खण्ड-2 बुद्धिवाद

77

bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;

ubZ fnYyh

varj&fo"k;d ,oa ijk&fo"k;d v/;;u fo|kihB chihokbZlh&134

[k.M 2

cqf)okn

78

[k.M ifjp;

cqf)okn og fopkj gS fd rdZcqf) Kku vFkok çek.khdj.k dk lkèku gSA bl i)fr ;k fl)kUr esa lR; dk iSekuk bfUæ;kuqHko u gksdj cqf) vkSj fuxeu gSA bl i)fr ij fofHkUu <ax ls egRo nsus ds dkj.k fofHkUu ckSf)d –f"Vdks.k çdV gq,A bu fofHku – f"Vdks.kksa ds eè; ,d Nksj ij eè;ekxÊ –f"Vdks.k gS] ftldk ekuuk gS fd rdZcqf) ;k cqf) Kku çkfIr ds vU; lkèkuksa esa vxzxkeh gS] ogha nwljs Nksj ij vkewy ifjorZuoknh – f"Vdks.k gS] ftldk ekuuk gS fd rdZcqf) Kku çkfIr dk vf}rh; lkèku gSA cqf)okn]

vuqHkookn dk fojksèkh gS] ftlds vuqlkj rF;ksa dk leLr Kku bfUæ;kuqHko ls fu%l`r gS vkSj mlh ls ijh{; gSA ogha cqf)okn dk ekuuk gS fd lR; bfUæ;kuqHko dh igqaps esa ugha gS] vkSj cqf) ls gh fuf'pr vkSj lkekU; lR; rd igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA pkj bdkbZ;ksa okyk

;g [k.M nsdkrZ] fLiukst+k] vkSj ykbcuht ¼ykbcfuRl+½ ds cqf)oknh erksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA [k.M dk lekiu bu erksa ds vkykspukRed ewY;kadu ls gksrk gSA

bdkbZ 4] ÞnsdkrZß ^vkèkqfud ik'pkR; n'kZu* ds firk dgs tkus okys jsus nsdkrZ ds n'kZu dk vè;;u djrh gSA bl bdkbZ esa ge nsdkrZ ds thou vkSj dk;ksZa] mudh i)fr vkSj Kku ds iSekus] bZ”oj] cká txr ¼ckákFkZ½] ds vfLrRo gsrq muds }kjk çnÙk lk{;] eu vkSj 'kjhj ds eè; lEcUèk vkSj tUetkr ¼lgt½ çR;;ksa ds fl)kUr ij ppkZ djsaxsA

bdkbZ 5 ÞfLiukst+kß nsdkrZ&i'p egRoiw.kZ nk'kZfud fLiukst+k ls lEcfUèkr gSA muds fopkj nsdkrZ dh rÙoehekalk vkSj Kkuehekalk ds lkFk LVksbdokn] ;gwnh cqf)oknk] eSfd;kosyh]

g‚Cl] nsdkrZ] vkSj vius le; ds vU; fofoèk :f<+oknh èkkfeZd fopkjdksa ds rÙoksa dk leUo; gSA bl dkj.k ls mUdks fdlh [kses esa j[kuk eqf'dy gS] ;|fi çk;% mudh x.kuk nsdkrZ vkSj ykbcuht+ ds lkFk rhu çeq[k cqf)okfn;ksa esa dh tkrh gSA

bdkbZ 6 Þykbcuht+ß ds n'kZu ij gSA ykbcuht+ us IysVks dk MseksfØVl] vjLrw dk nsdkrZ]

:f<+okfn;ksa dk vkèkqfudrkokfn;ksa] èkeZ'kkL= vkSj uhfr dk cqf) ds lkFk leUo; dk ç;kl fd;k gSA mUgksaus bl mPp vkykspukRed y{; dks dqN çeq[k fl)kUrksa dh lgk;rk ls çkIr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ykbcuht+ egku xf.krK Fks vkSj U;wVu ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa Hkh vfrlw{e dyu dh [kkst dk Js; tkrk gSA LokHkkfod gS fd og Hkh nsdkrZ vkSj fLiukst+k dh rjg n'kZu esa xf.krh; i)fr ds çfr i{kikrh Fks vkSj rÙoehekalk esa T;kfefrd lk{; nsus dh vksj mudk >qdko FkkA

bdkbZ 7 Þcqf)okn dh vkykspukß nsdkrZ] fLiukst+k vkSj ykbcuht+ ds eè; lekurk,a vkSj vlekurk,a n'kkZrk gSA nsdkrZ dh leL;k fuf'prrk dh Fkh vkSj vlafnXèk rRo rd igq¡pus

79

gsrq mUgksaus Þlansg dh i)frß jphA fLiukst+k dh i)fr u dsoy xf.krh; i)fr dh rjg fuxeukRed gS] vfirq muds n'kZu dk mn~?kkVu –<+rkiwoZd fuxeukRed gSA ykbcuht+ Hkh vius n'kZu esa cqf)oknh vkSj fuxeukRed gSaA

80

bdkbZ 4 nsdkrZ

:ijs[kk 4-0 mís';

4-1 ifjp;

4-2 nsdkrZ ds ys[ku dk;Z

4-3 nsdkrZ dk mís';] çfofèk] vkSj Kku dh dlkSVh 4-4 bZ'oj dk vfLrRo

4-5 cká txr dk vfLrRo 4-6 'kjhj vkSj eu dk laca) 4-7 laosxksa dk euksfoKku

4-8 varjtkr@lgtkr çR;;ksa dk fl)kar 4-9 lkjka'k

4-10 dqath 'kCn

4-11 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ 4-12 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

1-0 mís';

* M‚- gsujh dksMqdqfFkf;y] rstl] cSaXyksjA ¼;g bdkbZ chihokbZ&008 dh ÞnsdkrZß bdkbZ dk la'kksfèkr laLdj.k gS½A vuqokn& vkuUn jfo] QjhnkcknA

81

bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mís'; nk'kZfud jsus nsdkrZ dk ifjp; vkSj muds n'kZu dk vè;;u djuk gSA nsdkrZ lkekU; :i ls 'vkèkqfud n'kZu ds tud' dgrs tkrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge]

 nsdkrZ ds thou vkSj —fr;ksa]

 Kku dh mudh fofèk vkSj dlkSVh]

 bZ'oj vkSj txr ds vfLrRo ds çek.k]

 eu&'kjhj lacaèk vkSj

 vartkZr çR;;ksa ds fl)kar dk vè;;u djsaxsA

4-1 ifjp;

jsus nsdkrZ eè; Ýkal ds rwjhu ds yk g, esa 1596 esa iSnk gq, FksA os ,d dqyhu ifjokj esa iSnk gq, Fks vkSj ,sls ifjokj ls lacafèkr Fks ftlus dbZ fo)kuksa dks tUe fn;k FkkA vkB lky dh voLFkk esa os vatkÅ ds yk ¶ysps fo|ky; esa pys x, vkSj mUgksaus fo|kFkÊ thou ogha fcrk;kA lkekU; 'kkL=h; fo"k;ksa ds vfrfjDr mUgksaus xf.kr vkSj LdkyfLVflTe dk vè;;u fd;kA LdkyfLVflTe ekuo cqf) dk ç;ksx bZlkbZ fl)kar le>us esa djrk FkkA fo|ky;h f'k{kk lekIr djus ds i'pkr os 1616 bZ- esa iks,Vj fo'kfo|ky; esa fofèk esa Lukrd gq,A rFkkfi mUgksaus odkyr dHkh ugha dh vkSj lsuk dh lsok ds ykyp esa 1618 esa uhnjySaM ds la;qDr çkUrksa ds jktusrk ulkÅ ds jktdqekj ekfjl ds ;gka ukSdjh djuk Lohdkj dj fy;kA ckn ds o"kksZa esa mUgksaus dbZ lsukvksa dh lsok dh ijarq mudk è;ku iwoZ ls gh xf.kr vkSj n'kZu dh leL;kvksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr jgrk Fkk blfy, mudk 'ks"k thou bUgha leL;kvksa esa my>k jgkA ml le; ds Mp xf.krK] vkbt+d chdeSu us mUgsa çHkkfor fd;k vkSj mUgsa vkxs vè;;u gsrq çsfjr fd;kA

10 uoEcj 1619 dks mUgksaus rhu LoIu ns[ks ftlus mUgsa lR; dh [kkst djus ds çfr çsfjr fd;k vkSj mUgksaus bVyh ds ysMh yksjsVks ds eafnj dh ;k=k dh 'kiFk yhA ;|fi vU;

ckè;rkvksa ds dkj.k os rqjUr ugha tk lds] ijarq 1623 bZ- esa os ogk¡ x,A dqN le; rd os

82

isfjl esa jgs] tgk¡ mudh fe=rk elÊujh vkSj dkfMZuy n cs#ys ls gqbZA isfjl ds thou ls mdrk dj os gkySaM vk x, tgk¡ os 1649 rd jgsA

gkySaM esa nsdkrZ us viuh nk'kZfud i)fr ij dke fd;k vkSj 1634 bZ- rd viuk oSKkfud dk;Z ys eksans ¼txr~½ iwjk fd;kA rFkkfi] tc mUgksaus xSyhfy;ks dks dkijfudl fl)kar ds leFkZu ds dkj.k nf.Mr gksus dh ckr lquh rks viuh —fr ys eksan dks Nius ls jksd fn;kA mlds ckn os jkuh fØLVhuk ds cqykos ij LohMu pys x,A LohMu dh BaM mudks jkl ugha vkbZ vkSj ml ij jkuh dk çkr% ik¡p cts i<+uk muds fy, vR;fèkd d"Vdkjh gks x;kA vUrr%] os LVkdgkse esa 11 Qjojh 1650 dks fnoaxr gks x,A

4-2 nsdkrZ ds ys[ku dk;Z

nsdkrZ dk ys[ku i;kZIr :i ls vfèkd gSA mUgksaus u dsoy nk'kZfud jpuk,¡ dh oju~

xf.kr] thofoKku] HkkSfrd foKku ij ewy iqLrdksa ds lkFk&lkFk cgqr ls i= Hkh fy[ksA mudh çeq[k nk'kZfud —fr;k¡ gSa %

1½ fMldkslZ v‚u esFkM ¼1637½

2½ esfMVs'kUl v‚u QLVZ fQyklQh ¼1641½ 3½ fçafliYl v‚Q fQyklQh ¼1644½

4½ :Yl Qkj n MkbjsD'ku v‚Q n ekbaM ¼1701½

4-3 nsdkrZ dk mís';] çfofèk vkSj Kku dh dlkSVh

nsdkrZ dk eq[; mís'; cqf) }kjk nk'kZfud lR;ksa dks çkIr djuk FkkA muds vuqlkj] n'kZu dk vkèkkj cqf) gksuh pkfg, u fd ijaijkA os n'kZu ds iwjs foèkku dks lR; çfrKfIr;ksa ij fodflr djuk pkgrs Fks] ftlesa dqN Hkh ifjdfYir u gks oju~ Lo;a fl) ,oa fuf'pr gksA pw¡fd nsdkrZ dk Kku dqN Lo;a fl) vartkZr fl)karksa ls vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj mlls vU;

83

lR; fuxfer gksrs gSaA blfy, os fdlh Hkh çdkj ds nk'kZfud vkfèkiR; dks udkj dj n'kZu dks ,d uo vkjaHk nsuk pkgrs FksA os n'kZu esa xf.kr tSlh Li"Vrk pkgrs FksA blfy, os xf.krh; çfofèk dk ç;ksx n'kZu esa djuk pkgrs FksA

xf.kr dh i)fr esa dsoy nks ekufld lafØ;k,¡ ç;qDr gksrh gSa ftuls Kku çkIr gksrk gS vkSj os gSa( vUrjKku vkSj fuxeuA vUrjKku ls mudk rkRi;Z gS Lo;a fl) fl)kar dks le>uk] tSls fd T;kferh; çes;A ;s Lo;a fl) gksrh gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh LoLFk efLr"d okyk bu ij lansg ugha dj ldrkA fuxeu ls nsdkrZ dk rkRi;Z gS fdlh Lo;a fl) çfrKfIr ls Øe'k% rkfdZd cqf) }kjk vuqfefrA

nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj çfofèk dk eq[; dk;Z lHkh rF;ksa dks ,d fuxeukRed rkfdZd O;oLFkk esa cSBkuk gksrk gSA nsdkrZ dk y{; n'kZu dks vUrKkZu vkSj fuxeu ij bl çdkj vkèk`r dj nsuk Fkk fd og T;kfefr dh rjg fuf'pr ,oa lnSo lR; gksA og ,d Lo;a fl) fl)kar ikuk pkgrs Fks tks xf.krh; n'kZu ds fy, çFke fl)kar ;k çes; dk dke djs vkSj ml vkèkkj dk dke djs ftlls iw.kZ:i ls fuf'pr n'kZu fuxfer fd;k tk ldsA

n'kZu esa xf.krh; fLFkjrk çkIr djus ds fy, mUgksaus viuk çfl) çkfofèkd lansg çLrqr fd;kA os dgrs gSa fd çR;sd oLrqvksa ij lansg djuk vko';d gS vkSj çR;sd ml rF; dks vLFkkbZ :i ls xyr ekuuk pkfg, ftl ij FkksM+k Hkh lansg gksA bl çdkj ;g lkoZHkkSfed lansg fofèk gSA bls çkfofèkd lansg dgrs gSaA ;g lansgokfn;ksa okyk lansg ugha gS] D;ksafd os lansg dks Kku çkIr djus gsrq dsoy ,d fofèk dh rjg ç;ksx djrs gSa tcfd la'k;oknh çR;sd oLrq ij blfy, lansg djrs gSa D;ksafd os fuf'pr Kku dks vlaHko ekurs gSaA

nsdkrZ bfUæ; Kku dks çek.k ugha ekurs D;ksafd bfUæ;k Hkzfer dj ldrh gSaA os dgrs gSa fd Þftlus ,dckj èkks[kk fn;k og fQj èkks[kk ns ldrk gSA" mUgksaus vU; ¼Others½ 'kjhjksa@O;fDr;ksa ij Hkh lansg fd;k] vius 'kjhj ds lR;rk ij lansg fd;k vkSj cká txr ij lansg fd;kA ;gk¡ rd fd mUgksaus xf.krh; èkkj.kkvksa ij Hkh lansg fd;k] ftUgsa og fuf'prrk dk vkn'kZ ekurs FksA ;|fi lHkh Kku dks çfofèkd :i ls lansg dh Js.kh esa

