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ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FORM, PASSIVE HEATING AND HYPOCAUST CONCEPT FOR BUILDING DESIGN

by

SHAIL GOEL

Centre for Energy Studies

submitted

in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

to the

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

HAUZ KHAS, NEW DELHI

MAY 1997

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FORM, PASSIVE HEATING AND HYPOCAUST CONCEPT FOR BUILDING DESIGN, being submitted by Ms. Shail Goel, to the Indian Institute of Technology is worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and is a record of bonafide research work carried out by her under my guidance and supervision. The research material contained in this thesis has not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

' \A>kik- Dr. N.K. Bansa(

Professor

Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 110 016

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in the thesis entitled ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FORM, PASSIVE HEATING AND HYPOCAUST CONCEPT FOR BUILDING DESIGN being submitted to the Indian Institute of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is an authentic record of the research work carried out by me during the period from January 1993 to May 1997 under the supervision of Prof. N.K. Bansal, Centre for Energy Studies, I.I.T. Delhi. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me to any other University or Institute for the award of any other degree or diploma.

1.

Ms. Shail Goel

Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi 110 016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. N.K. Bansal, for inspiring me to achieve higher heights, guiding me at every stage of the work to whom goes the major credit for the successful completion of this thesis.

I thank the Director, I.I.T. Delhi and Head, Centre for Energy Studies for extending all the support and providing facilities crucial to complete this venture.

The help extended by Dr. S.N. Garg in the form of valuable and crucial suggestions has gone a long way in materialising this work in its present form. So many others helped in so many ways, I can do little more than list them by way of saying thank you : Dr. M.S. Bhandari, Mr. Saurabh Yadav, Mr. Vishal Garg, Ms. Sandhya Goyal, Dr. R.C. Gaur, Dr. Rajesh Mathur, Ms. Caroline Lobo.

I thank Mr. Lokesh Kumar, Mr. Baljeet Singh, Mr. Rajesh Dewan and Mr. Anand Singh for extending their help patiently and efficiently. Special thanks are due to Mr.Sanjay Sharma for extending his timely and invaluable help in shaping the thesis in its final form.

I stand in reverence to thank a person who has added strength to my beliefs and has enriched life by making every passing moment lively, my better half, Mr. Avinash Goel.

Every iota that has gone into the making of a person that I am, I owe it all to my parents and sister. I can never thank them enough.

Shall Goel

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CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

PREFACE

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES vii

CHAPTER I : GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER II : BUILDING FORM AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY : NUBIAN

VAULT AND DOME SHAPED BUILDINGS 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Incident Solar Radiation 10

2.2.1 Flat Geometry 10

2.2.2 Nubian Vault 13

2.2.2.1 Nubian Vault, Oriented North-South 14 2.2.2.2 Nubian Vault, Oriented East-West 21 2.2.3 Hemispherical Dome and Cylindrical Wall 23

2.3 Surface Temperature 29

2.3.1 Flat Geometry 29

2.3.2 Nubian Vault 34

2.3.3 Hemispherical Dome and Cylindrical Wall 26 2.4 Heat Loss and Net Heat Gain 39

2.5 Results and Discussion 40

2.6 Conclusions 60

CHAPTER III : U & g VALUES AND DIMENSIONING OF SOLAR

PASSIVE HEATING CONCEPTS 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Solar Gain Factor and Overall Heat Loss Coefficient 65

3.3 Efficiency of Passive Heating Concepts 83

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3.4 Sizing the Passive Heating Element 89

3.5 Results and Discussion 93

3.6 Application to Army Shelters 98 3.7 Hourly Room Temperatures (SUNCODE Simulation) 101

3.8 Conclusions 103

CHAPTER IV : HYPOCAUST CONCEPT AND MATERIALS 104

4.1 Introduction 104

4.2 Roman Hypocaust 107

4.2.1 A Case Study 110

4.3 Hypocaust in Modern Context 110 4.3.1 The School of Tournai, Belgium 110 4.3.2 Meteolabor Laboratories, Switzerland 119 4.3.3 Sogeco Office Building, Italy 124 4.3.4 Schopfloch Kindergarten, Germany 128 4.4 Basic Parameters in Hypocaust Construction 135 4.4.1 Heat Storage Capacity 143 4.5 Hypocaust Materials in India 144 4.6 Determination of Thermal Conductivity and

Overall Heat Loss Coefficient 146 4.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 146 4.6.2 Overall Heat Loss Coefficient 157 4.7 Results and Discussion 158

4.8 Conclusions 161

CHAPTER V : LUMPED PARAMETER ANALYSIS OF HYPOCAUST 164

5.1 Introduction 164

5.2 Lumped Parameter Model 166

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5.2 Lumped Parameter Model 166

5.3 Heat Sources 173

5.3.1 Solar Air Heater 174

5.3.2 Cook Stove Exhaust 175

5.3.3 Diesel Generator Set Exhaust 177 5.4 Results and Discussion 179

5.5 Conclusions 198

CHAPTER VI : PERIODIC ANALYSIS OF HYPOCAUST 199

6.1 Introduction 199

6.2 Mathematical Model 199

6.3 Results and Discussion 215

6.4 Conclusions 217

CHAPTER VII : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 222

REFERENCES 228

APPENDIX 236

References

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