Greenhouse gas (CO2) emission and mitigation from coal based thermal power generation.

GRE ENHOUSE GAS (CO2) EMISSION AND * MITIGA TION FROM COAL BASED THERMAL POWER GENERATION

By

SHIV PRATAP RAGHUVANSHI

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MECHANICS

Submitted

In fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

to

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI-110016

July 2008

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This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Emission and Mitigation fflom Coal Based Thermal Power Generation", being submitted by Mr.

Sh

Pratap Raghuvanshi to the Indian Institu

of

chnology, Delhi for the award of the Degree of Doctor of philosophy is a record of bonafide research work carried out by him. Mr. Sh

Pratap Raghuvanshi has worked under our supervision and guidance and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this thesis, which to our knowledge has reached the requisite standard for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree. The results contained in this thesis has not been submitted in part or full, to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

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Dept of Applied Mechanics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

New Delhi-I 10016

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Prof. A. Chandra

Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

New Delhi-110016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to express special thanks to Professor A. K. Raghav and Professor A. Chandra for their invaluable guidance for my research work presented in this thesis and my study at lIT Delhi. Without their support, this thesis would have been a dream.

I am most grateful to Professor P. K. Sen, Head, Department ofApplied Mechanics, who provide moral support and facilities for pursuing this work.

I shall like to thanks all_伯culties at Applied Mechanics and Centre for Energy Studies specialty Professor K S Shishodia, Professor Y Nath, Professor Suhail Ahmed, Prof D P Kothari, Prof N K Bansal, Professor K Gadgil and Professor S C Kaushik (CES), for their valuable suggestions and timely guidance.

I am inexpressibly grateful to the Council for Scientiffic&Industrial Research (CSIR) for providing me the 'Senior Research Fellowship' to pursue this Ph.D. Research work.

I would also like to acknowledge and extend my heartiest thanks all my friends, at lIT DELHI, and well wishers for their love&moral support that strengthen me to lead, to this day.

Finally my thoughts go to Almighty, my Parents and brother, for their love, belief and continuous support at every steps of research.

／、』聖ゃ July

New 2008

Delhi

(Shiv Pratap Raghuvanshi)

ABSTRACT

Fossil fuels based power generation is considered as the major source of greenhouse gases, in India. More than 85% of the total CO2 emissions has been estimated to be emitted fflom the energy related activities, since i 990. The CO2 equivalent emissions contribution in total GHGs emissions in India has raised fflom 52% to 71% since year 2000. Coal based thermal power generation is expected to continue to dominate in the power generation scenario and power plants capacity is expected to increase by 81,000 MW り 2010. Serious climate change mitigation measures aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 will require a radical shiifi to a decarbonized and efficient energy supply. Thermal power generation being the major contributor of the most potential, greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, needs to be a primary target for deep reductions in CO2 emissions. COZ emissions are between 0.3 to 0.6 tons carbon per capita per year in India. Speciffic CO2 emission from burning coal is 1.6 times that fflom natural gas and 1.2 times that fflom oil. The average CO2 emission from coal combustion in India has been analyzed and is 0.949 kg/kWh. In the present research, energy and environmental policy of India is studied for policy analysis using different empirical and computer based models, under various emission scenarios with comparison to Business as Usual (BAU). The main purpose of the study is to understand the power generation based emissions and associated economics trends so as to predict the trends for fiture for planning CO2 emissions' mitigation strategies. It is believed that the projection that would be achieved by using these models along with policy analysis studies may be useful for the energy experts in planning and fflaming of policies for future energy scenarios. Computers model like MAGICC, SCANGEN, MARKAL and LEAP, has found to be convenient tools to be used for the study. A quadratic equation suggesting the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels consumption, for projection has been obtained. Version 2.4 of MAGICC (Model for Assessment of Greenhouse gas-Induced Climate Change) has been employed for emission analysis in different policy scenarios. Mathematical equation based models in Excel has been developed, with incorporation of default factors as well as literature

reviewed emission coefficients used by various researchers, for generation of CO2 emission inventory fflom Fossil fuels and Bio-based Fuels. Emission inventory fflom power generation in India has been analyzed and has been plotted on Indian map using GIS ArcView technique. CO2 Mitigation studies on various parameters like effciency, emission coeffcients, replacement with advanced technologies, renewable energy resources (Solar, Biomass, Wind, Ocean) are carried out. Carbon Sequestration studies using forestry in India and Delhi has been computed. CDM studies for computing CERs has also been pursued by replacement of coal with natural gas, FO and effciency improvement. Among, renewable energy resources solar, wind power and ocean power have vast potential to achieve and their utilization as well as may help to curb CO2 emissions drastically. Further e伍cient technologies installation may have a signifficant role to play in a carbon constrained world. This thesis fils a critical gap in the literature by taking a closer look at the emission and mitigation ofCO2 emissions.