84

j[krs gq, nsdkrZ ,d lR; ls Vdjk, ftl ij fdlh çdkj dk lansg ugha gks ldrkA ,d fopkj çfØ;k esa yhu O;fDr ¼lansg esa Hkh½ tkurk gS fd og vfuok;Z :i ls vfLrRoeku gS] D;ksafd og lUnsg djus dh fØ;k dj jgk gSA nsdkrZ ds n'kZu dk vkèkkjHkwr lR; ;g gS fd "eSa lksprk gw¡ blfy, eSa gw¡" ¼Cogito ergo sum½A vUrjKku ls lkspus okyk ;g tkurk gS fd lkspus ds fy, lkspus okys dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA nsdkrZ vHkh Hkh vius 'kjhj ds vfLrRo ij lansg djrs gSaA vr% ftl 'Lo' rd os igq¡prs gSa] og ,d vHkkSfrd oLrq gS] lkspus dh {kerk okyk rRo gSA

;g fuf'pr gS fd eSa lansg djrk gw¡ ;k lksprk gw¡A lansg dks ,d dÙkkZ pkfg,A fparu ds fy, ,d fpUrd vFkok v'kjhjh inkFkZ dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA bl çdkj os ,d cqf)ijd ,oa Lo;afl) çfrKfIr ij igq¡p tkrs gSaA lansg djuk vFkkZr~ fparu djuk] fpUru djuk vFkkZr eSa lksprk gw¡] blfy, eSa gw¡ ¼Cogito ergo sum½A O;ofLFkr <ax ls nk'kZfud fparu djus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds le{k vkus okyk ;g çFke vkSj fuf'pr Kku gS] ;gh nk'kZfud :i ls bfPNr fl)kar gS&fuf'pr] Lo;afl) vkjaHk fcanq gSA

lansg dh bl çfØ;k esa ge varr% ,d Bksl vkèkkj ij igq¡p tkrs gSa] tc rd ge lansg dj jgs gksrs gSa] ge fparu dh çfØ;k esa gksrs gSaA okLro esa lUnsg çfØ;k esa fpUru fufgr gSA nsdkrZ dk 'eSa lksprk gw¡] blfy, eSa gw¡' vkèkqfud n'kZu dk lcls çfl) fl)kar gSA nsdkrZ bls lHkh ekuo cqf) dk çkFkfed lR; ekurs gSaA nsdkrZ ds bl çFke Lo;afl) çfrKfIr ds egRoiw.kZ fugkrkFkZ gSaA "eSa lksprk gw¡] blfy, eSa gw¡" vFkkZr~ cqf) dk vfLrRo fdlh Hkh vU; oLrq ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS] ekuo dh lÙkk mldh fparu çfØ;k esa gSA nsdkrZ us n'kZu vkSj foKku ds fo}kuksa dks psrk;k fd muds fu"d"kZ çkphu dky ds fo}kuksa ds dk;ksZa ij vkèkkfjr ugha gksus pkfg,A ;gk¡ rd fd vjLrq ds n'kZu dk lexz Kku Hkh fdlh O;fDr dks nk'kZfud ugha cuk ldrkA O;fDr esa LFkkbZ vkSj vLFkkbZ Kku esa varj djus dh ekSfydrk vkSj {kerk gksuh pkfg,A fu.kZ; dh 'kfDr 'kS{kf.kd vè;;u ls ugha

85

c<+rhA fl)karksa dks daBLFk fd;k tk ldrk gSa ijarq n'kZu dks le>k vkSj vkRelkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks ijaifjd fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djus ds LFkku ij fo'o dh egku iqLrdsa i<+uh pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ O;fDr fdlh çfrKfIr ij Bksl fu.kZ; ugha dj ldrk rks og IysVks vkSj vjLrw dh lHkh —fr;k¡ c<+dj Hkh nk'kZfud ugha gks ldrkA cksèk ç'u 1

fVIi.kh %

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A 1½ jsus nsdkrZ Bhd gh vkèkqfud n'kZu ds tud dgs tkrs gSaA D;ksa\

--- --- --- --- 2½ nsdkrZ ds çfofèkd lansg dh O;k[;k djsaA

--- --- --- ---

86

4-4 bZ'oj dk vfLrRo

vc gekjs ikl ,d vkèkkjHkwr fl)kar vkSj lR; Kku dh ,d dlkSVh gSA ç'u gS( ge bl dlkSVh ls fuf'prrk ls vkSj D;k tku ldrs gSa\ fdlh èkks[ksckt bZ'oj ds gksus ls ge fuf'pr :i ls dqN Hkh ugha tku ldrsA ge vHkh rd ugha tkurs fd bZ'oj gS ;k ugha vkSj ;g gS rks og èkks[ksckt ugha gSA ;g dfBukbZ nwj gksuh pkfg,A gekjs dqN fopkj vartkZr çrhr gksrs gSa] dqN gekjs vius vUos"k.k gSa] vfèkdrj fdlh ds fcuk çkIr çrhr gksrs gSaA dqN fopkj cká txr ds çHkko ;k udy gSaA ijarq ;s lHkh Hkze gks ldrs gSaA ,d fopkj tks eSaus Lo;a çkIr fd;k gS og gS bZ'oj dk fopkjA vc 'kqU; ls dqN ugha vk ldrkA tks dqN Hkh vfLrRo esa gS mlds vfLrRo dk ,d dkj.k gSA ;g Hkh ,d Lo;afl) çfrKfIr gSA ;gk¡ nsdkrZ ds rdZ dk fl)kar okLro esa iwoZ esa eè;dky esa LFkkfir n'kZu dk fl)kar ''kqU; ls dqN ugha vk ldrk' ¼ex nihilo nihil fit½ gSA fQj] dkj.k mruk gh O;kid gksuk pkfg, ftruk fd bldk çHkkoA dk;Z esa dkj.k ds leku gh okLrfodrk gksuh pkfg,A og ftlesa vfèkd lR;rk gS vkSj tks vfèkd iw.kZ gS] de iw.kZ dk çHkko rFkk ml ij vkèkkfjr ugha gks ldrkA vr%] eSa Lo;a bZ'oj ds fopkj dk dkj.k ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd eSa lhfer vkSj de iw.kZ gw¡] tcfd bZ'oj dk fopkj ,d iw.kZ dk] vlhe dk fopkj gSA bZ'oj fopkj gekjs Hkhrj fdlh vlhe ;k bZ'oj ds }kjk gh mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vr%]

bZ'oj dk vfLrRo gSA

bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dk ;g çek.k vUlsYe dk lÙkkewyd çek.k ugha gS] cfYd ,d gsrqd çek.k gSA ;g çek.k O;fDr ds eu esa ,d iw.kZ lÙkk ds vfLrRo ds fopkj ls vkjaHk gksrk gSA ;gk rd ;g ugha gS fd ,lk iw.kZ lÙkk dsoy blfy, gS D;ksfd gekjs Hkhrj ,lk laçR;; gS] cfYd blfy, gS D;ksafd ,slh iw.kZ lÙkk ds fopkj ls ge vfuok;Z :i ls ,slh lÙkk ds dkj.k ds :i esa mlds vfLrRo dk vuqeku dj ldrs gSaA lÙkk ewyd çek.k ls

;g rdZ nks <ax ls esy ugha [kkrk % ¼1½ bldk vkjafHkd fcanq vkdkfjd rRo ds :i esa

87

bZ'oj dk laçR;; ugha gS] oju~ bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dk fopkj ekuo ds eu esa gS] ¼2½ ;g Lo;a bZ'oj ds çR;; ls Lo;a bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dh gsrqd vuqfefr }kjk vkxs c<+rk gS] u fd bZ'oj lkj ls mlds vfLrRo lEcafèk –<+ vkdkfjd fufgrkFkZ }kjk] tSlk fd lÙkkewyd rdZ esa gksrk gSA ijarq ;gka ;g rdZ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd vlherk dk laçR;; iw.kZrk ds fu"ksèk dk udkjkRed laçR;; gSA nsdkrZ ds vulkj ,slk ugha gks ldrk D;ksfd vlhe ds çR;; esa llhe dk çR;; vrfufgr gSA ge dSls lansg ;k bPNk dj ldrs gSa ;fn gekjs eu esa vius ls vfèkd iw.kZ dk fopkj u gks] fdlls rqyuk djds ge viuh dfe;ksa dks tkusaxs\ lansg esa lR; dk ekud] iw.kZrk dk ekud fufgr gSA fQj] gekjs ikl iw.kZrk dk fopkj gksus ek= ls ge vius Lo;a ds vfLrRo dk dkj.k ugha gks ldrsA iqu% ;fn geus Lo;a dks cuk;k gksrk rks iw.kZ cuk;k gksrk- Lo;a dks lnSo vfLrRoeku j[kk g tcfd ,slk ugha gSA fQj] ;fn gekjs ekrk&firk us gesa cuk;k gS rks mUgsa gesa lnSo cuk, j[kuk pkfg,]

fdUrq ;g vlaHko gSA

varr%] ;g gekjs eu esa bZ'oj ds fopkj ls Hkh fl) gksrk gS fd ,d iw.kZ lÙkk ds :i esa mldk vfLrRo gSA ;g esjh {kerk ls ijs gS fd eSa bZ'oj dks fcuk vfLrRo ds lkspw¡] fd fcuk fdlh ije iw.kZrk ds ,d iw.kZr% iw.kZ lÙkk gSA ;g lÙkkewyd rdZ gS ftls vUlsYe vkSj vkxLVkbu nksuksa us ç;qDr fd;k gSA ;g Hkh lksp ls ijs gS fd ,d lksph xbZ nSoh iw.kZrk ds dbZ dkj.k gksaA D;ksafd ;fn dkj.k dbZ gksa rks iw.kZ ugha gks ldrsA iw.kZ gksus ds fy, dsoy ,d gh dkj.k vFkkZr~ ,d bZ'oj gksuk pkfg,A bZ'oj dks viuk dkj.k Lo;a gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;fn og vkSj fdlh vU; lÙkk dk dk;Z gS rks og lÙkk fdlh vkSj dk dk;Z gksxh vkSj fQj og fdlh vkSj dkA bl çdkj ;g Ük`a[kyk vuUrdky rd pyrh tk,xh vkSj ge fdlh O;k[;k rd ugha igqapsaxsA bZ'oj dk fopkj eSaus Lo;a bZ'oj ls fy;k gS] ;g vartkZr gSA bZ'oj dsoy dkj.k gh ugha gS cfYd gekjs vfLrRo dk vkfn Hkh gS] mlus vius fcEc ls ekuo cuk;k gSA gesa vk'p;Z ugha gksuk pkfg, fd cukrs le; gh bZ'oj us geesa

;g fopkj viuh —fr ds —rk ds fpà Lo:i j[k fn;k gksA ;fn bZ'oj ugha gksrk rks

88

laHkor% ge tks gSa og ugha gksrs vkSj u gh geesa bZ'oj dk fopkj gksrkA ge Lo;a bZ'oj ds ckjs esa vkSj ekuo 'kjhj ls vfèkd ekuo eu ds ckjs esa vfèkd tkurs gSaA

bZ'oj ij fopkj djrs le; ge ikrs gSa fd bZ'oj lrr] loZK] loZ'kfDreku] lHkh vPNkbZ vkSj lR; dk lzksr rFkk lHkh phtksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyk gSA og nSfgd ugha gS vkSj bafæ;

}kjk gekjh rjg ugha ns[krkA mlds ikl cqf) vkSj 'kfDr gS ij gekjh rjg ugha og gekjh rjg cqjkbZ ;k iki dh bPNk ugha djrk] D;ksafd iki lr~ dk fu"ksèk gSA ;g lkekU;

vfLrdoknh fopkj gS ftlls ge 'kkL=h; LdkykfLVflTe ds le; esa ifjfpr gksrs gSaA nsdkrZ Mal Ld‚Vl ls lger gSa fd ge dsoy rHkh rd cqf) dks Lohdkj dj ldrs gSa tc rd ;g bZ'ojksfDr ls erHksn ugha djrhA og Ld‚Vl ls bl ckr ij Hkh lger gSa fd bZ'oj fo'o dks fdlh vkSj rjg ls Hkh O;ofLFkr dj ldrs Fks] vkSj dksbZ pht blfy, vPNh gS D;ksafd bls bZ'oj us ,slk cuk;k gSA bZ'oj us mls blfy, ugha cuk;k gS fd og vPNh gSA

4-5 cká txr dk vfLrRo

,d vkSj leL;k tks è;krO; gS og gS cká txrA ge ns[krs gSa fd fo'o esa gekjs ls vyx vkSj Hkh vusdksa oLrq,a fo|eku gSA fdUrq ge dSls tku ldrs gSa fd os okLro esa gSa\ geesa lq[k vkSj nq[k dh] Hkw[k vkSj laosnuk dh vuqHkwfr gS] ftls ge lgt cksèk ls ck; HkkSfrd txr dk ifj.kke ekurs gSaA ysfdu gekjh bfUæ;ka gels çk;% Ny djrh jgrh gSa vkSj pw¡fd gekjh bPNk,¡ ,oa :fp;k¡ çk; gesa fnXHkzfer djrh jgrh gSa blfy, ge bu vuqHkwfr;ksa ds gksus ek= ls cká txr ds vfLrRo dk çek.k ugha ys ldrsA fQj] ;fn 'bZ'oj us geesa cká txr dh xgjh vfHk'kalk ço`Ùk dh gS tcfd ,slk dksbZ txr gS gh ugha rc og ,d èkks[ksckt bZ'oj dgyk,xkA rFkkfi] gekjs eu esa bafæ;&Hkze] efrHkze vkSj LoIu dk vfLrRo vkfn nSoh vPNkbZ ds vuq:i gS] D;ksafd bZ'oj us gesa ,sls Hkze dks nwj djus fy, ckSf)d 'kfDr nh gSA bl çdkj bZ'oj èkks[ksckt ugha gSA og ,d lPph lÙkk gSA vr%] gekjs lHkh bfUæ; vuqHko ckg; txr dh oLrqvksa ds ifj.kke gksus pkfg,A vc ;s cká oLrq,¡ D;k gSa\

