gfj;k.kk jkT; esa ty lalk/kuksa ds izcU/ku dh leL;k,a ,oa thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl rduhd }kjk mudk funku
Hkxoku flag pkS/kjh
Hkw&HkkSfrdh foHkkx] dq#{ks=k fo'ofo|ky;] dq#{ks=k & 136 119
lkjka'k % ty lalk/kuksa ds lrr~ fodkl o izcU/ku ds fy, bu lalk/kuksa dh lgh ek=kk dk irk pyuk rFkk iz;ksx ds Lrj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gksuk csgn t:jh gSA c<+rh vkcknh] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k o 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k ty lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ij yxkrkj foijhr izHkko iM+rk tk jgk gSA ,d rjQ ikuh dh ekax c<+h gS vkSj nwljh rjQ ikuh dh xq.koÙkk ij yxkrkj iznw"k.k dk izdksi tkjh gSA u;h rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls bu lalk/kuksa dh ek=kk rFkk iz;ksx ds Lrj ds ckjs esa de le; esa rFkk lgh tkudkjh izkIr djuk csgn lqxe gks x;k gSA bl rduhd dk uke gS thvksbuQkeZsfVDlA thvksbuQkesZfZVDl rduhd lqnwj laosnu] HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ra=k] Xykscy iksth'kfuax ra=k rFkk lwpuk ,oa laokn izkS|ksfxdh ds la;qDr iz;ksx dh dyk gSA bu rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls fdlh Hkh izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh fLFkfr] ek=kk rFkk mlds cnyko ds ckjs esa lqxerk ls de le; esa rFkk de [kpsZ esa rqjar izHkko ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA gfj;k.kk jkT; xaxk rFkk fla/kq unh ds ty foHkktu {ks=kksa ds e/; fLFkr gSA le; ds lkFk jkT; esa ty lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx o izcU/ku dh n`f"V ls nks rjg dh leL;k,a mHkj dj lkeus vk;haA jkT; ds ,sls {ks=k tgk¡ Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk vPNs fdLe dh gSA bu {ks=kksa esa Hkwty ds vR;f/kd nksgu ds dkj.k ikuh dk Lrj yxkrkj uhps fxjrk tk jgk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k xsgw¡ rFkk pkoy dh [ksrh dk Qly pØ Hkh le>k tkrk jgk gSA mÙkj rFkk nf{k.kh gfj;k.kk ds {ks=k bl leL;k ls xzLr gSaA bu {ks=kksa esa 1976 ls 2010 ds chp dbZ txgksa ij ikuh 15 ls 25 ehVj rd uhps tk pqdk gSA nwljh rjQ gfj;k.kk dk e/;
{ks=k gSA gfj;k.kk dh izkÑfrd HkwvkÑfr dks ns[kus ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g r'rjhuqek gSA mÙkj esa f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;ka] nf{k.k esa vjkoyh dh igkfM+;k¡
rFkk if'pe esa jsrhyk {ks=k o ckyw ds Vhys gSaA bu lc dh mifLFkfr ls Hkwfexr ty dk izokg dsUnzh;@e/; {ks=k dh rjQ gSA bl dkj.k bl fgLls esa ikuh dk Lrj yxkrkj Åij vkrk tk jgk gSA bu {ks=kksa esa Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk Hkh [kjkc gS ftlds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx Ñf"k rFkk vU; {ks=kksa esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkA m/kj bu {ks=kksa esa lrgh ty ugjksa }kjk izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/k gSA vr% mlds mi;ksx ls Hkh Hkwty dk Lrj yxkrkj Åij cuk jgrk gSA flapkbZ dh fof/k;k¡ Hkh dkQh iqjkuh gSa ftuesa ikuh ,d eqgkus ls [kksyk tkrk gS rFkk iwjk [ksr Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k Hkh dkQh ikuh okfil cgko ds tfj;s Hkwty ls tk feyrk gSA gfj;k.kk ds e/; {ks=k esa ikuh dh fudklh ds fy, dksbZ lrgh Mªsu Hkh ugha gS bl dkj.k Hkh cjlkr dk ikuh bl {ks=k ls ckgj ugha tk ldrkA bu lHkh dkj.kksa dk feyk&tqyk vlj bl {ks=k dks lse dh leL;k ls xzflr dj x;k gS rFkk dbZ {ks=kksa esa ikuh dk Lrj tM+ {ks=k ¼0&3 ehVj½ rd igq¡p pqdk gSA bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, izns'k esa lexz ty