IV

CHAPTER 1.0

1.1 i .2 i .3 1.3.1 i .4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 CHAPTER 2.1

2.2 2.2.1 つ一222222 2.2 2.3 2.4 5678 2222

CHAPTER 3.0

3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.0 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3 3.4 3.4.1

1

2

3

CONTENTS Chapter No. Title

Certifficate

Acknowledgement Abstract

Table of Content List of ffigures List of tables Abbreviations

Page No.

i 11 III-v VI-xi VIII-iX X-XI XII-XIII INTRODUC刀r r

INTRODUCTION

Greenhouse gases&global warming potential of GHGs Scope&Objectives ofthe study

Energy scenario in India Energy demand and shortage

Coal based power generation in India.

1-24 1-2 3-5 6-7 8-12 1-15 16-18

Coal reserves in India 18

Coal demand and supply 19-20

Properties&composition of coal 20-24

Characteristics ofindian coal 20-22

Coal ash properties 23-24

CO2EルU呈野ON IN VENTO霊YM旧のEL DEレELOFMENT 25-50

Emission factors for CO2 emission. 25-30

CO2 emissions fflom thermal power plants. 30-33 Scenario development ofCO2 emission fflom power sector in 35-42 India

Greenhouse gases emissions 42-44

Carbon dioxide 44-46

Other emissions in coal combustion 46

Emissions of oxides of nitrogen fflom coal combustion 47 Emissions of oxides of sulphur fflom coal combustion 47 Emission ofsuspended particulate matter fflom coal combustion 48 Emission ofcarbonaceous material and black carbon 48

Summary 49-50

CARBON DIOXIDE刷ITIG月TIONSTUD圧汐 51-111

Introduction: Carbon dioxide mitigation technologies 51-56

Clean coal technologies 57-59

Efficiency increasing of energy conversion and utilization 59-62 Scenario construction and assumptions 62-66

Emission forecasts 66-71

Renewable energy resources for reduction of CO2 71-94

Introduction 71-79

Hydro resources 79-80

Solar energy 80-82

Biomass energy 82-85

Wind energy resources 85-87

Ocean energy 88-94

Natural gas 95-99

C sequestration 99-108

CO2 capture 91-100

vi

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CHAPTER 4 4.0

4.01 4.02 4.03 4.1

4.3.1

CHAPTER 5 Annexure I Annexure II Annexure III Annexure IV

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co2 transport co2 utilization

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co2 storage 100-102

Forestry sequestration of CO2 102-107

C sequestration in geological formations 107-108

Carbon sinks 108-109

Summary 109-111

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT POLICY OF INDIA (For CO2 112-152 ルtit智αだりn)

Introduction 112-118

Government initiatives for mitigating carbon dioxide at various levels

119-120

Village level initiatives 120-121

Cuim水change Concerns 121-123

Model for Assessment ofGreenhouse gas-Induced Climate 123-127 Change（ルtAGICのstudies

MAGICC inputs 124-127

Consultation with sectoral expert 127-130

National Electricity Policy 2005 for climate change mitigation 130-134 Demand Side Management (DSM) as mitigation option 134-138 Model study for mitigation climate change (policy studies) 138-148 MARKAL (Market Allocation Model) model studies 139-145 Emission and mitigation policy studies using MARKAL model 140-146 Summary ofcost ofgeneration offossil fuels at different PLF 145 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)&Certiffied Emission 146-148 Reductions (CER5) study

Renewable Energy Policy 148-150

Summary i 5 1-152

CONCL USIONS 153-154

REアで霊E入てでs 155-163

Schematic view of a coal based thermal power generation station 164

Thermal power plants in India 165-173

Definitions and Formulae 174-177

Simple methods to be used in day to day life for reducing carbon emissions

178

BIODATA&PUBLICATIONS 179-180

VI i