89

oLrq,¡ gekjs fpUru ls i`Fkd gksrh gSaA buds vfLrRo ds fy, fpUrd dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj] okLro esa dsoy bZ'oj gh ,d ek= fujis{k inkFkZ gSA rFkkfi nsdkrZ vU; nks lkis{k inkFkZ Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa( 'kjhj vkSj euA ;s nksuksa ,d nwljs ls rks Lora= gSa ijarq bZ'oj ij fuHkZj gSaA inkFkZ ds ey varfuZfgr y{k.k mlds xq.k dgykrs gSaA

;g os xq.k gSa ftuds fcuk lEHkor% inkFkZ dk vfLrRo ugha gks ldrkA ,d xq.k dbZ çdkj

¼modes½ ;k <+ax ls O;Dr gks ldrk gSA inkFkZ vkSj xq.k fcuk 'çdkj' ds gks ldrs gSa ijarq bldk vuqykse ugha gks ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ inkFkZ vkSj xq.k fcuk 'çdkj' ds lksps tk ldrs gSa tcfd çdkj dks fcuk inkFkZ vkSj xq.k ds ugha lkspk tk ldrkA ge fcuk foLrkj ¼xq.k½ ds vk—fr ¼çdkj½ ds ckjs esa ugha lksp ldrs] u gh fcuk foLrkfjr ns'k ds xfr dks gks lksp ldrs vkSj u gh fcuk fdlh fpUrd ds dYiuk ;k bPNk dks lkspk tk ldrk gSA æO;

vius xq.k ugha ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS] ijarq 'çdkj' ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS % HkkSfrd 'kjhj lnSo nSf'kd gh gksxk ijUrq bldk vkdkj vko';d ugha dh lnSo ,d leku gh jgsA rc cká txr@oLrq dk D;k Lo:i gS\ ftls ge Li"V vkSj ifjLi"V :i ls oLrq esa ns[krs gSaA og blds vfuok;Z xq.k gSaA èofu] jax] xaèk] Lokn] m"ek vkSj 'khr 'kjhj ds xq.k ugha gSaA ge Li"V ,oa ifjLi"V :i ls bUgsa xzg.k ugha dj ldrs] ;s HkzekRed gSaA ge tks vuqHko djrs gSa og oLrqvksa dk lr~ ugha gSA 'kjhj dk xq.k foLrkj gS tcfd vk—fr mldk

'çdkj' gSA fcuk vk—fr ds Hkh ge oLrq dks lksp ldrs gSa ijarq foLrkj ds fcuk ughaA foLrkj rhu phtksa] yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj eksVkbZ dk leqPp; gSA çR;sd oLrq ,d lhfer ifjek.k gSA

cká txr dh lHkh çfØ;k,¡ foLrkj dk :ikUrj.k ek= gSA foLrkj ds :i esa xzfgr cká oLrq,¡ fuf"Ø; gS vkSj Lo;a xfreku ugha gks ldrh] blfy, bZ'oj fo'o dh xfr dk çFke dkj.k gSA ogh lapkyd gSA nsdkrZ ekurs gSa fd bZ'oj us fo'o dks fuf'pr ifjek.k esa xfr nh gS % xfr fu;r gSA pw¡fd bZ'oj vpy gS vr% fo'o ds lHkh ifjorZu dqN fu;r fu;eksa vFkok çk—frd fu;eksa ls caèks gksrs gSaA ç—fr ds lHkh fu;e xfr ds fu;e gSaA HkkSfrd fiaMksa ds eè; vUrjksa dks mlds vaxksa ds eè; fLFkr fofHkUu lacaèkksa ds vkèkkj ij le>k tk ldrk

90

gSA Bksl os inkFkZ gSa ftuds [k.M laxfBr gSa vkSj fojke voLFkk esa gSaA æo os inkFkZ gSa ftuds [k.M xfr'khy gSaA

cksèk ç'u 2 fVIi.kh %

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A 1½ nsdkrZ bZ'oj dk vfLrRo dSls fl) djrs gSa\

--- --- --- --- 2½ nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj lkis{k inkFkZ D;k gSa\

- --- --- --- ---

4-6 'kjhj vkSj eu dk lacaèk

nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd gekjs ikl fuf'pr gh 'kjhj vkSj eu nksuksa gSaA rFkkfi ;s nksuksa ,d rFkk leku oLrq ugha gS] cfYd ekSfyd :i ls nksuksa fHkUu gSaA nksuksa ,d nwljs ls ?kfu"B :i ls

91

xqFks jgrs gSaA 'kjhj dk xq.k foLrkj gSA eu dk xq.k fparu gSA 'kjhj vfØ; gS tcfd eu Lora= ,oa fØ;k'khy gSA ;s nks phtsa iw.kZr% fof'k"V gSaA eu@vkRek fpUru'khy rRo gSaA fpUru'khy vkSj vfoLrkfjr rRo ds :i esa eq>s viuk Li"V ,oa fof'k"V çR;; gksrk gSaA blfy, eSa vFkkZr~ esjk eu] ftlds }kjk eSa tks gw¡ eSa gw¡] iwjh rjg esjs 'kjhj ls i`Fkd gS vkSj eSa ¼eu½ mlds fcuk vfLrRo esa jg ldrk gw¡A eSa vius vfLrRo dks fcuk dYiuk vkSj vuqHkwfr ds xzg.k dj ldrk gw¡ ijarq fcuk fdlh ckSf)d æO; ds] ftlesa ;s jgrs gSa] eSa buds ckjs esa ugha lksp ldrkA dYiuk vkSj vuqHkwfr eul rRo ls vyx gSaA ;s oLrqvksa ds

'çdkj' tSls gSaA nsdkrZ bPNk vkSj vU; laosxksa dks 'kjhj vkSj eu ds laxBu dk ifj.kke ugha ekurs gSaA nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj] fparu'khy oLrq og gS tks lansg] le>] lksp] Lohdkj] fu"ksèk]

bPNk] vLohdkj vkSj dYiuk djrh gSA fopkj esa og lc dqN lfEefyr gS ftls vkt psruk dgrs gSa vkSj ;g eu ds ckSf)d ,oa laKkukRed fØ;kdykiksa rd gh lhfer ugha gSA u rks foLrkj] u dksbZ vk—fr vkSj u gh dksbZ voèkkj.kk fpUrd ls lEcafèkr gSA esjs eu ds ckjs esa esjk Kku fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd oLrq ls igys vkrk gSA oLrqr] eSa fdlh Hkh çR;f{kr HkkSfrd fo"k; ds vfLrRo ij lUnsg ugha dj ldrkA

nsdkrZ 'kjhj vkSj eu ds eè; furkUr }Sr dks ekurs gSa ftlls fd çk—frd txr ds çk—

frd foKkuksa dh ;kfU=dh; O;k[;k dh tk ldsA eu ç—fr ls i`Fkd gSA ;|fi] mudk ;g }Sr mUgsa dfBu fLFkfr esa ys tkrk gSA ,d vksj mudh Li"Vrk vkSj fof'k"Vrk dh dlkSVh us mUgsa eu&'kjhj ds }Sr dks Li"V :i ls Lohdkj djus ij ckè; fd;kA fdUrq] nwljh vksj] os bl fu"d"kZ dks ugha ekuuk pkgrs Fks fd 'kjhj esa vkRek vofLFkr gS vkSj bls ,d midj.k dh rjg ç;ksx djrh gSA ;g fu"d"kZ nsdkrZ Lohdkj ugha dj ldsA ;fn èkeZ 'kkL=h; vkifÙk;ksa dks NksM+ Hkh fn;k tk, rks O;ogkfjd rF; Hkh bl çdkj ds fu"d"kZ ds fo#) FksA os nsg vkSj vkRek ds chp gksus okyh var:fØ;k rFkk mu nksuksa ds chp fLFkr ,drk ls ifjfpr FksA nsdkrZ us bl leL;k dk gy vkRek vkSj bldh fØ;kvksa dks 'kjhj ds eè; vofLFkr ,d xzafFk ¼fifu;y½ esa fLFkr crk dj fd;kA fQj Hkh blls leL;k gy ugha gqbZA rFkkfi] nsdkrZ dk ijLij vUr:fØ;k dks udkjus dk dksbZ fopkj ugha FkkA

92

blfy;s vUrr% mUgksaus bl leL;k dk gy 'kjhj vkSj eu dks iw.kZ ekuo] ftlesa bu nksuksa dk ,dhdj.k gksrk gS] dh vis{kk viw.kZ inkFkZ crkdj djus dk ç;kl fd;kA ;g iw.kZ :i ls ,d vlUrks"ktud lekèkku FkkA nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj] 'kjhj vkSj eu Bksl ,sD; fufeZr djrs gSaA lHkh laosnuk,¡ dsoy psruk ds vlaxr <+x gSaA eu&'kjhj ds ,D; dk ifj.kke gSA 'kq) vkRek ugha gSA i'kqvksa esa ço`fÙk] çk;% ekuo esa Hkh] fcuk cqf) ds ç;ksx ds gksrh gSA cká oLrqvksa ls mÙksftr bfUæ;k¡ lkèkkj.kr; i'kqvksa dh vkRek dh çfrfØ;k ek= gSA vkSj ;s çfrfØ;k,¡ iw.kZ :i esa ;U=or~ <a+x ls gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ i'kq e'khu ek= gSaA ijUrq ekuoh;

fØ;k,¡ laosnu mRiUu dj ldrh gSaA ;fn eSa dsoy ,d fopkj'khy çk.kh gksrk] ;fn vkRek esjs 'kjhj ls ?kfu"Vrk ls tqM+h ugha gksrh rks] mnkgj.k ds fy,] eq>s ;g rks Kku gksrk fd eq>s Hkw[k yxh gS ijUrq eSa Hkw[k vuqHko ugha djrkA esjs vUnj eu&'kjhj ds la;ksx ls mRiUu laosnuk,¡ vkSj vuqHko] tks fd psruk ds vlaxr :i gSa] ugha gksrsA nsdkrZ }kjk ;g Li"V ugha fd;k x;k fd eu&'kjhj ds la;ksx dks dSls le>k tk,\ vkSj okLro esa] ;g muds }Srokn ds lk¡ps esa laHko Hkh ugha FkkA nsdkrZ lnSo 'kjhj vkSj eu dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+dj ns[kus ls euk djrs jgsA fparu vkSj foLrkj ekuo esa la;qDr :i ls jgrs gSa]

la?kVukRed ,drk ls çfrQfyr gksrs gSaA ;s çk—frd ,drk çnf'kZr ugha djrs vkSj bl ,drk dks nks HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh ,drk ds leku ugha le>uk pkfg,A

nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd 'kjhj ,d e'khu dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA D;ksafd blesa foLrkj vkSj xfr tSls inkFkZ ds xq.k gksrs gSa vkSj ;g HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gSA nwljh vksj os eu ¼;k vkRek½ dks vkè;kfRed inkFkZ crkrs gSa] ftlesa foLrkj vkSj xfr tSls xq.k ugha gksrs gSa blfy, ;g HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa ls lapkfyr Hkh ugha gksrk gSA nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd dsoy euq";ksa ds ikl eul~ gS vkSj eul~ 'kjhj ds lkFk fifu;y xzafFk esa vUr:fØ;k djrk gSA bl çdkj dk }Sr ;g ekurk gS fd eu 'kjhj dks fu;af=r djrk gS] ijarq 'kjhj Hkh eu dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA tSlk fd ge euq";ksa }kjk laosx ds çHkko esa dk;Z djus ds ekeys esa ns[k ldrs gSaA 'kjhj vkSj eu ds lacaèk dks ysdj dh xbZ iwoZ dh vfèkdka'k O;k[;k,a ,d fn'kkRed gSaA nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd fifu;y xzafFk dbZ dkj.kksa ls ^vkRek dh

93

xíh' gSA çFke] vkRek ,dy gS] vkSj eu ds vusd vaxksa dh rqyuk esa fifu;y xzafFk ,d fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA rFkkfi] ckn esa lw{en'kÊ ls ns[kus ij irk pyk fd ;g nks xksykèkZ ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA nwljs] nsdkrZ us ns[kk fd fifu;y xzafFk fuy; ¼ventricles½ ds ikl gSA og fo'okl djrs Fks fuy; esa jgus okyh vkRek ukfM;ksa ds }kjk 'kjhj dks fu;af=r djrh gS vkSj fifu;y xzafFk bl çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djrh gSA vUr esa] nsdkrZ xyr <ax ls

;g ekurs Fks fd dsoy ekuoksa ds ikl gh fifu;y xzafFk gS vkSj dsoy euq"; ds ikl gh eul~ gSA blls mUgksaus fo'okl dj fy;k fd i'kq ihM+k ugha vuqHko dj ldrsA Qyr%

i'kqvksa dh phj&QkM+ iwjs ;wjksi esa çcksèku dky rd fuckZèk :i ls pyrh jghA nsdkrÊ;

}Srokn ls mRiUu eu 'kjhj dh leL;k nsdkrZ dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ vusd o"kksZa rd nk'kZfud foe'kksZa esa NkbZ jghA ;g ç'u dh dSls fcuk fdlh vykSfdd O;k[;k dks Lohdkj fd, vHkkSfrd eul~ HkkSfrd 'kjhj dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gS\ vkt Hkh fooknkLin cuk gqvk gSA

