alhotra e t al. (1982).
Both univariate and m ultivariate analyses were em ployed to decipher th e pattern of overall group heterogeneity. In addition to this, th e im p o rtan ce o f each variable in discrim inating th e groups has also been exam ined. The c o m p u tatio n s were done with the help o f SAS packages (SAS, 1982).
In a recent paper, Kamali e t al. (1986), while applying m ultivariate statistical tests to ridge counts of palm ar p attern s in d ifferen t in terdigital areas, excluded zero values to avoid bim odality caused by these cases. However, in ou r sam ple the fre
quency o f zero values is high (range from 52 to 82 %, 96 to 100 %, 81 to 98 %, 24 to 74 %, and 26 to 64 %, in h y pothenar, T h/I, II, III, and IV in terdigital areas, re
spectively) making them unsuitable for q u antitative tre a tm e n t, a t least in our po
pulations. Therefore, only distal palm ar p attern ridge counts (DPPRC) and total palm ar p attern ridge counts (TPPRC) were used, w hich were derived b y pooling ridge counts o f patterns in distal palm ar areas, and all palm ar areas, respectively.
Population backgrounds
Marine fisherm en of Puri are migrants. T hey c o n stitu te th ree endogamous groups, nam ely Vadabalija o f P enticotta (VP), Vadabalija o f Vadapeta (VV), and Jalari (JL). While th e VP m igrated some 30 years ago, fro m 48 villages in East Go
davari, West Godavari, and V isakapatnam districts o f coastal A ndhra Pradesh the VV and JL did so a century ago, from 42 to 17 villages, respectively, in Srikakulam d istrict o f A ndhra Pradesh and th e contiguous d istrict o f G anjam in Orissa. The last
two populations th u s overlap geographically even in their ancestral places. The po
pulation sizes o f th e th ree groups a t Puri are ab o u t 8000, 4000, and 800, respective
ly. Although th e VP an d VV belong to th e same caste, Vadabalija, they are repro- ductively isolated b o th a t Puri and in th eir places o f origin. The exchange o f m ates between th e m is only a b o u t 1 %, an d th a t o f th e JL w ith th e tw o Vadabalija groups is non-existent. G ene flow from any o th e r p o p u latio n could n o t be recognized. The scheme o f in terrelatio n sh ip s betw een th e th ree fishing groups, based on ethnohisto- rical and dem ographic in fo rm atio n , is sum m arized in Table 1. More detailed inform a
tion about these groups is given in R eddy (1 9 8 4 ); see also Schom bucher (1986).
Table 1. Scheme o f interrelationships o f the fishing groups.
VP and VV VP and J VV and J
Ethnically similar * - -
Intermarry - - -
Sympatric - - *
Similar in occupational pattern — - •
Similar migrational backgrounds - - •
Similar demographic pattern — — *
Results and discussion
Descriptive statistics to g e th er w ith univariate F-ratios for each o f th e studied variables are p resented in Tables 2 an d 3. The analysis of variance results shows significant p o p u la tio n hetero g en eity (p < 0 .0 5 ) in m ost o f th e variables. But there is also a sex difference. F o r exam ple, while fem ales do n o t show heterogeneity in TPPRC(L), n um ber o f triaridii, and m ain line index, males show such a pattern.
Further, th e m agnitude o f intergroup heterogeneity is in general larger in males than in females in m ost o f these characters.
A lthough to a lesser degree, com pared to fingers, palm ar variables are also in
tercorrelated (K nussm ann 1967; Loesch 1971, 1974, 1983; M alhotra et al. 1981, 1982). Our analysis based on S pearm an’s ran k correlation, com puted for males and females separately, suggests a sim ilar tren d . F or th e sake o f brevity, th e intercorrela
tion results are n o t p resen ted in this paper. In view o f these intercorrelations, m ul
tiple discrim inant analysis was th o u g h t ap propriate to give an overall picture of palmar derm atoglyphic affinities am ong these fisherm en populations. This m ethod transforms original variables in to a set o f m ultivariate vectors w hich are a linear combination o f in d e p en d e n t variables. In this process o f transform ation, in tercor
relation o f variables is ta k e n in to account, and th e ratio o f am ong group variance to total variance is m axim ized (T atsuoka 1971). It should be, however, m entioned th a t the m ultivariate approach in th e present co n te x t is considered descriptive and heu
ristic, as som e o f th e assum ptions m ade in th e analysis are n o t m et, especially th a t
•nost of these variables show non-norm al distrib u tio n .