izca/ku uhfr dh vko';drk gSA blds rgr mu {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ ikuh dk Lrj yxkrkj uhps fxjrk tk jgk gS ogk¡ Ñf=ke ty fjpktZ dh fof/k;ksa dks viukus dh t:jr gS rFkk ,sls {ks=k tgk¡ Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk [kjkc gS ogk¡ ,slh Qlyksa dh fdLesa btkn djuh iM+saxh tks uedhu ikuh dks lgu dj lds rFkk lgh mRiknu Hkh ns lds lkFk gh flapkbZ dh ,slh fof/k;k¡ viukuh iM+saxh ftuls ikuh dk mfpr iz;ksx gks ldsA thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl ds }kjk ,sls {ks=kksa dk irk yxkuk] leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djuk rFkk muls futkr ikus ds fy, mik; lq>kuk vkfn csgrjhu rjhds ls rFkk tYn iwjs fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl rduhd }kjk Hkw&vkÑfr] e`nk] Hkw&mi;ksx] ty foHkktu {ks=kksa vkfn dk fp=k.k rFkk la[;kRed v/;;u] ty foHkktu {ks=kksa dk izcU/ku tSls pSd MSe] e`nk cak/k] xYyh Iyfxax] laHkkfor Hkwty {ks=kksa dk fp=k.k vkfn FkksM+s le; esa gh rS;kj fd, tk ldrs gSa A bu lHkh ekufp=kksa ds ,dhÑr v/;;u ls ty rFkk Hkw&lalk/kuksa ds leqfpr izcU/ku dh dk;Z fof/k rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA bl izi=k esa jkT; esa ty izca/ku dh leL;kvksa dk rFkk thvksbuQkWesZfVDl rduhd }kjk muds funku dks mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gSA thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl fof/k }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ekufp=k rFkk mu ij vk/kkfjr dk;ks± dks Hkh mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
Critical issues in water resource management of Haryana State, India : Geoinformatics is the solution
B S Chaudhary
Department of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119
Abstract
The pressure on water resource availability is continuously increasing due to population explosion, industrialization, urbanization and climatic vagaries. Geoinformation technology which emphasizes on the synergistic use of Geographical Information System (GIS), space based Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can easily help in
izLrkouk
gfj;k.kk jkT; ,d Ñf"k iz/kku izns'k gS rFkk gfjr ØkfUr dk Qk;nk mBkus esa bl jkT; us vxz.kh Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA mPp mRikndrk okyh Qlyksa dh fdLe rS;kj djus dh ckr gks ;k Ñf"k dh l?kurk o mRikndrk dh ckr gks ;g jkT; lnSo vxz.kh Js.kh esa jgk gSA izkÑfrd dkj.kksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ dkj.k bldh fLFkfr gSA gfj;k.kk jkT; xaxk rFkk fla/kq unh ds foHkktu {ks=kksa ds e/;
fLFkr ;equk&xaxk dk eSnku gSA ;g {ks=k mRikndrk dh n`f"V ls rks loksZÙke gS gh ysfdu ikuh dh izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/krk] bl jkT; dh mPp mRikndrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gSA gj dke;kch dqN leL;kvksa dks Hkh tUe nsrh gS] mlh rjg bl jkT; esa Hkh Hkwty ds vR;f/kd nksgu rFkk lrgh ikuh dh vf/kd miyC/krk ds dkj.k dbZ rjg dh leL;k,a mRiUu gks x;haA
,sls {ks=k tgk¡ Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk vPNh Fkh vf/kd nksgu ds dkj.k Hkw&ty Lrj yxkrkj uhps fxjrk pyk x;k rFkk Ñf"k {ks=k tgk¡
Hkw&ty dh xq.koÙkk [kjkc Fkh] vf/kd lrgh ikuh ds iz;ksx ds dkj.k rFkk Hkwty dh vuqi;ksfxrk ds dkj.k Hkwty Lrj ykxrkj Åij vkrk pyk x;kA bldk ,d izeq[k dkj.k xsgw¡&pkoy Qly&pØ dks Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ifj.kker% bl jkT; ds mÙkjh] iwohZ rFkk nf{k.kh {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk vPNh Fkh Hkwty Lrj 1970 ls ysdj vc rd dbZ txgksa ij iUnzg ls chl ehVj rd uhps pyk x;kA tcfd e/; {ks=k esa ftls >Ttj] jksgrd] than rFkk fljlk v{k ds