4-7 laosxksa dk euksfoKku

nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj vkRek ds Hkkx ugha gksrs gSaA cfYd ;g ,d ,dd rRo gS tks Lo;a dks fofHkUu çdkj ls O;Dr djrk gSA ,d gh vkRek vuqHko Hkh djrh gS vkSj rdZ vkSj fu.kZ;

HkhA nsdkrZ vkRek ds lfØ; ,oa fuf"Ø;] ftls os fØ;k vkSj ,dkRed o`fÙk;k¡ dgrs gSa]

pj.kksa esa varj djrs gSaA igys pj.k esa bfPNr deZ gSa vkSj os vkRek ij fuHkZj gSa&eSa bZ'oj ls çse djus ds fy,] dFkuksa dks Lohdkjus ;k udkjus ds fy,] dYiuk djus ds fy,] Lej.k djus ds fy,] vius 'kjhj dks xfr'khy djus ds fy, LorU= gw¡A nwljs çdkj ds varxZr laosnuk,¡ vkSj mudh udy vkrh gSaA os Hkw[k] ihM+k o vU; 'kkjhfjd vuqHkwfr;k¡ gSa] budk lEcaèk cká txr ls gSA

,sfPNd ;k lfØ; voLFkk,¡ ek= mu voLFkkvksa dks NksM+dj tcfd Lo;a vkRek mudk dkj.k gks iw.kZr% dsoy vçR;{k :i ls gh vkRek ds fu;a=.k esa gksrh gSaA rFkkfi] vU;

voLFkk,¡ vFkok vuqHkwfr;k¡ Hkh gksrh gSa] ftudh vuqHkwfr gesa Lo;a vkRek esa gksrh gSaA Øksèk]

çlUurk vkfn vkRek dh ,slh gh laosnuk,¡ gSaA ;s fu;fU=r vFkZ esa gh jkxkRed o`fÙk;k¡ gSaA

94

vkRek ds vuqHko] laosx vFkok euksosx fo'ks"k :i ls blls lEcafèkr gSa vkSj ;s vkRek dh fuf'pr xfr'khyrk ls mRiUu] lefFkZr] vkSj –<+rk çkIr djrs gSaA bu lHkh vkosxksa dk mís'; vkRek dks mu ckrksa dh bPNk djkuk gksrk gS ftlds fy, 'kjhj rS;kj jgrk gSa&Hk;

Hkkouk dh bPNk mRiUu djrk gS] lkgl yM+us ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS] vkfnA vkosx vkRek dh rRdky xfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrs gSa tks fifu;y xzafFk dks çsfjr djrs gSaA fdUrq dHkh&dHkh vkosx vkRek dh fØ;k ls Hkh mRiUu gksrs gSa tks fo"k; dks mlds fuf'pr :i esa le>us dh bPNk mRiUu djrs gSa vkSj ftlds }kjk ge ifjfLFkfruqlkj vius Hkhrj lkgl vkfn dh Hkkoukvksa ds tkxzr djrs gSaA

ewy ço`fÙk vkSj bPNk ds chp ds }U} dks xfr;ksa ds chp fojksèk ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gS] ftls 'kjhj vius çk.k ls] vkRek viuh bPNk ls fifu;y xzafFk esa ,d gh le; esa tkxzr djrh gSA çR;sd O;fDr viuh vkRek dh 'kfDr ,oa vkSj nqcyrkvksa dks bu }a}ksa ij fu;U=.k djds igpku ldrk gSA ijarq ,slh dksbZ vkRek ugha gS tks vius laosxksa ij ;fn lgh <ax ls lapkfyr fd;k tk, rks fu;a=.k ugha dj ldrhA rFkkfi vkRek dh ,slh 'kfDr lR; Kku ds fcuk vi;kZIr gSA

nsdkrZ N% çkFkfed laosxksa dh ckr djrs gSa&vk'p;Z] çse] ?k`.kk] bPNk] çlUurk vkSj nq[kA vU; lHkh çdkj dh o`fÙk;k bUgha ds çdkj gSaA ;s lHkh 'kjhj ls lacafèkr gSa vkSj bu lHkh dk dke gS vkRek dks lgefr gsrq rS;kj djuk rFkk mu fØ;kvksa dks çsfjr djuk tks 'kjhj dks ifjjf{kr djrh gS vFkok 'kjhj dks vfèkd lcy ,oa iw.kZ cukrh gSaA bl çfØ;k esa çlUurk vkSj nq[k lcls igys ç;qDr gksrs gSaA D;ksafd] vkRek gkfudkjd vuqHkwfr;ksa ls 'kh?kz foeq[k gksrh gS] ifj.kke Lo:i nq[kkRed o`fÙk mRiUu gksrh gS] fQj ihMk ds dkj.k ls ?k`.kk iSnk gksrh gS vkSj vUrr% ihMk ls eqfDr dh bPNk vkrh gSA

gekjh vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ vkRek }kjk Lo;a tkxzr laosxksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ftl lhek rd vkRek ds Hkhrj Lo;a dks larq"V djus gsrq dqN gksrk gS ml lhek rd fdlh Hkh ckgj

95

ls vkus okyh foifÙk esa bls pksV igqapkus dh 'kfDr ugha gksrhA Lo;a dh vkRe lUrqf"V ds fy, ln~xq.kksa dk ikyu vko';d gSA

nsdkrZ bls foLrkj ls gekjs ekufld thou esa ç;ksx djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa] ijarq os lHkh ekufld çfØ;k dks blls O;k[;kf;r ugha djrs gSaA eul~ ,d fof'k"V rRo gS ftlesa le> vkSj bPNk gSA lHkh 'vuqHkwfr;k¡*] ftUgsa nsdkrZ laosnuk dgrs gSa tSls fd Hkw[k] ekufld laosx vkfn] lc 'kq) :i ls ekufld gSaA ;s dkf;d fØ;kvksa ls mn~Hkqr ugha gksrh gSaA bPNk HkkSfrd voLFkk ls Lora= gS vkSj vius vuqlkj ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fufeZr djrh gSaA bPNk Lora= gS vkSj vkRek ds uSfrd vkn'kZ bls cká çHkko ls eqDr j[krs gSaA

1-8 vartkZr@lgtkr çR;;ksa dk fl)kar

nsdkrZ rhu çdkj ds çR;;ksa dh ckr djrs gSa&fufeZr] vkdfLed vkSj vartkZrA fufeZr çR;; eu dh mit gSaA eu mUgsa fu;af=r vkSj ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA fdlh cká laosnuk ls mn~Hkwr fopkj vkdfLed fopkj gSaA ijarq ;s fufeZr fopkjksa dh rjg fu;af=r vkSj ifjofrZr ugha gks ldrsA tSls dksbZ ;fn vkx ds ikl cSBk gks rks mls rfil vuqHko djuh gh iM+sxhA m"ek dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA u gh ge viuh bPNk ls mldk LoHkko cny ldrs gSaA varr% varjtkr çR;; bZ'oj }kjk l`f"V fuekZ.k ds le; gh eu esa LFkkfir dj fn, tkrs gSaA bu çR;;ksa dk bPNkuqlkj ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] Hkqyk;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq mudh vUroZLrq ifjofrZr ugha dh tk ldrhA T;kfefr ds çR;; varjtkr çR;;ksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] f=Hkqt ds çR;; dk bPNkuqlkj ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk vkSj Hkqyk;k tk ldrk gS] ijarq ,slk ugha gks ldrk fd bls ifjofrZr dj nsa vkSj blesa rhu Hkqtkvksa dk y{k.k lekIr gks tk;A vartkZr çR;; ds vU; mnkgj.k rRoehekalh;

fl)kar gSaA tSls fd 'tks fd;k tk pqdk gS mls u"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk'] eu dk çR;;]

vkSj bZ'oj dk çR;; vkfnA

nsdkrZ dk y{; Li"V vkSj fuf'pr Kku rd igq¡puk Fkk] tSls fdlh oLrq dk oSlk u gksuk vlaHko gS tSlk fd geus mls xzg.k fd;k gSA ,sls vfuok;Z Kku ge xf.kr esa vkSj ;fn ge

96

lE;d fofèk viuk,a rks n'kZu esa Hkh ikrs gSaA fuf'prrk lR; dk ,d x.k gS ftls Li"V ,oa ifjLi"V <ax ls xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA fuf'pr Kku bafæ;ksa ls ugha çkIr fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd bafæ;k¡ oLrq dk okLrfod lr~ :i mtkxj ugha dj ldrh gSaA jax] èofu] Lokn]

xaèk oLrq ls lacfèkr ugha gksrsA bafæ; cksèkd xq.kksa ls LorU= okLrfod oLrq dks ge dsoy Li"V vkSj ifjLi"V fpUru ls gh tku ldrs gSaA ;fn ge vuqHko ds }kjk lR; Kku ugha çkIr dj ldrs- ;fn lR; Kku dN vkèkkjHkr çR;;ksa vkSj fl)karksa ds }kjk fd, x, rksa dk ifj.kke gS rks bls eu esa vUrjfufgr gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ;s vartkZr gksus pkfg, ;k fQj çkxuqHkfodA eu dk viuk ekud gksrk gS] tks lR; Kku dks funZsf'kr djrk gSA Kku dk fl)kar vuqHko ds }kjk Li"V :i ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA eu tSls&tSls fparu dk vH;kl djrk gS Kku Li"V gksrk tkrk gSA rFkkfi ;g vkjaHk ls gh eu esa gksrk gSA nsdkrZ dh eq[; ekU;rk ;g gS fd cqf) ds vius çk—frd ekunaM gksrs gSa fdUrq ;s dSls gksrs gSa]

mUgsa Li"V irk ugha FkkA vartkZr Kku ls mudk rkRi;Z dHkh&dHkh eu esa vk, gq, çR;;

vFkok lR; fl)kar] tks vkRek ds vUnj gksrs gSa] rFkk dHkh&dHkh vkRek ds }kjk ekuo vuqHko }kjk ,sls KkuksRiknu dh {kerk gksuk çrhr gksrk gSA

cksèk ç'u 3 fVIi.kh %

d½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A [k½ bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku dhft,A 1½ nsdkrZ ds eu vkSj 'kjhj ds fopkj dh O;k[;k djsaA

--- --- ---

97

--- 2½ çR;;ksa ds vartkZr fl)kar dk la{ksi esa fooj.k nsaA

--- --- --- ---

4-9 lkjka'k

fulansg lR; ds vUos"k.k esa nsdkrZ us Kku ds fl)kar ds LFkku ij i)fr dh [kkst ij vfèkd cy fn;k rkfd fuf'pr Kku çkIr gks ldsA ;|fi mUgksaus la'k;okn dks i<+k vkSj viuk;k fdUrq os cká fo'o ds vfLrRo dks ekurs Fks] ftlds okLrfod Lo:i dks ckSf)d fparu }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA ikjesukbM~l dh rjg nsdkrZ us cqf) dks vuqHko ds igys j[kkA ;gk¡ rd fd vuqHko ds LFkku ij mUgksaus cqf) dks pquk] tSlk fd mlds ekuo'kkL=h; }Sr ls Li"V gksrk gSA

4-10 dqath 'kCn

fuxeu % dFkuksa ls rkfdZd :i ls fu"d"kZ fudkyus dh çfØ;kA vkxeu % vkèkqfud oSKkfud ;k vkuqHkfod rdZ i)frA

vuqeku % dFkuksa ls fu"d"kZ fudkyus dh çfØ;kA

vartkZr % tUetkr] vuqHko ds LFkku ij eu ls mRiUu gksus okys çR;;A çKk % ,d ijks{k ;k Rofjr KkuA

98

la'k;okn % Kku dh laHkkouk esa la'k; dh ço`fÙkA çkxuqHkfod % vuqHko ls iwoZ vFkkZr~ bfUæ;ksa ls LorU=A

4-11 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

csUusV] tksukFku] yjfux Ýkse flDl fQy‚lksQlZ] oksY;w&1] vkDlQksMZ] dysjsUMu çsl]

2001-

dkfVUèke] t‚u] ¼,fM-½] n dsfEczt dkEisfu;u Vq nsdkrZ] U;w;kdZ] dsfEct ;wfuoflZVh çsl]

1999-

dsUuh] ,sUFk‚uh] , czhQ fgLVªh v‚Q osLVªu fQy‚lksQh] vkDlQksMZ] O;Sdosy ifCyllZ] 1999- ekfjl] tqfy;u] fgLVªh v‚Q fQy‚lksQh] U;w;kdZ] Mkoj ifCyds'kUl] 1966-

ekflZ;j] thu,y] Ýkse lksØsfVt Vq foVxsUlkbu] , fØfVdy fgLVªh v‚Q n dh&dkUlsIVl v‚Q osLVªu fQy‚lhQh] csaxyksj] ,sf'k;u VªsfMax dkjiksjslu] 1998-

lkpsV] fjpkMZ] Dykfldy e‚MZu fQy‚lksQjt] nsdkrZ Vq dk.V] yUnu] jkmVyst ,.M dsxku i‚y] 1984-

FkSyh] Ýsd ¼Vªkl½] fgLVªh v‚Q fQy‚lksQh] fnYyh lqijtsV ifCydslUl] 2005- bUVjusV lUnHkZ

http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/#H2

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes&works/

http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/desc.htm

4-12 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u 1

99

1½ nsdkrZ lkekU; :i ls 'vkèkqfud n'kZu ds firk' dgs tkrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgksaus tks vius fy, ;kstuk,¡ cukbZa vkSj muds fy, tks çfofèk viukbZ oks dqN ,slh Fkh fd mlus eè;dkyhu nk'kZfud ijaijk dks rksM+k vkSj ckn ds n'kZu dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;kA 2½ os n'kZu ds iwjs foèkku dks lgh çfrKfIr;ksa ij fodflr djuk pkgrs Fks] ftlesa dqN

