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Water quality and metal uptake by Cabomba caroliniana in the lower reaches of Periyar River

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R i v e r s a r c m a j o r s i n k s t h a t a c t as a c t i v e y c o - c h c m i c a l a r e a s f r o m w h i c h i h e h e a v y m e l a l s I'ind i h e i r w a y lo th e s e a . A s I r e s h w a l c r I r o m liv c i' m i x e s w i t h s c a w i i i c r a i i h c e s l u u r y . m c l u l s iiuiy b e lo s l o r t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m s o l t i b i e fo r n i :o ihe s e d i m e n t s b y f j o c c u l a l i o n o r t o t h e p h m k i o ii a n d m a c r o p h y i e s b y a d s o r p t i o n a n d b i o a c c u n u i l a i i n n ( S a l o m o n s , 1 9 8 9 ). T h e r e a r c a to ta l o f 113 r i v e r s in t h e c o u n t r y w'llh a loUil l e n g t h o f 4 5 0 0 0 k m . (;iil (if the.sc , 14 a r c m a jo i', 4 4 m e d i u m a n d ."'5 i n n u i r o n e s . T h e I w o l a r g e s t s o u r c e s o f p o l l u ii u n in i h c s e r i v e r s a r e th e n u i n i c i p a l s c \ \ ' a - c .mil i n d i i s i r i a l e l f l u c n t s . T h e u r b a n s e c l o r o l liic e i n in li'v ^cncv.'.ic 3<'i50 cviImc nici'.-o. "1

w a t e r a n d th e m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l m i ll s g c n c i a i c / m i l l i o n c u b i c m e t e r s o f e f f l u e n t s c \ e r y y e a r.

R i v e r P c n y u v i s f a c i n g s e v e r e c n \ a u > n m e i U a l p i o b l c m s d a y b y d a y s u c h a s i n d u s t r i a l c l f l u c n l s ( L ' n n i t h u n e i c i l . , 1 9 7 7 ; M o h a p a i h r a a n d R c n s a r a j a n . 2 0 0 U ) ; s a n d m i n i n g a n d s , : l i i ; i i y i n t r u s i o n ( S a n k a r a n a r a y a n a n c l a l - . a n d d . - i m m i n i ' -anii a U e v c d r i v e r H u s v i A n o i u . 1).

T l i e r o l e o f I’c n y a r r i v e r i n t h e t k : \ c l i i p i i , e ; i i ni C ' n c h m I'CLiion i s v e r y v i u i l . 'I h e i f | n > y : a, .liy " i lj)C h n \ - l a n d [ X i r t i o n o f l l i c r c g i » ' i i i s a l o . ' ill " I

[ h e l a i ' i i e e x t e n t o f b a c k w a t e r s i n t h e a r e a a i K i t h e n u n i b e i ' i>l s m a l l a n d b i g i s l a n d s , C c n t i a l M a r i n e b i s l i e n c s r e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e C o c h i n h a s c a r r i e d o u t s t u d i e s o n t h e s t a t e o l h e a l t h o l c o a s t a l a q u a t i c l i f e , s e d i m c i u a n d i n s h o r e w a t e r s o f C o c h i n a s w e l l a s t h e V e m b a n a d e s l u a r i n c s y s t e m w h i c h r e c e i v e s i n d u s t r i a l e f f l u e n \ s d i s c h a r g e d f r o n i m o r e t h a n 2 5 0 c h e m i c a l f a c t o r i e s a n d i n d u s t r i e s a r o u n d . T h e p r c . s e n i c o u a n u u i e a t i o n c o n n i a r c s t h e w a l e r ( . l u a h t y o l i l i c l o w e r l e a c h c s o f R i v e r F e r i y a r a t i n d u s t r i a l a r e a r . d a y a r r e j ' . i o n a n i l a l A U i v a ; i m l ' l i e l i i o . i c c u i n u l a l i o n i d m e t a l s i ' ) ' a h y d r o | i h y t i ’

” r i > w i n g i n d i e s e r e g i o n s .

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W a t e r a n d w h o l e p a r t t ) f a q u a t i c s u b m c r g c < . i p l a n t C . ' t i h d i n h i i c d r o l i n i n i K i w e r e e o l l e c i c c ; m o n t h l y f r o m l i d a y a r i n d a s t v i a l a r e a ( 1 0 ' i \ - \ ' 3 9 ” N c'c 7 6 ' ^ 1 3 ’ I 2 " I Z ) a n d f r o m c o m p a r a t i v e l y c l e a n u p s t r e a m a i e a . '! h o t t u n u i ! . ' . u m n c a i ' A i u v a ( 1 0 " ( ) 0 3 S N«.'<:7(>

2 1 ’ - 1 - r ’ i - j . I ' - d a y a r i s s i l u a l e d i n t h e E l o o r a n i n l a n d i s l a n d f l o c k e d b y 2 3 0 c h c m i c a l f a c t u v i c x a n d i i u l i i s i i i c s i n a n u l a c t u n n g d i l l e r e i u p i ( h I u i I-.

s u c h as f e i i i l i / c r s , c h e m i c a l s , b i o - a e i u s . m e t a l - . I ' U t i k ' . c a i a K si.s, (. l yes, l y r e s , n i a c h i n e U ' o l s . soap-.