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS Hkwty dh xq.koÙkk [kjkc gksus ds dkj.k lse o dbZ txg ny ny tSlh leL;k,¡ Hkh mRiUu gks x;haA bl otg ls bu {ks=kksa esa lrg ij ued tek gksuk 'kq: gks x;kA
bl jkT; dh izkÑfrd lajpuk dk Hkh bu leL;kvksa esa ,d vge ;ksxnku gSA bl jkT; dh r'rjhuqEkk Hkw&vkÑfr ftlesa mÙkj esa f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;ka rFkk nf{k.k esa vjkoyh dh igkfM+;ka dkQh gn rd mÙkjnk;h gSaA bl dkj.k bl jkT; ds ty lalk/kuksa dh leL;kvksa rFkk funku ds ckjs esa tkuuk vkSj izsj.kkLin cu tkrk gSA ty lalk/kuksa ds mfpr izcU/ku ds fy, 1%50]000 Ldsy ij rS;kj uD'ks rFkk vk¡dM+s dkQh ykHknk;d gksaxsA ty lalk/kuksa ds mfpr izcU/ku ds fy, lcls vge~ tkudkjh mldh fLFkfr rFkk cnyko ds ckjs esa ewy lwpuk izkIr djuk gSA mlds lkFk Qly&pØ] Qlyksa }kjk ikuh dh ek=kk dk iz;ksx o mlls tqM+s vka¡dM+s vxj fey tk,a rks ty lalk/kuksa ds mfpr izcU/ku dk jkLrk lkQ gks tkrk gSA bl fn'kk esa lqnwj laosnu rduhd] HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh] Hkw fLFkr rU=k rFkk lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhd dkQh Hkjkslsean o Qk;nsean lkfcr gksaxhA bu rduhdksa ds lexz oxZ dks gh thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl fof/k }kjk ty lalk/kuksa dk ekiu] vkadyu rFkk izcU/ku csgrj rFkk izcq) rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g vU; izpfyr rduhdksa ls T;knk rst] lqxe rFkk de ykxr esa csgrj tkudkjh miyC/k djok ldrs gSaA thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl rduhd dk iz;ksx Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa
tackling such problems in a better, faster, economic and more efficient manner. These techniques have an edge over the conventional methods due to the advantages of synoptic view, repetitive coverage, and multi resolution satellite data. This helps us in generation of water resources information on various scales. The effective planning for water resources conservation and management at district level can be made if the data is generated on 1:50,000 scale by using medium resolution satellite images. Haryana state may be divided in to three basins, namely the Yamuna basin, the Ghaggar basin and internal basin which are parts of Ganges and Indus system. In northern Haryana, the land area slopes from northeast to southwest, whereas in south, it slopes from southwest to northeast. This makes almost a latitudinal depression along Sirsa- Fatehabad-Hisar-Jind-Rohtak-Delhi axis. This saucer shaped physiography of the state is responsible for many problems related to water resources along this central axis. The ground water conditions in northern and southern parts of the state are fresh but facing the problem of water level decline due to over exploitation for intensive agriculture purposes. As a result, at present Haryana have problems of over drafting of fresh quality water in northern and southern districts and excessive canal irrigation in the areas of poor/ marginal ground water conditions due to highly water intensive & multiple cropping systems as a result of green revolution. This is creating the two diverse problems that of ground water table declining in the northern and southern part whereas the water logging and salinity in the central portion. This calls for integrated study of water resources in the state for its sustained use.