Hkh ifjdfYir u gks oju~ Lo;a fl) ,oa fuf'pr gksA D;ksafd nsdkrZ dk Kku dqN Lo;a fl) vartkZr fl)karksa ls vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj mlls vU; lR; fuxfer gksrs gSaA bl fy;s os fdlh Hkh vkfèkiR; dks udkj dj n'kZu dks ,d uo vkjaHk nsuk pkgrs FksA os n'kZu esa xf.kr tSlh Li"Vrk nsuk pkgrs FksA blfy, os xf.krh; çfofèk dk ç;ksx n'kZu esa djuk pkgrs FksA

cksèk ç'u 2

1½ nsdkrZ ds rdZ dk fl)kar okLro esa igys LFkkfir eè;dkyhu n'kZu dk fl)kar 'dqN ugha ls dqN ugha vk ldrk' ¼ex nihilo nihil fit½ gSA blds ckn] dkj.k mruk gh egku gksuk pkfg, ftruk fd bldk çHkko] de ls de mlesa mruh okLrfodrk gksuh pkfg, ftruh dh çHkko esaA og ftlesa vfèkd lR;rk gS vkSj tks vfèkd iw.kZ gS] de iw.kZ dk çHkko rFkk ml ij vkèkkfjr ugha gks ldrkA vr% eSa Lo;a bZ'oj ds fopkj dk dkj.k ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd eSa lhfer vkSj de iw.kZ gw¡] tcfd bZ'oj dk fopkj ,d iw.kZ dk] vlhe dk fopkj gSA ;g gekjs Hkhrj fdlh vlhe ;k bZ'oj ds }kjk iuik;k tkuk pkfg,] vr% bZ'oj dk vfLrRo gSA

2½ nsdkrZ nks fujis{k æO; Lohdkj djrs gSa] 'kjhj vkSj eu] tks ,d nwljs ls Lora= gSa ijUrq nksuksa bZ'oj ij fuHkZj gSaA æO; dk çeq[k y{k.k xq.k] tks blesa gksrs gSa] dgykrs gSaA ;g os xq.k gS ftlds fcuk æO; dk vfLrRo ugha gSA xq.k dbZ çdkjksa esa O;Dr gksrs gSaA æO; vkSj xq.k fcuk çdkj ds gks ldrs gSa ijarq bldk vuqykse ugha gks ldrk gSA ge fdlh vk—fr dh dYiuk fcuk çdkj ds ugha dj ldrs ;k u gh LFkku ds fcuk xfr dhA nwljh vksj] foLrkj fcuk vk—fr ;k xfr ds laHko gS vkSj fparu fcuk

100

dYiuk ;k laosnu dsA æO; viuk xq.k ugha ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS] ijarq çdkj ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA æO; lnSo foLrkjoku gksrk gS ijUrq bldk :i lnSo ogh jgs ;g vko';d ughaA

æO; vkSj foLrkj rknkRE;rk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA æO; dh dYiuk vk—fr ds fcuk dh tk ldrh gS fdUrq foLrkj ds fcuk ughaA foLrkj rhu phtksa] yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj eksVkbZ dk leqPp; gS] çR;sd 'kjhj dk lhfer ifjek.k gSA

cksèk ç'u 3

1½ nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd gekjs ikl fuf'pr gh 'kjhj vkSj eu nksuksa gSaA rFkkfi ;s nksuksa ,d rFkk leku oLrq ugha gS] cfYd ekSfyd :i ls nksuksa fHkUu gSaA nksuksa ,d nwljs ls

?kfu"B :i ls xqFks jgrs gSaA 'kjhj dk xq.k foLrkj gSA eu dk xq.k fparu gSA 'kjhj vfØ; gS tcfd eu Lora= ,oa fØ;k'khy gSA ;s nks phtsa iw.kZr% fof'k"V gSaA eu@vkRek fpUru'khy rRo gSaA fpUru'khy vkSj vfoLrkfjr rRo ds :i esa eq>s viuk Li"V ,oa fof'k"V çR;; gksrk gSaA nsdkrZ 'kjhj vkSj eu ds eè; furkUr }Sr dks ekurs gSa ftlls fd çk—frd txr ds çk—frd foKkuksa dh ;kfU=dh; O;k[;k dh tk ldsA eu ç—fr ls i`Fkd gSA

nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd 'kjhj ,d e'khu dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA D;ksafd blesa foLrkj vkSj xfr tSls inkFkZ ds xq.k gksrs gSa vkSj ;g HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gSA nwljh vksj os eu ¼;k vkRek½ dks vkè;kfRed inkFkZ crkrs gSa] ftlesa foLrkj vkSj xfr tSls xq.k ugha gksrs gSa blfy, ;g HkkSfrdh ds fu;eksa ls lapkfyr Hkh ugha gksrk gSA nsdkrZ dgrs gSa fd dsoy euq";ksa ds ikl eul~ gS vkSj eul~ 'kjhj ds lkFk fifu;y xzafFk esa vUr:fØ;k djrk gSA bl çdkj dk }Sr ;g ekurk gS fd eu 'kjhj dks fu;af=r djrk gS] ijarq 'kjhj Hkh eu dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA tSlk fd ge euq";ksa }kjk laosx ds çHkko esa dk;Z djus ds ekeys esa ns[k ldrs gSaA 'kjhj vkSj eu ds lacaèk dks ysdj dh xbZ iwoZ dh vfèkdka'k O;k[;k,a ,d fn'kkRed gSaA

101

2½ nsdkrZ ds vuqlkj vUrtkZr çR;; bZ'oj }kjk ekuo eu esa tUe ds le; gh j[k fn;s tkrs gSaA bu çR;;ksa dk ladYi ls ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS fdUrq budh vUrjoLrq dks ifjofrZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA T;kfefr ds çR;; buds mnkgj.k gSA ;fn okLrfod Kku dqN fuf'pr ewyHkwr çR;;ksa vkSj fl)kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr rdZ dk ifj.kke gS rc çR;;ksa dks eu esa gh vUrfuZfgr gksuk pkfg,] vFkkZr iwokuqHkfod vFkok lgtkr gksuk pkfg,A eu ds vius ekud gksrs gSa vkSj ;s ekud@fu;e çR;;ksa dks lR; dh [kkst esa mi;ksx esa ykrs gSaA

102

bdkbZ 5 fLiukst+k

5-0 mís';

5-1 ifjp;

5-2 Kku ehekalk ¼T;kferh; fofèk ,oa cqf)okn½

5-3 ,d inkFkZ ds :i esa bZ”oj ;k ç—fr dk vè;kRe'kkL= ¼rRoehekalk½ 5-4 bZ”oj ds xq.k % fopkj ,oa foLrkj

5-5 :i ,oa ç.kkyh

5-6 uhfr'kkL= vkSj fu;frokn

5-7 jktuhfrd n'kZu ¼rFkk èkeZ dh lekykspuk½ 5-8 lkjka'k

5-9 dqath 'kCn

5-10 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ 5-11 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

5-0 mís';

17oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjkèkZ esa MsdkVZ ds dkVÊth;u n'kZu ds ckn ds nk'kZfudksa esa fLiukst+k dk ;wjksiesa lcls vfèkd ;ksxnku gSA mUgksaus n'kZu 'kkL= ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa] [k+kl dj rRoehekalk esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu fd;sA

fLiukst+k dks vkerkSj ls ,dRooknh] loZs”ojoknh] cqf)oknh] rFkk l[k+r fu;frokn dk çfriknd ekuk tkrk gSA ;FkkFkZ esa os ,d ,sls nk'kZfud Fks ftUgksaus vius xzaFk ^Ethics^ esa ,d lEiw.kZ nk'kZfud O;oLFkk LFkkfir dj nh ftlesa bZ”oj dks ,d vlhfer fdarq fQj Hkh

* M‚- vuh'k pØorÊ] lgk;d çkè;kid] n'kZu foHkkx] deyk usg: egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;A vuqokn& M‚- eatqyk lDlsuk] lsokfuo`Ùk lg&çkè;kid] n'kZu foHkkx] bUæçLFk efgyk egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;A

103

l`f"V esa fufgr ,slk rRo ekuk x;k tks ekuoh; fo'ks"krkvksa ls Hkh lqlfTtr gSA Kku ehekalk ,oa cqf)oknh Kku ds lkFk fLiukst+k ekuo ek= ds fy, lq[k rFkk ç—fr ds lkFk mldk lkeatL; cukus dk vFkd ç;Ru djrs gSaA blfy, gekjk ;s çkFkfed drZO; gks tkrk gS fd ge tkus fd fLiukst+k euq"; dk ewy LoHkko vkSj Lo:i le>us ds fy, D;k ç;Ru djrs gSa A

;s djus ds fy, lgh gksxk fd ge le> ysa] fd fLiukst+k dh fopkjèkkjk 'kq: ls ys dj var rd dSls fodflr gqbZ ] MsdkVZ dh vkykspuk djus ls ys dj muds vius fopkjksa dh LFkkiuk rd tks fd mudh vafre jpukvksa esa feyrk gSA

bl bdkbZ esa vki fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij fLiukst+k ds fopkj tkusaxs(

 bZ”oj

 ç—fr vFkok lalkj

 euq"; ;k ekuo tkfr

 uhfr 'kkL=

 jktuhfrd fopkj A

5-1 ifjp;

c:p ¼csusfMDV½ fLiukst+k Netherlands ds ^Amsterdam esa 24 uoEcj 1632 dks iSnk gq,A NksVh vk;q esa gh oks ;gwnh Ldwy esa nkf[ky gq, tgka mUgksaus dckyk ¼kbbala½] V‚YeM

¼Talmud½] ;gwnh n'kZu vkSj vU; èkkfeZd xzaFkksa dk vè;;u fd;kA Mp èkeZ'kkL=h Gerardus vossius ¼1577&1649½ ] fLiukst+k ds cM+s ç'kald Fks rFkk muls çHkkfor HkhA os pkgrs Fks fd fLiukst+k Rabbi cus A fdarq fLiukst+k ,d vlarq"V vkSj leykspukRed ikBd FksA ftu xzaFkksa dks mUgksaus i<+k mlls os vkSj vfèkd la'k;oknh gks x, vkSj larq"V rks fcYdqy gh ugha gq,A ,sls le; esa mudk ifjp; ¶+jkalhlh nk'kZfud rFkk xf.krK ds nk'kZfud fopkjksa ls gqvk ftlls mUgsa vius cqf)oknh n'kZu dks u, <k¡ps esa <kyus dh çsj.kk vkSj lgk;rk feyhA

viuh vkthfodk ds fy, 1654 ds vkl ikl fLiukst+k us ,d Ldwy esa i<+kuk 'kq: fd;k ftlds laLFkkid Mp nk'kZfud Franciscus van den enden ¼ 1602& 1674½ FksA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd bl nkSjku fLiukst+k us ;gwnh nk'kZfud Moses Maimonides dks Hkh i<+k rFkk vaxzst fopkjd Vkel gkCt+ ¼1588& 1679½ dks HkhA tSlh fd vk'kk Fkh fLiukst+k us ;gwnh xzaFkksa dks R;kx fn;kA blds dkj.k 1656 esa igyh ckj mu ij ,d ^Synagogue ds ckgj Nqjs

104

ls geyk gqvk vkSj var esa mudks Amsterdam rFkk ;gwnh èkeZ &nksuksa ls gh cfg"—r dj fn;k x;kA

blds ckn ls fLiukst+k us 'kgj ds ckgj jguk vkSj p'eksa] ekbØLdksi] rFkk VsfyLdksi bR;kfn esa bLrseky gksus okys ysal dks f?klus dk dke 'kq: fd;kA ;gk¡ mUgksaus –f"V foKku i<+k vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa dksn'kZu'kkL= ds ewy fl)kUrksa ds fo"k; esa crkuk 'kq: fd;kA muds ;s gh O;k[;ku vkxs py dj cgqr yksdfç; gq, vkSj varr% 1862 esa^A ‘short treatise on God, Man and his well being^ 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr gq,A vius nk'kZfud fopkjksa dks vkSj fodflr djus ds fy, fLiukst+k lsokfuo`Ùk gks dj ,d xk¡o ^Rijnsberg tks ^Leiden ds ikl Fkk] esa jgus yxsA ;gk¡ gh mUgksaus vius vèkwjs xzaFk on the Emendation of the intellect dks iwjk fd;kA ,d Nk= Johannesburg Casearius dks cartesian n'kZu i<+krs le; gh mUgksaus MsdkVZ dh iqLrd principles of philosophy ¼1644½ ds igys nwljs vkSj rhljs Hkkxksa dk ,d T;kferh; laLdj.k cuk;k rFkk mls Priciples of Cartesian philosophy with metaphysical thought ds uke ls fy[kkA vius vlyh uke fLiukst+k ls mUgksaus vius thou dky esa dsoy ;g gh jpuk dh tks çdkf'kr Hkh gqbZ A

'kh?kz gh fLiukst+k The Hague ds ikl fLFkr owjcsjx ¼vooberg½ pys x, vkSj ogk¡ gh jgus yxs A ;gk¡ gh mUgksaus viuh egku dyk—fr ¼magnum opus½ Ethics fy[kuh 'kq: dh vkSj lkFk esa gh Tractatus Theologico & Politicus uked fucaèk Hkh ftlesa ;s vihy dh x;h Fkh fd ,d laçHkq jkT; esa èkeZ ds LFkku ij rdZ dks çèkkurk nh tk,A ;s gh jpuk ckbcy dh vkykspuk dk loZçFke xzaFk Hkh gSA fookn ls cpus ds fy, fLiukst+k us bls 1674 esa fcuk viuk uke fn, çdkf'kr djk;k fQj Hkh ;s xzaFk 1674 esa gh cfg"—r gks x;kA blds ckn fLiukst+k The Hague esa gh jgus vk x, tgka vkthfodk ds fy, fQj ls mUgksaus 'kh'ks f?klus dk dke 'kq: dj fn;kA ;gk¡ jgrs gq, mUgksaus ik¡p o"kZ vius xzaFk Ethics : Demonstrated in a geometrical order dks iwjk djus esa yxk,A ;gk¡ gh mUgksaus A political treatise: A compendium on Hebrew Grammar Hkh fy[kk tks dqN dkj.kkso'k vèkwjk gh jg x;kA ,d fucaèk dh jpuk vkSj dh ftldk uke Fkk ^A short treatise on Rainbow’-