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a n d d c i c r g c n t s , r a d i o a c i i v c i n a l c i 'i a ls , p c s i i c i d c s , p e i r o l c u m p r o d u c t s , i i v ia l io n f u e l s , r a y o n p u l p s c i c . E n l i r c p l a n t s c o l l c c i c d I'rom b o t h t h e s i l c s w e r e w u s h c d t h o r o u g h l y w i t h l a p w m c i ' a n d t h e n w ith d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a n d l 'i n a l i y d r i e d in a n o v e n [o a c o n s t a n t ilry w e i g h t ai SO ± 2" c.

M e t a l s s u c h a s c a d m i u m , l e a d , c o p i i c r a n d /.m e fr o m t h e d r i e d p l a n t t i s s u e s a m p l e s w e r e e x t r a c i c d u s i n g a c i d d i g e s t i o n p r o c e d u r e ( D a l / j c l a n d B a k e r 1 9 8 4 ; , T h e m e i a l s e x t r a c t e d f r o m [he t i s s u e a n d s e d i m e n t s w e r e d c i c c t c d o n a P e r k i n E l m e r A A S ( M o d e l 2 3 8 0 ) in a n a i r - a c c t \ i e n e r i a m c . T h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e a n a l y s i s w-as f o u n d to b e w i t h i n 1 0 % a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e c m c r y o f m e i a l s iVom t h e s p i k e d s a m p l e s w a s f n u i i d to be 8 S .2 6 '/r. f o r C u . 9 3 , 5 5 % f o r Z n , 9 3 .8 6 ';i- f o r Pb a n d 9 5 . 7 0 % f o r C d w h e n S p c c l r o s o l ( B D i l i i n g l a n d ) f o r s o f t t i s s u e p a n s o l' a p r a w n M d c t p c n a c i i s d o b s o n i w e i ' e u s e d . T h e p e r c e n t a g e d e v i a t i o n f r o m t r u e v a l u e w a s --2 .9 % f o r C d a n d - i \ % f o r P b in t i s s u e s a m p l e s a n d + 5 5 . 4 % f o r C d a n d - 2 0 . 8 % f o r P b in s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s .

W a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s s u c h as b i o c h e m i c a l o x y g e n d e m a n d ( B O D ) , a m m o n i a , ] ill a n d t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s ( T S S ) w e r e d e t e i ' n n n e d u s i n g s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e ( A P I I A 1 9 8 5 ) . M e t a l s f r o m w a t e r s a m p l e s w e r e d c l e n n i n e d u s i n g a n o d e s t r i p p i n g v o l i a m e i r y i c c h n i c j u c (V A 7 5 7 , M e t r o h m ) f r o m f i l l e r e d w a t e r s a m ])le s ( 0 . 4 5 |j ) ,. S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s s u c h a s c o r r e l a t i o n a n d t- t e s t w e r e c a r r i e d o u t w i i h P C ba.sed S A S .

RESULTS

W a t e r q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s o b s e r \ e d f r o m E d a y a r a n d t h e c o n t r o l s i t e s h o w e d c o n s i d e r a b l e

\ a r i a t i o n d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d ( F i g s . 1 - 4).

T h e l e v e ls o f a m m o n i a w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t ! } h ig h e i' ai E d a y a r t h a n in A l u v a . W h e r e a s . p M . T S . S a n d I K ) D v a l u e s r e g i s t e r e d h i g h e r a t A l u v a ih a ii ai l-.dayai'. S i m i l a r l y th e v a l u e s o l 'd i s s o l v c i l m e i a l s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r a t E d a y a r t h a n at th e

c o n t r o l s u e c x c e p l f o r l e a d ( P i g s 5 - 8 ) M o n s o o n m o n t h s r e g i s t e r e d m a x i m u m l e v e l s d i s s o l v e d m e i a l s in H d a y a r , w h e r e a s i h e p o s t m o n s o o n p e r i o d h a d r e c o r d e d h i g h e r l e v e ls o l i h e s c m e i a l s i n A l u v a b u t l e v e l s m u c h l o w e r t h a n i h e (.lu w n ti'cam s ile

B i o a c c i i m u l a t i o n o f m e i a l s in ac|iialic p la in C a b o m b a c a r u l i i i ia n a w a s s i g n i l i c a n i l y h i g h e i in th e p a l m s g r o \ \ 'i n g in E d a y a r i h a n in th e plani-- g r o w i n g in A l u v a ( F i g s 9 - 11). L e v e l s ol le a d w e r e b e l o w t h e d e t e c t i o n l i m i t in A l u \ a, a l t h o u g h t h e w a t e r f r o m A l u v a r e g i s t e r e d a m e a n l c \ 'c l ol 2 . 3 0 5 ug/1 le a d .