Table 2. Mean and SD o f the quantitative palmar dermatoglyphic variables in males along w ith F-ratios for intergroup heterogeneity.
Variables
VP (n Mean±
= 99) SD
VV (n Mean±
= 85) SD
J (n = Meant
108) SD
F-ratio
Distal palmar pattern ridge R 9.89 6.35 11.66 7.79 13.11 6.99 6 .3 4 * *
count (DPPRC) L 8.28 6.33 9.31 6.39 12.00 7.06 9 .5 3 * *
Total palmar pattern ridge R 13.58 11.20 16.54 12.13 17.93 10.33 4 .3 3 *
count (TPPRC) L 12.10 10.32 13.28 9.69 17.94 11.01 9 .3 7 * *
arb ridge count R 36.97 7.02 38.67 5.96 38.26 5.12 2 .0 4
a-b ridge count L 38.51 6.85 40.55 6.00 40.06 5.19 2 .9 8 *
b-c ridge count R 20.73 8.32 21.29 7.03 29.07 5.80 4 4 .2 7 * *
b-c ridge count L 19.98 8.52 20.38 7.13 27.65 7.14 3 2 .7 7 * *
c-d ridge count R 30.06 9.35 32.47 8.23 37.55 5.54 2 4 .9 7 * *
c-d ridge count L 28.22 10.73 34.02 8.93 35.49 7.09 1 8 .3 8 * *
atd-angle R 41.26 7.37 4 3.47 8.07 43.2 0 9.42 2 .0 0
atd-angle L 4 0.30 6.60 43.6 0 8.41 42.82 6.55 5 .5 1 * *
Triradii on palms R 5.75 1.03 5.97 1.07 5.62 0.81 3.0 3 *
Triradii on palms L 5.93 1.04 6.13 1.28 5.65 0.78 5 .3 0 * *
Main Line Index R 9.17 1.96 9.25 1.86 8.69 1.98 2 .3 9
Main Line Index L 7.79 2.27 8.37 1.91 7.52 2.12 3.8 8 *
Table 3. Mean and SD o f the quantitative palmar dermatoglyphic with F-ratios for intergroup heterogeneity.
variables in fem ales along
Variables
VP (n Mean±
= 92) SD
VV (n Mean±
= 126) SD
J (n = Meant
50) SD
F-ratio
Distal palmar pattern ridge R 9.14 6.14 13.01 6.44 9.68 7.41 10 .3 3 * *
count (DPPRC) L 7.54 5.85 11.30 6.65 9.62 6.57 8 .0 9 * *
Total palmar pattern ridge R 14.53 11.61 18.91 11.53 19.36 11.77 4 .5 8 * *
count (TPPRC) L 13.09 11.60 16.21 10.08 15.68 9.96 2 .2 3
a-b ridge count R 36.26 6.65 37.92 5.20 38.24 5.91 2.75
a-b ridge count L 37.39 6.38 40.28 5.82 40.42 6.03 7 .0 6 * *
b-c ridge count R 19.40 6.97 24.21 7.16 2 1.88 8.35 11.5 0 * *
b-c ridge count L 17.96 10.05 22.98 8.45 2 2.70 9.99 8 .5 4 * *
c-d ridge count R 28.69 8.67 34.95 9.1 0 30.50 9.92 13.3 8 * *
c-d ridge count L 24.19 13.37 33.01 11.03 28.32 10.57 14.98**
atd-angle R 42.59 8.05 45.21 10.00 4 5.92 9.46 2.91*
atd-angle L 42.77 7.52 4 4.16 9.08 4 6 .4 0 7.73 3.08*
Triradii on palms R 6.02 1.10 5.86 1.07 5.96 0.97 0 .6 6
Triradii on palms L 6.04 1.21 5.77 1.03 5.70 1.00 2.27
Main Line Index R 9.13 2.00 8.85 1.84 8.72 2.24 0 .8 6
Main Line Index L 7.73 2.14 8.15 2.22 7.56 2.27 1.69
Discriminant analysis Palms
The m u ltiv aria te te st statistics, th e W ilk’s lam bda, derived from th e canonical discriminant analysis, and R a o ’s F -approxim ation suggest th a t th e discrim ination among th e g ro u p s is significant b o th in m ales (X = 0 .5 7 8 6 ; F = 5.39, p < 0 .0 0 0 0 ) and fem ales (A = 6 7 7 2 ; F = 3.36, p < 0 .0 0 0 1 ). The group centroids are p lo tted in Figs. 1 a n d 2 . T he canonical correlations suggest th a t th e discrim ination on th e two variates is highly significant in b o th m ales (p < 0.0001 and 0.01) and in females (p < 0.0001 a n d 0.0 5 ). The first canonical variate accounts for ab o u t 76.5 % and 74.5 % o f th e variation in males a n d fem ales, respectively, and the rest is explained by the se c o n d variate. As th e re are only th ree groups, tw o variates will explain the total variatio n . F ro m th e centroids, it is interesting to find th a t th e Jalari (males) separate o u t fro m th e tw o Vadabalija groups, VP and VV, w ho are relatively closer to each o th e r. T he distance o f Jalari from th e tw o reproductive isolates o f th e same caste is a p p ro x im a te ly th e same. T his is w h a t w ould be expected from th e case affilia
tions. S trik in g ly , th e p a tte rn in fem ales is n o t th e same. Here, the VP and JL , who belong to d iffe re n t castes and as w ell to d iffe re n t geographical areas, are relatively close. H ow ever, th e differences in distances betw een populations are rather small and the p o p u la tio n s m ay be considered to be placed m ore o r less a t equidistance in the m u ltivariate space (Figs. 1 and 2). T hese tren d s can be quantitatively deciphered from th e D 2 values (Table 4).