21 February 1677 dks fLiukst+k us vk[k+jh lk¡l yhA dkj.k Fkk tuberculosis ;k silicosis tSlh dksbZ QsQM+ksa dh chekjh tks lEHkor% 'kh'ks dh f?klkbZ djrs gq, mlds js'ks vanj tkus ls gks x;h gksxhA mlh o"kZ ckn esa mudk xzaFk B-D-S opera posthuma ftl esa mudk eq[;

dke Ethics, On the Emendtion of the Intellect, A political treatise Hebrew Grammar vkSj mudk Letters uked laxzg Hkh muds fe= Meyer and Jelles us lEikfnr vkSj çdkf'kr fd;kA mudk oSKkfud fucaèk 1687 esa çdkf'kr gqvk fdarq tYnh gh ppZ us fLiukst+k dh

105

lHkh jpukvksa dk cfg"dkj djrs gq, mUgsa Indea Librorum Prohibitorum ds varxZr j[k fn;k A

5-2 Kku ehekalk ¼T;kferh; fofèk vkSj cqf)okn½

5-2-1 T;kferh; fofèk

fLiukst+k ukiuh iqLrd ,fFkDl js[kxf.krh; fofèk esa fy[kh gS ftlesa ifjHkk"kk,¡] lwfä;ka

¼aAioms½] çfrKfIr;ka ¼propositions½ çn'kZu ¼Demonstrations½] vkSj fu"d"kZ ¼corollary½ bR;kfn gSaA iwNk tk ldrk gS fd Hkyk dksbZ ,d nk'kZfud fucaèk js[kxf.krh; fofèk ls D;w¡

fy[ksxk tSlk fd fLiukst+k us fd;kA bldk ,d mÙkj rks ;s gks ldrk gS fd fLiukst+k

;wfDyM ls cgqr çHkkfor Fks D;w¡fd ;wfDyM us rkfdZd <ax ls ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj lwfä;ksa ls fu"d"kksZa dk fuxeu ¼deduction½ fd;k FkkA vkèkkjokD;ksa ¼premises½ ls fu"d"kZ tqM+s gq, fudyrs Fks vkSj bl çfØ;k esa rkfdZd ykfyR; ¼elegance½ rFkk ladsrksa dh Li"Vrk gksrh FkhA fLiukst+k ds fu"d"kksZa esa ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fufgrkFkZ Li"V gksrs FksA ;fn ge muds vkèkkjokD;ksa dks Lohdkj djrs Fks rks muds }kjk fudkys x, fu"d"kksZa dks Lohdkj djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk FkkA fQj Hkh ;s rF; fooknkLin gS fd muds fu"d"kZ T;kfefr ds vius fu"d"kksZa ftrus gh ekU; gSa ;k ughaA fLiukst+k us viuh T;kferh; fofèk n'kZu'kkL= dks xf.kr ftruk gh fuf'pr cukus ds fy, viuk;h ;k ;s dsoy mudk fopkj çLrqfr djus dk viuk ilUnhnk <ax Fkk] & ;s r; djuk dfBu gSA ;gk¡ nwljk fodYi vfèkd lEHko yxrk gS D;w¡fd ,fFkDl ls igys fLiukst+k us MsdkVZ ds principles of Cartesian philosophy

dks nksckjk T;kferh; <ax ls fy[kk FkkA ml fucaèk ds çkDdFku ls Li"V gksrk gS fd dkVÊt+u ¼Cartesian½ fl)kUrksa dks T;kferh; <ax ls fy[kus dk ç;kstu muds vkSfpR; dks fn[kkuk ugha cfYd MsdkVZ ds n'kZu dks laf{kIr rFkk xf.krh; Lo:i nsuk gS A

;s le>uk jkspd gksxk fd fLiukst+k dh ^çn'kZu* fofèk fuxeu dh dlkSVh ij [kjh mrjrh gSA blfy, ;fn vki bldh ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk lwfä;ksa dks eku ysa rks muds çLrkoksa dks Hkh eku ysaA çn'kZu ds fy, ge tks Hkh çLrko ysrs gSa mldk çn'kZu igys gh gks pqdk gksrk gSA lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk Lo;afl) fl)karksa dh uho ls vkjEHk gksrh gS tSlk fd ;wfDyM dh T;kfefr esa gSA ;s ewy ;k lwä:ih okD; fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj rRoehekalh; <k¡ps ds vkèkkj gSaA çnf'kZr çLrko T;kfefr ds theorems tSls gSa tgka çR;sd rdZ ;k ;qfä vius ls igyh

;qfä ls fuxeukRed <ax ls fudyrh gSA

5-2-2 cqf)okn

106

fLiukst+k ,d cqf)oknh Fks A cqf)okn ,d Kkuehekalh; –f"Vdks.k gS tks Europe esa 17 oha 'krkCnh esa Li"V rkSj ij mHkjkA eq[; ç'u mlle; ;s gksrk Fkk fd Kku dk lzksr D;k gS vkSj cqf)okn dk nkok Fkk fd Kku ewyr% varjKku gS vkSj ;s cqf) dh varnZ`f"V rFkk fuxeukRed fofèk ls çkIr gksrk gSA cqf) loZçFke dqN Lo;afl) çLrkoksa dks eku ysrh gS vkSj fQj muls 'kq) fuxeukRed fofèk ls vU; lR; çkIr djrh gSA jsus MsdkVZ] csusfMDV fLiukst+k vkSj xkV~¶+jhM foYgsYe ykbfCuV~l] tks lHkh xf.kr ds fo}ku Fks& ;wjksih; egk}hi ds rhu egkjFkh FksA cqf)okn esa Kku bafæ;kuqHko dk lgkjk fy, fcuk dsoy cqf) }kjk çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bl fofèk dks bafæ;kuqHkoiwoZ dgk tkrk gS fdarq blesa lR; dh [kkst ifjHkk"kkvksa] theorems, muds çn'kZu] rFkk aaxioms ds ekè;e ls gksrh gSA dgha Hkh bafæ;kuqHko dk lgkjk ugha fy;k tkrkA blfy, ;fn dksbZ fopkj fd;k tkrk gS ;k fdlh dk [kaMu fd;k tkrk gS & rks mldks vklkuh ls çkjfEHkd fopkj esa fufgr ekuk tkrk gSA

5-2-3 rhu çdkj dk Kku

viuh iqLrd ,fFkDl esa fLiukst+k rhu çdkj ds Kku dks ,d vkjksgh Øe esa j[krs gq, mldk o.kZu djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj ge oLrqvksa dks ns[krs gSa vkSj mlds ckjs esa viuk fopkj cukrs gSa tks lkekU; fopkj gksrk gSA blesa oLrq fo'ks"k dk Kku ckSf)d va'kksa ds :i esa vO;ofLFkr <ax vkSj bafæ;kuqHko ls ¼Lora= jg dj½ gh vkrk gSA bu nksuks dks gh fLiukst+k çkFkfed Kku ekurs gq, mUgsa jk; ¼opinion½ ;k dYiuk ¼imagination½ uke nsrs gSaA nwljh çdkj dk Kku og gS tks ge lHkh vusd oLrq fo'ks"k dks ns[k dj mues mifLFkr ,d] nks ;k vusd lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ dks ns[k dj tkurs gSaA ;s nwljh çdkj dk Kku gS vkSj bldks cqf) çnr Kku dgk tkrk gSA bu nks ds vfrfjä ,d rhljh çdkj dk Kku Hkh gksrk gS ftldks fLiukst+k varKkZu ;k varnZ`f"V dgrs gSaA ;s bZ”oj tSlh lokZsPp lÙkk ds dqN vfuok;Z fo'ks"krkvksa dh gksrh gS vkSj blh esa gesa ;s le> esa vkrk gS fd HkkSfrd lalkj

;k l`f"V ds fofHkUu çrhr gksus okys vax okLro esa ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gh gSa vkSj bl van:uh tqM+ko ls gh ,d bdkbZ cuk jgs gSaA

5-3 ,d inkFkZ ds :i esa bZ”oj ;k ç—fr dk vè;kRe'kkL=

¼rRoehekalk½

vius rRoehekalh; fopkj.k esa fLiukst+k ,drRooknh rFkk loZs”ojoknh gSaA os ,d inkFkZ ds laçR;; dks ekU;rk nsrs gSa tks okLrfod ;k HkkSfrd æO; ls fuxfer gksrk gSA bl inkFkZ dks os LolEiw.kZ ekurs gSa A ;s uk fdlh vU; æO; ls fudyk gS vkSj u gh vius vykok fdlh vkSj æO; ij fuHkZj gSA vc tks inkFkZ LolEiw.kZ ugha gSa tSls fd vfèkdka'k HkkSfrd

107

æO;] mudh mifLFkfr muds dkj.k ¼cause½ dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA HkkSfrd lalkj gesa dk;Z dkj.k ds fu;e dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;gk¡ fLiukst+k bl fu;e dh O;k[;k bl çdkj djrs gSaA tM+ æO; esa xfr gksrh gS vkSj oks xfr fdlh vU; æO;] tks mifLFkr xfr eku æO; ls igys vk;k Fkk] us vkjEHk dh gSA igyh oLrq nwljh ls fudy dj xfr djrh gqbZ fQj igyh ls Vdjkrh gSA vc] ;fn nwljh esa xfr ugha gS rks gesa le> ysuk pkfg, fd oks igyh ls Vdjk;h ugha gSA dkj.k dh ;s O;k[;k fLiukst+k ds vuq;kf;;ksa esa erHksn mRiUu djrs gSa D;w¡fd ;g dkj.k dks ,d HkkSfrd okLrfod ?kVuk u eku dj dsoy mldh rkfdZd O;k[;k djrk gSA

fLiukst+k rdZ djrs gSa fd çFke ;k lokZsPp inkFkZ Lo;a gh viuk dkj.k gSA ;s fdlh vU;

oLrq ls mRiUu ;k vkjEHk ugha gqvk vU;Fkk bldks çFke ugha ekuk tk ldsxkA çFke inkFkZ vukfn vkSj vuar gS vkSj blds ifj.kke ds :i esa l`f"V ;k HkkSfrd lalkj Hkh vuar fdarq ifjorZu'khy gSA ç—fr dHkh cuk;h ugha x;h vkSj uk gh og fLiukst+k ds fopkj esa [k+Re gks ldrh gSA dky ;k le; tks ç—fr dk gh ,d Hkkx @ vk;ke gS] fujarj vkxs ihNs gksrk jgrk gS fdarq [k+Re ;k vkjEHk dHkh ugha gksrkA dky ;k le; esa vafre iy dHkh ugha vk,xk D;w¡fd oks fujarj gSA dky ds vfrfjä l`f"V fnd~ vFkok LFkku esa Hkh QSyrh gS vkSj bl QSyko dk Hkh dksbZ var ugha gSA lHkh inkFkZ vfuok;Zr% vlhfer gksrs gSaA bZ”oj vFkok lalkj ls vfHkçk; blh vlhfer lÙkk ls gSA

5-4 bZ”oj ds xq.k % fopkj ,oa foLrkj

l`f"V] bZ”oj vFkok ç—fr ;k muds laçR;;ksa dh lÙkk udkjh ugha tk ldrhA fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj æO;eku] Lo:i] ÅtkZ bR;kfn HkkSfrd lalkj ds vfuok;Z fgLls gSa vkSj budks fLiukst+k ,d uke nsrs gSa vkSj oks gS foLrkjA foLrkj ds lkFk gh mldk fopkj Hkh vfLrRo j[krk gSA ;s gh nksuks bZ”oj ds xq.k gSaA fojksèkkHkkl j[krs gq, fLiukst+k bZ”oj ds dqN vU;

xq.k dk vfLrRo Hkh ekurs gSa tks vla[; rFkk euq"; ds fy, vKs; gSaA oks D;k gSa] dkSu ls gSa & ;s euq"; ugha tku ldrkA vc ç'u ;s mBrk gS fd D;k fopkj vkSj foLrkj bZ”oj ls Lora= vfLrRo Hkh j[krs gSaA fLiukst+k dk mÙkj ;gk¡ uk esa gSA dkj.k ;s fd fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj ;s nksuks gh ,d vdsyh] vfoHkkT;] vuar lÙkk ds vfuok;Z xq.k gSa tks lokZsPp lÙkk esa fLFkr gSaA tks dqN Hkh gS oks bZ”oj esa gS vkSj bZ”oj ds fcuk mldh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA

5-5 :i ,oa ç.kkyh

108

fLiukst+k dk rdZ ;gk¡ ;s gS fd ;fn lc dqN bZ”oj gh gS rks gj oLrq oLrq dk dkj.k Hkh bZ”oj gh gSA ;fn dkj.k ¼bZ”oj½ dk vfLrRo gS rks mlds dk;Z Hkh ¼ifj.kke½ Hkh vo'; gksaxs rFkk ;fn ,slk gS rks lHkh oLrq,¡ ¼vius dkj.kksa ls½ fuèkkZfjr gSaA gekjh rdZ 'kfä oLrqvksa dks LofuèkkZfjr vFkkZr~ Lora=r ekurh gSA fLiukst+k çR;sd oLrq fo'ks"k dks tSls euq"; vkSj vU; thoksa dks lhfer rFkk vius dkj.kksa ls fuèkkZfjr ekurs gSaA çR;sd oLrq fo'ks"k esa lhfer foLrkj rFkk vofèk gksrh gSA dky vFkok le; esa mudh jpuk gksrh gS vkSj dqN le; ckn mudk var gks tkrk gSA lhfer oLrq,¡ mRiUu gksrh gS] jgrh gSa vkSj fQj u"V gks tkrh gSaA foLrkj esa os HkkSfrd oLrq,¡ gSa vkSj fopkj esa cqf) vFkok fopkj fo'ks"kA ;s ç—fr] lalkj vFkok l`f"V vFkok bZ”oj ds vax gSa vkSj ,slh oLrq,¡ vla[; gSaA ;s bZ”oj esa gSa fdarq os Lo;a bZ”oj ugha gSa] mlls fHkUu gSaA oLrq,¡ dk;Z dkj.k ds Øe esa jgrh gSaA fLiukst+k dk dguk Fkk fd çR;sd oLrq fo'ks"k] O;fä] ;k tho] tks lhfer gS] uk rks dksbZ vU; oLrq mRiUu dj ldrk gS vkSj uk gh viuk Lora= vfLrRo j[k ldrk gSA nwljh vksj ;s lHkh lhfer oLrq,¡