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e r e s u lt s c l e a r l y i n d i c a l e t h e w a l L 'r i j u a l i u i n c l u d i n g ih e l e v e ls o f m e t a l s o f l o w e r r e a c h e '- o f R i v e i ' P c r i y a r , e s p e c i a l l y t h e L d a y a i r e g i o n i.‘- h i g h l y p o l k i i e d . T h e b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n o f m e t a l s C d , Z n a n d C u in t h e p l a n t , C a b o m b a c a r o l i n i a n a f r o m E d a y a r h a s b e e n f o u n d lo b e s i g n i f i c a n i l y a t a h i g h e r lev e l- T h e s o u r c e o f t h e s e p o l l u l a n i s a p p e a r s to b e t h e i n d u s t r i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n i s s i t u a t e d t h e r e , as m e t a l l o a d in tlie u p s i r e a n i s t a t i o n s i t u a t e d f i v e k m a p a r t s h o w e d v e r y low l e v e l s o f C d , C u a n d Z n . I n c i d e n c e o f h i g h e i l e v e l s o f m e t a l s in w a t e r a n d p l a n t t i s s u e s l u d i e d d u r i n g m o n s o o n i n d i c a i e s t h a t t h e r e l e a s e o f e f f l u e n i s b y th e f a c t o n c s is p r e v a l e n t d u r i n g m o n s t i o n p c i i o d ( I 'i g s . 5 - b!). K r i s h n a k u m a i ' ei al ( 1 9 9 0 ) f o u n d t h a t C r a s o s i i 'c a c u e e u l a t a w e r e m o r e e l T e e i i v e a c c u m u l a t o r s o f Z n , C d a n d C u . w h i l e P e r n a v i r i d i s a n d t h e s e a w e e d S a r g a s s u m t e n c n i m u m w e r e e x c e l l e n t a c c u m u l a t o r s o f Ph a n d M n .

T h e l e v e l s o f C d , Z n a n d C u in C a b o in b o w e r e b i o m a g n i f i e d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y f r o m t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e h a b i t a t s , e x c e p t f o r P b , i n d i c a t i n g thai C a h o i n h a is n o t an e f f e c t i v e a c c u m u l a t o r o f Pb a n d t h u s n o t an i n d i c a t o r f o r d i s s o l v e d P b.

O i i r o b s e r v a l i o n s o n t h e T S S , [>I I, a m i i i o n i.i a n d m e t a l l e v e l s d o a g r e e w e l l w i t h th e r e p o r i I^ i e p a r c d b \' G r e e n p e a c e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s

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( G r c c n p c a c e . 2 0 0 3 ) o n tiie s l a i e o l iic a l l h o f R i v e r P c r i y a r . S c n l h i l i u i t h a n a n d B a l a s u b r a i n a n i a n ( 1 9 9 9 ) rc p o i-ic d a h o u i a l i n e a r r e l a l i o n s h i p b e t w e e n C u a n d C d o f P h y i o p l a n k l o n w i i h a m b i e n i w u i e r . Sul-) ad u U s o f C Ik i'iik i p i i n c u i l it s e x p o s e d lu nici c ii r i c iiiliMie fo r 120 hrs a l c o n c e n i r a i i o n s as l o w a s (.).() 19 p p m i n d u c e d c h r o m o s o m a l a b e r r a l i o n s ( A n s y a n d S h r i n i v a s , 2 0 0 3 ) , S i m i l a r r i s k n i a y o c c u r lo o i h c r f o r m s o f r i v e r i n e a n d c s t u a r i n e b i o i a as t h e s e h a b i t a i s a r e f a v o u r a b l e f e e d i n g a n d b r e e d i n g g r o u n d s f o r m a n y c o m m e r c i a l l y i m p o r t a n l f i s h e s . T h e w a i e r q u a l i i y p a r a m e i e r s a n d d i s s o l v e d m e i a l s in w a t e r w e r e w e l l w i t h in th e W H O p r e s c r i b e d s a f e l i m i t s . H o w e v e r , in Fig- I C o m p a r a t i v e v i e w o f B O D

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th e C d l’o u ih ii s a m p l e s t r o m I 'd a y a i i o \ e . i l c i t z i n c l e v e l s e x c e e d i n g W H O s c l s a l e I c s 'c N ( W H O 1 9 8 7 ) w h i c h w a r r a n i s f u n l i c i m o n i l o r m g i i U h i s s p e c i c s as w e ll a s in oih ei I lo ia a n d f a u n a .