To a sce rta in w hich o f th e variables m ake significant contributions to the dis
crimination, a step-w ise discrim inant analysis was perform ed, using eight and nine
Table 4. Matrix o f Mahalanobis’ D 2 -values based on palmar variables between fishing groups, males and fem ales.
6 9
VP VV J
VP _ 0.9938 2.1385
W 1.627 - 2.5908
J 1.1685 1.1133 —
Table 5. Stepw ise selection o f palmar variables that make significant contribution for group dis
crimination.
Sequence Males F emales
1 b-c ridge count (R) c-d-ridge count (L)
2 c-d ridge count (L) DPPRC (R)
3 b-c ridge count (L) a-b ridge count (L)
4 atd-angle (L) Main line index (L)
5 c-d ridge count (R) Palmar triradii (L)
6 Palmar triradii (L) TPPRC (R)
7 TPPRC (L) DPPRC <L)
8 a-b ridge count (R) b-c ridge count (L)
9 atd-angle (L)
1.40-
0.70-
Z
<o
V V
V P V V
-0.70-
V P
-1.40-
-1.40 -0.70
t F in g e rs I P alm s
0.70 1.40
CAN 1
Fig. 1. Plots o f centroids o f the fishing groups derived from the canonical discriminant analysis o f the finger and palmar variables in males.
variables, respectively, in males and females. The variables are arranged in th e o rd e r o f th eir contribution to group differentiation (Table 5). There is a clear sex d if
ference in th e variables selected and their order. Also, th e greater im p o rta n ce o f variables on left palm is apparent. Main line index and DPPRC are n o t re p re se n te d in males, b u t are in females.
Fingers
In o rder to know th e relative im portance o f palm ar variables in tracing p o p u la tions affinities it is necessary to com pare th e results w ith those from fingers. In t o tal, sixteen finger variables (larger o f th e tw o ridge counts o f th e 10 fingers sum o f radial ridge counts, ulnar ridge counts, and to ta l num ber o f finger triradii on rig h t and le ft hands) were used in th e analysis. The Wilk’s lam bda suggests th a t th e dis
crim ination betw een groups is n o t significant in males (A = 0 .8 8 8 1 ; F = 1.44, p >
0 .05), b u t highly significant in females ( k = 0.79 8 6 ; F = 1.96, p < 0.0 1 ). T he e x te n t o f discrim ination is much smaller for fingers th a n for palm s. T his is clearly rep resen ted by th e position o f th e centroids (Figs. 1 and 2) and th e values o f D 2 (Table 6). T he first canonical variate accounts for ab o u t 62 and 61 % o f th e variance in males and females, respectively. In males, com pared to females, th e p o p u latio n distances are smaller and th e samples are approxim ately equid istan t from each o th er. The relative position o f th e female populations in th e m ultivariate space conform s to th e know n ethnic history o f th e groups, as was th e case in th e males using th e palm ar variables.
Hence, th e results based on th e tw o sets o f variables are co n tra d icto ry .
C A N 1
Fig. 2. Plots o f centroids o f the fishing groups derived from the canonical discriminant analysis of the finger and palmar variables in females.
Table 6. Matrix o f D J-values, based on finger variables, between fishing groups, males and fe
males.