,d dk;Z dkj.k dh J`a[kyk esa cèks gq, jgrs gSa vkSj ;s J`a[kyk Hkh lhfer gS & vlhfer ughaA fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj ge HkkSfrd ;k bafæ;kuqHkfod lalkj esa tks Hkh ns[krs gSa] oks :i Hkh cnyrk jgrk gS vr% og fdlh vU; oLrq ij fuHkZj rFkk uk'koku gS A

cksèk ç'u 1 fVIi.kh%

d½ fn, x, fjä LFkku esa viuk mÙkj fyf[k,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x, mÙkjksa ls feyku dhft,A 1- inkFkZ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

- --- --- --- --- 2- inkFkZ dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb, A

- ---

109

--- --- ---

5-6 uhfr'kkL= vkSj fu;frokn

5-6-1 ,fFkDl ;k uhfr'kkL=

fLiukst+k dk uhfr'kkL= mudh rRoehekalk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA euq"; dks dSlk vkpj.k djuk pkfg,] mlds fd, gq, —R; 'kqHk gSa ;k ugh & bldk fu'p; bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og bl lalkj ds fo"k; esa viuh D;k èkkj.kk curk gSA ç—fr dk ,d lhfer va'k gksus ds dkj.k O;fä fujarj mlls çHkkfor gksrk gS] ç—fr esa gksus okys cnykoksa dk vlj mlds vkpj.k ij iM+rk gSA vkerkSj ls nk'kZfud ;s ekurs gSa fd euq"; ç—fr ls fHkUu vius vki esa foy{k.k gS vkSj oks ç—fr ds jkT; ds vanj gh viuk ,d vU; lalkj cuk ysrk gSA fdarq fLiukst+k bldk [kaMu djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd euq"; blh fu;froknh lalkj dk gh ,d vax gS A

fLiukst+k dk uhfr 'kkL= 'kqHk& v'kqHk ds Lo:i ds foospu ls vkjEHk gksrk gSA fdarq ;g foospu le>us ls igys gesa ;s tku ysuk t+:jh gksxk fd fLiukst+k euq"; dh ,d [k+kfl;r dh ckr djrs gSa vkSj mldks os conatus dk fl)kar dgrs gSa Conatus ls vfHkçk; gS ^vkRe j{k.k dh ço`fÙk^ tks fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj euq"; esa gh ugha lHkh thoksa esa gksrh gSA blh ds dkj.k O;fä fujarj vius dks lqèkkjrs jgus esa yxk jgrk gS vkSj ifjiw.kZrk dks çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ;s gh dkj.k gS fd oks ^ifjiw.kZ* rFkk viw.kZ* ds laçR;; cukrk rFkk mUgsa le>us vkSj çkIr djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA euq"; ds fy, 'kqHk og gS ftldks og 'kqHk ekurk gSA blh çdkj v'kqHk Hkh mldh viuh le> ds vuqlkj curk gSA 'kqHk v'kqHk dh dksbZ fujis{k dlkSVh ugha gSA ¼Broad 1930] 15½

;s gh fo'ks"krk lHkh çk—frd oLrqvksa esa gSA euq"; çk—frd oLrqvksa ds fo"k; esa ,d lkekU;

laçR;; cuk ysrk gS vkSj mlh dks dlkSVh eku dj mlds vkèkkj ij ;s fu.kZ; djrk gS fd D;k 'kqHk gS vkSj D;k v'kqHkA tc tks oLrq ml dlkSVh ij [kjh ugha mrjrh rks ge mldks viw.kZ ;k nks"kiw.kZ eku ysrs gSa vkSj tc ml ekunaM ds vuq:i gksrh gS rc 'kqHkA 'kqHk&

v'kqHk ds varj dk ekinaM euq"; bl rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, cukrk gS fd D;k og mlds thou dks yEcs le; rd lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gS vkSj D;k ughaA euq"; ds fy, 'kqHk

110

v'kqHk vkRej{kk ls lkis{k gSaA blh dkj.k fofHkUu O;fä;ksa ds fy, vyx vyx oLrq,¡ vkSj

—R; 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gksrs gSaA tks esjs fy, 'kqHk gS oks nwljs ds fy, ugha gh gks ldrk cfYd v'kqHk gh gks tk,xkA ¼ Broad] 1930] 15½

vr% tgka rd ekuoh; vkpj.k dh ckr gS] ,slk dqN Hkh ugha gS tks vius vki esa] fujis{k

<ax ls lgh @ 'kqHk gksA 'kqHk v'kqHk dk vafre fu.kZ; rks lanHkZ ;k ifjfLFkfr] ekU; vkn'kZ]

rFkk mu O;fä;ksa dh #fp ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks mlds ekè;e ls vius mís'; dh çkfIr djuk pkgrs gSaA ;gk¡ fLiukst+k Li"V djrs gSa fd ,d gh oLrq ,d gh le; esa nks ;k nks ls Hkh vfèkd O;fä;ksa ds fy, 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk gks ldrh gS D;w¡fd mlds ekè;e ls os lc vius mís'; dh çkfIr dj ldrs gSa ;k ugha dj ldrsA fLFkfr blds foijhr Hkh gks ldrh gS

;gk¡ rd fd ,d gh oLrq ;k —R; 'kqHk v'kqHk ds }Sr ls ijs Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj blh vFkZ esa fu%LokFkZ HkhA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij laxhr mlds fy, 'kqHk gS tks vdkj.k gh mnkl gS vkSj tks fdlh dk ekre euk jgk gks mlds fy, cqjk vkSj tks lqu gh ugha ldrk mlds fy, uk 'kqHk uk v'kqHkA

bl çdkj fLiukst+k 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk dks fujis{k ugha eku dj ifjfLFkfr] ls lkis{k vkSj vkRexr u fd fujis{k ;k oLrqxr ekurs gSaA fdarq 'kqHk v'kqHk dks ekius dk ekinaM fujis{k gh gS lkis{k ughaA ;s fu"d"kZ euq"; dh ewy ç—fr] tks lnk fujis{k dh ryk'k esa jgrh gS]

ls iw.kZr% laxr gSA

5-6-2 fu;frokn

fLiukst+k us ;s ekuk fd euq"; dh 'kfä;k¡ lhfer gSa vkSj ckgjh dkj.kksa ls de jg tkrh gSaA blfy, ckgjh phtksa dks vius fgr ds fy, vuqdwy cukus esa ge l{ke ugha gSaA ge rks pqipki vius fgr@ vfgr esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks Hkh Lohdkj djrs pyrs gSaA ,d 'kqHk thou dh dqath ln~xq.k gSa tks fu;frokn ds fl)karksa dk ikyu djus vkSj viuh 'kq) cqf) ds ekxZn'kZu esa vkpj.k djus esa fufgr gSA tks gekjh cqf) gesa crk, ge mlh dk ikyu djsa rHkh thou lq[ke; gks ldrk gSA ln~xq.kh O;fä fuf'pr dj ldrk gS fd D;k cqjk gS vkSj D;k vPNk D;w¡fd og viuh 'kq) cqf) ds vuqlkj vkpj.k dj jgk gSA oks vius fdlh ,d vaxek= dk ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ O;fäRo dk dY;k.k pkgrk gSA ,sls esa {kf.kd lq[k mldks vius ekxZ ls fMxk ugha ldrs vkSj u gh mldks vkaf'kd lq[k ds ykyp esa vkus nsrs gSaA

lnxq.kh O;fä dks lcls vfèkd vko';drk varnZ`f"V vkSj dk;Z dkj.k ds ikjLifjd lEcaèk ds Kku dh iM+rh gSA lokZsPp Kku bZ”oj ;k l`f"V dk gSA fLiukst+k dk dguk gS fd euq";

111

dk egkure lq[k ;k 'kqHk bZ”oj ds Kku esa gS vkSj bZ”oj dks gh tku ysuk lokZsPp ln~xq.k gSA ln~xq.kh O;fä oks gS tks Lora= vkSj laçHkq gS] ftldk thou cqf) ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS vkSj blesa tks'k rFkk laosx ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA ;s bZ”oj ds çfr çse esa fufgr gS vkSj ;g çse lokZsPp gSA bl çdkj fLiukst+k Lo;a dks ,d cqf)oknh rFkk fopkjiw.kZ varnZ`f"V ds çfriknd fl) dj nsrs gSa A

5-7 jktuhfrd n'kZu vkSj èkeZ dh lekykspuk

vius le; dh ladh.kZ fopkjèkkjk ¼orthodox½ dh dlkSVh ij fLiukst+k ,d vuh”ojoknh Fks vkSj blhfy, vfèkd çfr"Bk ugha ik ldsA fdarq vke vkneh ds fy, os ,d lH;O;fä Fks tks è;ku ¼meditation½ vkSj nk'kZfud fopkj.k ds çfr lefiZr Fks vkSj ftUgksaus lHkh {kf.kd lq[kksa rFkk >wBs xoZ dk R;kx dj fn;k FkkA ml le; ;s ,d fuf'pr ckr Fkh fd O;fä tc e`R;q ds fudV gksrk gS rks ppZ ls viuh vkRek dh 'kkafr ,oa lÙkk cuk, jgus ds fy, çkFkZuk djrk gSA fdarq fLiukst+k blds viokn FksA e`R;q ds le; dh mudh 'kkafr muds nk'kZfud vkSfpR; ds çfr muds fo”okl dk ladsr Fkh A mUgh fnuks ;s Hkh cgqr vke èkkj.kk Fkh fd vuh”ojoknh vuSfrd Hkh vo'; gksrs gSa blh fy, u dsoy muds fopkjksa cfYd vkpj.k dks Hkh x+yr ekuk tk,A ml le; dh ladh.kZ fopkjèkkjk bl ckr ij t+ksj nsrh Fkh fd bZ”oj çnÙk uSfrd ewY;ksa ls fuèkkZfjr fn'kk ds vHkko esa iki euq"; ds vkpj.k dks fcxkM+ ¼corrupt½ nsrk gSAblhfy, vuh”ojoknh ds fy, lnxq.kh vkSj vPNk O;fä gksuk vlEHko gSA fLiukst+k dk thou vkSj fopkj.k bl ewy èkkj.kk ds fy, ,d pqukSrh FksA fLiukst+k dh l`f"V ijd le>] HkkSfrd inkFkZ] vkSj xfr lEcUèkh fopkjksa esa bZ”oj dh ;gwnh bZlkbZ dh ml èkkj.kk dk t+ksjnkj [kaMu Fkk ftlesa bZ”oj ds çdV gksus rFkk xzaFkksa esa mlds o.kZu dks vaèkfo”okl ugha ekuk x;kA fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj peRdkj euq"; ds vKku ls mitrs gSa ! Old Testament vlfy;r esa ghCkzw Hkk"kk dk ek= ,d bfrgkl crkus okyk xzaFk gSA bZlk elhg dk iqutZUe dsoy ,d :id ;k vU;ksfä ¼allegory½ gS vkSj vkRek dk vejRo ek= feFkd gSaA Hkwr] 'kSrku vkSj vkRekvksa esa fo”okl èkks[kkèkM+h gS tks vKkuh rFkk Mjiksd yksxksa ij Fkksi fn;k tkrk gSA viuh ;qokoLFkk esa cgqr gh è;ku ls i<+s x, èkkfeZd xzaFkksa us fLiukst+k ds vanj ,d vkykspukRed o`fÙk tkx`r dj nh tks The Old Testament ds çfr Hkh cuh jghA blhfy, oks ;gwfn;ksa vkSj ç‚VsLVasV ds fy, leL;k cu x,A ;gwnh vkSj ç‚VsLVasV] nksuks gh èkkfeZd ifo= le>h tkus okyh iqLrdksa ds fy, ,d leL;k [kM+h dj jgs Fks D;w¡fd nksuks gh bu iqLrdksa dks bZ”oj dk çkdVî ekurs gSaA rRi'pkr~ 1670 esa fLiukst+k us fcuk viuk uke fn, Tractatus Theologico & Politicus uked —fr dk çdk'ku fd;kA bl —fr ds 'kh"kZd us gh èkkfeZd ladh.kZrk okys yksxksa dks muds fo#) dj fn;k