/ V C K N O V V L K D G K M K N I

T h e a u t h o r s e x p r e s s t h e i r s i n c e r e t h a n k s tu i h e H e a d . F E M D i v i s i o n f o r p r o v i d i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d t o i h c D i r c e i o r , C M F R l . , K o c h i l o i p e r m i s s i o n lo p u b l i s h I h i s p a p e r . H i e a u t h o i s u r c a l s o g r a l e f u l l o S h r i . A . N a n d a k u m a i . T e c h n i c a l o l T i c e r a n d lo S h r i . L .R . K h a m b a d k a r . S e n i o r T e c h n i c a l A s s i s l a n l f o r i h e i r v a l u a b l e f i l e d s u i)p o rI .

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(.•hanycs in th e n u t r i e n t a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y pi'ofilc o f co a s ta l w a te rs ( J u ly 2 0 0 0 - D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 3 C e n t r a l M a i 'i n e F i s h e r i e s R e s e a r e l i I n s t i t u t e , C o c h i n , K e r a l a , p a g e s 9 9 . .

/Viisy M a t h e w , N .P . a n d S l i r i n i v a s J a h a g e e r d a r , 2 0 0 3 . E f f e c t o f m e r c u r i c n i t r a t e o n t h e c h r o m o s o m e s o f C h a n n a p u n c t a t u s ( B l o c h 1793).

F ish . T c c h n o l ., 4 0 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 8 2 .

/ V P I I A . , 1 9 8 5 . S t a n d a r d m m e t h o d s f o r e x a m i n a t i o n o f w a te i' a n d w a s t e W a ter. A m e r i c a n P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o n l n c o r i ' ) o r a t i o n , N e w Y i)rk

l ) a l / . i c l , . I . a i u ! B a k e r , C . 1981, A n a ly iic a l iir'IIu hK f o r m e a s u r i n g m e t a l s b y a t o m i c A b s o r | n i o n s p c c i r o p h o i o m c t r y In : l-'AO l-'ish, 'I'ech. Pa|K'r.

2 1 2 : P l - 2 0 .

G r ( ; c u ] ) c a c e , 2 0 0 3 . S ta tu s o l 'P e r i y a r ’s h e a lth at ilic E l o o r i n d u s t r i a l e s t a t e , K e r a la . In d ia G r e e n p e a c c R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o l 'l i x e l c r K r i s i i n a k u m a r , I’. K . , P i l l a i , V .K . a n d V a ls a L a K . K . 19 90. B i o a c c a m u l a t i o n o f tra c e m c u ils b\- m a r i n e f l o r a a n d f a u n a n e a r a c a u s t i c s o d a plain ( K a r w a r , In d ia ) . I n d i a n J. F i s h . ,3 7 ( 2 ) ; 14-20.

M o h a p a l r a , B . C a n d R c n j i a r a J a i K K . 2()(H), M eavy m e t a l t o x ic ity in the c s i u a r i n e . c;-;'.:'.',::!

m a r i n e e c o s y s t e m s o f Ind ia. C M I 'R l Sjit. P uhl., 1 - I 2 I .

S a l o m o n s , W . 1989, M cavy m e ta l c h e m i c a l - an o v e r v i e w . I n d u s t r i a l a n d M a r i n e O r y a n i /.a t i o n . L o n d o n P. 11

S a n k a r a i m a r a y a n a n , V .N ., U d a y a V a r m a . i ’..

B a l a c i i a n d r a i i , K . K . , Pyl^^^S J o s e p h , T.

1986. E siu ari no c h a ra c te ris tic s o f the l o w e r r e a d i e s o f R i v e r P e iiy a r. In d i a n J .m a r .S c i . , 15: 166- 170.

U n n i U i a n , K .V ., V i j a y a n , M . , R a d h a k r i s l i n a n , E .V . a i u l R a n i a i i i , K . N . 197 7. I n c i d e n c e ol' fisli m o i 't a l i t y f r o m i n d u s t r i a l p o l l u t i o n in C o c h i n B a c k w a t e i s . In d ia n J .m a r .S c i . , 6: 8 1 -8 3 ,

W H O . , 1 9 8 7 . E v a l i u i t i o n o f m e r c i u - y , t e a tl.

c a d m i u m in f o o d a d d i t i v e s , a m a i 'a n t h , ilie th y l p r o c a r b o m a l e a n d e t h y l g a l l a t e . W M O i 'o o i l atk liliv e S e r i e s No-.54a.

References

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