<5 9
VP VV J
VP
_
0.4713 0.3008VV 0 .4 5 9 9 0.3585
J 1.1522 1.0298
Table 7. Multivariate test statistics, Wilk’s lambda, and F-■ratios for different sets o f variables.
Variable set Wilk’s lambda F-ratio d.f. P <
Dermatoglyphics (fingers) 0 .8 8 8 1.44 32 & 752 0.057
Dermatoglyphics (palms) 0 .5 7 9 5.39 32 & 548 0.001
Anthropometric measurements 0 .452 25.04 18 & 924 0.001
Comparison b etw e en d ifferen t sets o f variables
The values o f W ilk’s lam bda w hich is an inverse measure of discrim ination to gether w ith th e associated F -ratios are p rese n ted in Table 7, for th e different sets of data. As has already been m e n tio n e d , th e intergroup heterogeneity obtained from
the palm ar variables is larger than th a t from fingers. Thus the palm ar variables emerge as b etter interpopulation discrim inators th a n fingers. This is tru e for b o th th e sexes.
Similarly, Ja n tz & C hopra (1983) com pared fo u r endogam ous groups tre a tin g the finger an d palm variables separately and observed th e same phenom enon.
Males and females, however, do n o t display th e same p attern o f in te rp o p u la tio n variation. While it conform s to th e caste affiliations in males, no clear picture emerges in the females. They are m ore or less equ id istan t from each o th e r in the m ultivariate space and th e e x te n t o f variation, although significant, is less th a n that observed in the males. A sex difference in the p attern o f in te rp o p u latio n distances is also observed for finger variables. Inconsistency in th e p a tte rn o f derm atoglyphic distances w ith respect to sexes is not, however, unique to this study. E arlier, for exam ple, Rudan (1978) am ong th e Istrian populations o f Yugoslavia, and L in e t al.
(1984) among th e Black Caribs also observed different p attern s o f in te rp o p u latio n variation fo r males and fem ales and offered different m igratory p attern s as a pro b able explanation. In th e present study, however, no explanation o f th e o bserved sex difference can be offered.
F u rth er, it is o f interest to know if th e palm ar derm atoglyphic p a tte rn o f af
finities corresponds to th a t o f o ther sets o f variables including th e eth n o h isto ric evidence. Since th e anthropom etric data were n o t available fo r fem ales, w e could only com pare the p atterns o f variation fo r males based on palm ar, finger a n d an
thropom etric variables. Wilk’s lam bda (Table 7) is non-significant (p > 0 .0 5 ) fo r the finger variables and thus suggests po o r discrim ination betw een th e groups. Palmar and anthropom etric features show significant h eterogeneity, b u t th e p a tte rn s of variation are different in the tw o sets. A nth ro p o m etries give sm allest distance be
tween th e tw o sym patric groups, th e VV and JL . In palm ar derm atoglyphics VV is closer to VP which belongs to th e same caste, conform ing to th e ethn o h isto rical relationships. A lthough th e p atterns of intergroup distance are different f ro m the tw o sets of data, they are interpretable and dem o n strate tw o d iffe ren t im p o rta n t aspects o f interpopulation variation. In this c o n tex t, th e studies o f M alhotra e t al.
(1985, 1986) and Kamali e t al. (1986) m ay be m entioned. T hey used palm ar pattern ridge counts to exam ine p o p u latio n affinities and fo u n d a sim ilar agreem ent with know n ethnohistorical relationships am ong a large num ber o f populations o f Western India and Iran. On th e basis o f these observations, it m ay be concluded th a t th e pal
m ar quantitative variables provide biologically relevant info rm atio n ad d itio n a l to th a t from th e finger variables and, therefore, should be included in studies o f inter
population variation.
Acknowledgements
B.M. R eddy acknowledges w ith grateful thanks th e A lexander-von-H um boldt- F o u n d atio n fo r awarding him a post-doctoral fellow ship, during w hich th is paper was prepared. The data were collected during 19 7 7 —1978, w hen he was a Research Fellow o f th e A nthropological Survey o f India. We th a n k Mr. H erm ann Muller for com putational assistance and Miss A ndrea M athews fo r draw ing th e figures.
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Received May 8, 1 9 8 7 A uthors’ addresses:
Dr. B.M. Reddy, Dr. B. Karmakar, Prof. Dr. K.C. Malhotra, Anthropometry and H u m a n G enetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Calcutta—7 0 0 0 3 5 , India
Prof. Dr. V.P. Chopra, Institute for Human Biology, University o f Hamburg, A lle n d e - Platz 2, D—2000 Hamburg 13, W. Germany