112

D;w¡fd blesa mUgksaus èkeZ'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr 'kkL= dks ckSf)d dlkSVh ij tk¡pus dh çfØ;k viukus ij cy fn;k FkkA fLiukst+k ds fy, oSpkfjd Lora=rk fcuk lksps èkkfeZd laLFkkuksa dh vkKk ikyu ls vfèkd uSfrd gSA vius fDy"V vè;kRe'kkL= ls Hkh oks ,d vPNk lekt jpuk pkgrs FksA blfy, bZ”oj] èkkfeZd xzaFkksa] vkSj èkeZ xq#vksa dh txg os lnxq.kksa ds ikyu ij cy nsrs jgsA blh ls mudks vkxs c<+us ds fy, ÅtkZ feyrh FkhA lnxq.k muds fopkj esa viuh ç—fr ds vuq:i fu;eks dk ikyu gS D;w¡fd ge oks gh djrs gSa tks ge mfpr le>rs gSaA

fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj 'kklu djus dk lgh mís'; Lora=rk LFkkfir djuk vkSj mldks cuk, j[kuk gSA fLiukst+k dk mís'; ;g crkuk Fkk fd bZ”oj dks ekus fcuk dsoy ckSf)d fu;eks ds vuqlkj thou fcrkuk gh uSfrdrk vkSj lnxq.kh gSA çcksèku dk nkok okLro esa jktuhfr'kkL= dks vè;kRe 'kkL= ls vyx djuk gSA èkkfeZd fu;e vc jktuhfr dks fuèkkZfjr ugha djrs cfYd oks ckSf)d fu;eksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA ekuo Lora=rk rFkk mldh igpku ds fodkl ds fy, ckSf)d fu;e vfuok;Z gSaA iqtkjh] U;k;kèkh'k] vkSj jktk bR;kfn vius vki es vdkj.k gh 'kfäeku ugha gks ldrsA mudks viuh 'kfä dk vkSfpR;

fl) djuk pkfg,A

,d x.kraf=; vkn'kZ ij vkèkkfjr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj O;fä dks yksdrkaf=d ¼tSlh½ Lora=rk lcls vfèkd nsrk gS D;w¡fd blesa O;fä dks ;s vk”oklu jgrk gS fd lHkh fu;e mlds okLrfod dY;k.k ds fy, cuk, x, gSaA çR;sd O;fä bl vFkZ esa Lora= dsoy ,d yksdra= esa jg ldrk gSA fdarq fLiukst+k bl ckr ij cy nsrs gSa fd ,sls yksdra= esa ukxfjdksa dks ,sls fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djuk iM+ ldrk gS ftudks oks Lo;a lgh ugha ekursA blesa D;w¡fd fu;e cgqer ls cuk, tkrs gSa rks vYier okyksa dh ilan ds ugha Hkh gks ldrsA fdarq lkFk gh lkFk ;s vYier okys viokn Hkh ekus tk ldrs gSaA ;fn yksdra= O;fä dks iwjh vkSj lgh Lora=rk nsrk gS rks blesa mldks viuk vPNs ls vPNk djus dk lqvolj feyrk gSA fdUrq ;s tku ysuk jkspd gksxk fd fLiukst+k bl ckr lger ugha gSaA dksbZ ,d leqnk; yksdra= esa çxfr dj ldrk gS ;k ugha] ;s cM+h lhek rd bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd bl O;oLFkk us lHkh ,sfrgkfld vkSj euksoSKkfud rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kk gS ;k ughaA blfy, okLro esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh 'kklu ç.kkyh lHkh leqnk;ksa dks cjkcj Lora=rk ugha ns ldrhA fLiukst+k ds fy, lokZsÙke O;oLFkk ,d x.kra= gS D;w¡fd

;|fi Lora=rk t+:jh gS fdarq ml ls lekt dh 'kkafr dks dksbZ [k+rjk ugha gksuk pkfg,A blfy, muds vuqlkj yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk lokZsÙke gS D;w¡fd mlesa lHkh dks cjkcj dh Lora=rk feyrh gSA

113

5-8 lkjka'k

fLiukst+k viuk fopkj.k bZ”oj ls vkjEHk dj mls ç—fr ls ,d:i ekurs gSaA og 'kk”or gS vkSj dkj.k jfgr inkFkZ gSA ç—fr dk;Z dkj.k dh fo'kkydk; Ja`[kyk gS vkSj mlesa gksus okyh çR;sd ?kVuk dk dksbZ uk dksbZ dkj.k gksrk gSA fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj ç—fr dk ckSf)d ç;kstuokn dk;Z dkj.k dh 'k`a[kyk gS tks bZ”oj dk vkpj.k Hkh fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA ,slk gh fu;frokn vukfn vkSj vuar gks ldrk gSA

fLiukst+k bZ”oj dks ,d æO; ekurs gSa tks LofuèkkZfjr gksus ds vFkZ esa Lora= gSA bZ”oj esa vla[; xq.k gSa ftues ls viuh lhfer 'kfä ds dkj.k ge dsoy nks dks tku ikrs gSaA os nks gS & fopkj vkSj foLrkjA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj ge dsoy ç—fr ;k l`f"V dks ns[k @ tku ikrs gSa vkSj bl l`f"V dk Hkh ,d laçR;; gSA HkkSfrd lalkj esa æO;eku]

Lo:i] vkdkj] rFkk ÅtkZ vkSj foLrkj rFkk foLrkj dk laçR;; Hkh gSA ftldks ge fopkj dgrs gSa og HkkSfrd vkSj ckSf)d rRo ds gh nks igyw gSA bUgh dks O;fä fHkUu fHkUu çdkj ls le> ldrk gS ;k viuh vksj ls bues dksbZ vU; xq.k vkjksfir dj ldrk gSA vU;

dksbZ xq.k ;gk¡ uk rks [kkstk tk ldrk gS vkSj uk gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA

dqN Hkh gks fLiukst+k ;s vo'; ekurs gSa fd bZ”oj dh Lora=rk ;k LofuèkkZj.k euq"; ds fopkj.k ls vçHkkfor jgrk gSA vkf[k+jdkj bZ”oj vius Lo:i ds vuq:i gh rks vkpj.k djrk gS ftlesa ckSf)d leUo; jgrk gSA blfy, dksbZ vU; lÙkk bZ”oj dks dksbZ —R;

djus ds fy, ckè; ugha dj ldrhA oks vius gh Lo:i dh ijrsa [kksyrk pyrk gS] og Lo:i tks xf.krh; fu;e ds vuqlkj cuk gSA ,slh bZ”ojh; O;oLFkk esa tknw] nSoh gLr{ksi vkSj —ik tSlh çfØ;kvksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA

;gk¡ bZ”oj vFkok ç—fr ds nks igyw ekus x, gSA igyk ^ fo”okRe:Ik Natura naturans* tks Lo;a gh viuk dkj.k gS vkSj fQj Hkh dk;Z&dkj.k dh Ja`[kyk esa ,d dM+h gSA nwljk

^fo”o:Ik Natura Naturata’ dk;Z ds Lo:i dk gS ftldk dkj.k dksbZ vU; gSA bl çdkj fLiukst+k dk bZ”oj ^,d* Hkh gS vkSj ^leLr^ HkhA dkj.kokn ç—fr esa fufgr gS D;w¡fd oks ,d ckSf)d vfuok;Zrk gSA fdarq lokZsPp lÙkk uk dsoy vla[; bdkb;ksa ds vkarfjd Hksn rFkk lkE; dks cuk, j[krh gS cfYd muds dk;Z dkj.k dh Ja`[kyk dks vuar Hkh j[krh gSA bZ”oj gh ,dek= lÙkk gS tks viuh vkSj vU; lHkh oLrqvksa rFkk thoksa dh igpku fuèkkZfjr djrh gS euq"; dh 'kfä lhfer vkSj ç—fr dh 'kfä ls dgha de gSA ge Lo;a dks Lora=

ekurs gSa D;w¡fd ge vius deksZa ds çfr lpsr gSaA fdarq okLro esa ge] tks gks jgk gS] mlds dkj.kks als vufHkK gSaA isM+ ikSèkksa vkSj vU; thoksa ds leku euq"; Hkh ç—fr dk gh va'k gSA

114

fLiukst+k Li"V djrs gSa fd euq"; dks bPNk Lokra«; çkIr ugha gS fdarq ge lÙkk vkSj Lora=rk ds cgqr fudV gSaA vr% euq"; dh Lora=rk Hkh Lo&fuèkkZj.k esa fufgr gSA fLiukst+k ds vuqlkj vkuan vkSj nq%[k dh Hkkouk,¡ Øe'k% uhps ls Å¡ps dh vksj vkSj Å¡ps ls uhps dh vksj vkus esa gSaA dgus fd vko';drk ugha fd bu Hkkoukvksa dk vfLrRo gh ugha gksrk ;fn euq"; vius vki esa nks"kjfgr ;k LolEiw.kZ gksrkA fLiukst+k dk cy bl lR; ij gS fd cqf) }kjk fn, x, fn'kkfunZs'k ds varxZr jgus ls euq"; nq%[k lq[k ¼ds }Un½ dh Hkkoukvksa ls Åij mB ldrk gS vkSj Lora=rkiwoZd vius thou esa gksus okys vuqHkoksa dks çse ls vaxhdkj dj ldrk gSA blh dkj.k bZ”oj ;k ç—fr nks"k jfgrrFkk Lora= gSaA lokZsPp lÙkk Lo;a esa fujis{k gS vkSj lq[k nq%[k ds Hkkoksa ls ijs & vçHkkforA lPpk çse bZ”oj ls ckSf)d yxko gS tks caèku ;k laosxksa tSlh Hkkoukvksa ij vkèkkfjr uk gks dj vkRek vkSj ç—fr dh ckSf)d le> ij vkèkkfjr gS A

tks dksbZ Hkh bZ”oj ls lPpk çse djrk gS mldks ;s vk'kk ugha j[kuh pkfg, fd bZ”oj Hkh mls cnys esa çse djsxkA lPpk çse bl bPNkls Hkh Lora= gS vkSj fujis{k gSA og cnys esa dqN ugha pkgrkA

cksèk ç'u 2 fVIi.kh%

d½ fn, x, fjä LFkku esa viuk mÙkj fyf[k,A

[k½ vius mÙkj dk bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x, mÙkjksa ls feyku dhft,A 1- fLiukst+k ds n'kZu esa bZ”oj ds laçR;; ls D;k vfHkçk; gS \

- --- --- --- --- 2- fo”o:Ik vkSj fo”okRe:Ik ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

- ---

115

--- --- ---

5-9 dqath 'kCn

bZ”oj ds xq.k % fopkj vkSj foLrkj

ç.kkyh % oLrq fo'ks"k dk vfLrRo lhfer foLrkj rFkk vofèk esa gksrk gS A fo”okRe:i % ç—fr dh vius vki mRiUu gks tkus dh çfØ;k

fo”o:i % lhfer oLrqvksa ds dk;Z dkj.k dh vuar 'k`a[kyk dk ,d dk;Z inkFkZ % Lo;a gh viuk dkj.k A

bZ”oj ds çfr ckSf)d çse % ge bZ”oj ls i`Fkd ugha gSa & bl rF; esa varnZ`f"V A

5-10 vU; lgk;d vè;;u&lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ

pØorÊ] vuh'k] x‚M uhnj yOl u‚j gsV~l ,uhou 23 oYMZ dkaxzsl v‚Q fQy‚lksQh]

oksY;we 61] fQy‚lksQh M‚D;wesUVs'ku lsUVj] 37&41] 2018- MsYyk jksDdk] fe'ksy- fLiukst+k- yanu% jkmVyst] 2008-

xsjsV] Mh- n dSfEczt dEisfu;u Vw fLiukst+k- dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çs] 2005-

gSEQk;j] LVqvVZ- fLiukst+k ,.M fLiuksft+Te- v‚DlQksMZ% v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZrh çsl] 2005- uMyj] LVhosu- fLiukst+k% v ykbZQ- dSfEczt% dSfEct ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 2018-

fLiukst+k] csusfMDV- ,fFkDl- bu fLiukst+k% dEiyhV oDlZ- Vªkal- lSeqvy f'kyZs- bafM;kukiksfyl ¼;w,l,v½% gSdsV ifCyf'kax dEiuh] 2002 ¼1675½-

5-10 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u 1

116

1- æO; LolEiw.kZ gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;s ,d laçR;; gS tks Lo;a gh viuk dkj.k gS]

la[;k esa ,d gS vkSj vlhfer vfLrRo j[krk gSA u gh bldh jpuk gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh bldk fouk'kA ;s ç—fr ;k bZ”oj gS tks vius gh fu;eksa ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA

2- ,d inkFkZ dh vusd vfHkO;fä;k¡ gks ldrh gSa mlds xq.kksa ds ekè;e ls gksrh gSaA buesa ls euq"; dsoy nks dks igpku ldrk gS tks gSa ^fopkj* vkSj ^ foLrkj*A foLrkj ls vfHkçk; æO; ls gSA inkFkZ ds :i esa nksuks leku gSa cl çrhr fHkUu fHkUu gksrs gSa ftl dkj.k ge muds vyx vyx laçR;; cuk ysrs gSaA eul fopkj dk vkSj æO; foLrkj dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA

cksèk ç'u 2

1- fLiukst+k ,d loZs”ojoknh gSa tks bZ”oj rFkk ç—fr dks ,dkRe ekurs gSaA fLiukst+k dk bZ”oj voS;fäd gS vkSj ç—fr ls ,dkRe gSA fLiukst+k dk bZ”oj ekuok—rh; ugha gSA oks ,d jktk tSlk ugha gS tks 'kklu djrk gS vkSj Lo;a dks vU; euq";ksa ls vyx @ Åij le>rk gSA ;s euq";Ro vyx] csgrj] mPprj O;fäRo ugha gS cfYd ekuo ds vanj gh gSA ,d laçR;; ds :i esa ;g ç—fr rFkk mlds fu;eksa esa fufgr gSA oks uk fdlh dks çse djrk gS uk gh fdlh ls ?k`.kk D;w¡fd ;s ,d èkkfeZd bZ”oj ugha gS tks euq"; dk HkkX;

fuekZrk ekuk tkrk gS cfYd ;s ,d ckSf)d bZ”oj gS tks ç—fr esa leUo; cukrk gS ftldk ,d va'k euq"; esa Hkh gSA

2- bZ”oj vFkok ç—fr Lo;a dks nks :iksa esa <kyrh gSA ,d Lo;a gh viuk dkj.k gS ftldks fLiukst+k Natura Naturans dgrs gSa vkSj nwljk gS Natural Naturata tks dk;Z dkj.k dh vuar J`a[kyk esa ,d dM+h ek= gSA bl çdkj fLiukst+k dk bZ”oj ,d lkFk gh ^,d* vkSj ^lc*

nksuks gh gSA