Looking to the benefits of Geoinformatics technology a number of projects have been taken up in the state by various organizations. The present paper discusses the preparation of ground water prospects maps in various parts of Haryana state on one side and the site selection for artificial recharge of ground water in some other parts. Firstly, Hydrogeomorphological maps on 1:50,000 scale showing different ground water prospect zones are prepared for different districts in Haryana State, India. These depict ground water worthy features. This information has been supplemented with the available inputs from existing sources about the depth to water level and ground water quality etc. The other maps such as land use/ land cover, geomorphology, drainage/ canal network and soils etc have also been consulted for preparing water resources action plan. The maps thus prepared depict different units for further ground water prospecting. The surface water resources action plan maps have been prepared by integrating geomorphology, slope, drainage, soil maps and various sites have been suggested for site specific water resources conservation measures such check dams/ gully plugging, earthen dams etc. The information thus developed has been submitted to various departments involved in the planning and management of natural resources in the state for further implementation of the activities suggested in different areas.
bDdhloha lnh esa 'kq: gqvk rFkk vc blds vuqiz;ksx izHkkoh rjhds ls dbZ {ks=kksa esa QSy x;s gSaA
Hkkjr esa ty lalk/kuksa ds {ks=k esa u;s {ks=kksa dk irk yxkuk] ubZ izcU/ku rduhdksa dk lq>ko] xq.koÙkk dk {ks=kh; o.kZu] ty ctV vkfn {ks=kksa esa dk;Z gq, gSaA blh rjg ds dk;Z vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh py jgs gSaA bu lHkh dk;ks± esa thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl ds vyx&vyx
?kVdksa ij T;knk tksj fn;k x;k Fkk tcfd vc bu lHkh fof/k;ksa esa lkeatL; fcBkdj pyus dh t:jr gSA
mís';
bl 'kks/k i=k ds fuEu nks eq[; mís'; gSa %
1- gfj;k.kk jkT; ds ty lal/kkuksa dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkuukA 2- muds mfpr funku ds fy, thvksbuQksjesfVDl fof/k ds mi;ksx ij ,d n`"VkUr MkyukA
Hkw&fLFkr
gfj;k.kk tks fd Hkkjr dk ,d mÙkjh jkT; gS] 44212 oxZ fdeh- {ks=k esa QSyk gqvk gSA ;g 21°35' ls 31°55-5' mÙkjh v{kka'k rFkk 74°22-8'' ls 77°35-6' iwoZ ns'kkUrj esa QSyk gqvk gSA blds mÙkj esa f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;k¡] nf{k.k esa vjkoyh dh igkfM+;k¡] iwoZ esa
;equk unh rFkk if'pe esa ?kX?kj unh gSA ;g {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx dh ekufp=k la[;k 44K,O, P] 53-C, D, F, G, HrFkk E esa vkrk gSA igkM+h {ks=kksa dks NksM+dj] iwjk izns'k vkSlr leqnz Lrj ls 200 ls 300 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ij gSA bldh lrg dk vkSlr <yku mÙkj iwoZ ls nf{k.k if'pe dh rjQ gS rFkk mÙkjh Hkkx esa nf{k.k dh rjQ rFkk nf{k.k Hkkx esa mÙkj dh rjQ gksus ds dkj.k r'rjhuqek Hkw&vkÑfr dks fpf=kr djrk gSA bl izns'k dk T;knkrj {ks=k xaxk ds eSnkuh {ks=k esa vkrk gSA bl jkT; dh ?kX?kj] Vkaxjh] ekjdaMk] pkSVkax rFkk ljLorh ufn;ka f'kokfyd {ks=k ls mRiUu gksrh gSa tcfd lkfgch] Ñ".kkorh o nksgu ufn;ka vjkoyh {ks=k ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA
;s lHkh ufn;k¡ cjlkrh ufn;k¡ gsaSA dsoy iwohZ {ks=k esa ;equk unh gh ,d ek=k ,slh unh gS tks lHkh _rqvksa esa cgrh jgrh gSA gkykafd blesa xjeh ds ekSle esa ikuh cgqr gh de jg tkrk gSA izns'k dk 88» fgLlk ij [ksrh gksrh gS rFkk Qly l?kurk 150» ls Hkh T;knk gSA izns'k dh izeq[k Qlyksa esa xsgw¡] pkoy] eDdk] puk] Tokj]
cktjk] Xokj vkfn izeq[k gSaA izns'k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr rFkk lqnwj laosnh mixzg fp=k Øe'k% fp=k 1 o fp=k 2 esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA iz;qDr vkadM+s rFkk viuk;h x;h fof/k
bl 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjrh; lqnwj laosnh mixzg ¼vkbZ- vkj- ,l-½ 1 ds fp=k mi;ksx esa yk, x, gSaA ;g fp=k Qjojh] vDrwcj
rFkk ebZ eghuksa ds gSaA Qjojh rFkk vDrwcj ekg ds fp=kksa dh lgk;rk ls Qlyksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gS rFkk mudh l?kurk ds vk/kkj ij ty dh miyC/krk rFkk iz;ksx dk ekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkw&vkÑfr ds ekufp=k.k ds fy, ebZ dk fp=k dkQh mi;ksxh jgrk gS D;ksafd bl le; Qlyksa dh dVkbZ gksus ds dkj.k tehu [kkyh gksrh gS rFkk NksVh&NksVh Hkw&vkÑfr;ksa ds ekiu esa Hkh
;g dkQh ennxkj gksrh gSA blds lkFk gh fofHkUu ftyksa ls Hkw&ty dh xgjkbZ rFkk xq.koÙkk ds vk¡dM+s Hkw&tydks"k Ñf"k foHkkx gfj;k.kk ls fcUnq vkadM+ksa ds :i esa bdV~Bk fd, x,A blds vykok Hkkjrh;
losZ{k.k foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ekufp=kksa dks vk/kkjHkwr lwpuk ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bu lHkh ekufp=kksa dks flyflysokj HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh esa fMftVkbt dj Mkyk x;k rFkk lHkh esa
=kqfV;ksa dks nwj djds ,d gh izkstsD'ku esa rFkk ,d gh Ldsy ij rS;kj fd;k x;kA
mixzg fp=kksa dks Hkw&vkÑfr ekufp=k cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k rFkk blds lkFk gh Hkw&ty dh xgjkbZ rFkk xq.koÙkk ds fcUnq vkadM+ksa dks cgqvk;keh {ks=kksa esa cny dj uD'ks rS;kj fd, x,A bu lHkh uD'kksa dks leku ekiu rFkk fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds nkSjs ij izkIr dh xbZ lwpuk ds lkFk lgh fd;k x;kA bl izdkj bu uD'kksa dks vfUre :i fn;k x;kA fQj HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh }kjk bu lHkh dks bUVhxzsV fd;k x;k rFkk vafre uD'kk bu lHkh uD'kksa ds dkjdksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d lexz uD'kk cu ik;kA bl ,d uD'ks esa ty miyC/krk] nksgu] xq.koÙkk dk xgjkbZ bu lHkh dh tkudkjh ,d lkFk n'kkbZ xbZ gSA bl rjg ds uD'ks flyflysokj lHkh jkT;ksa ds rS;kj fd, x, rFkk bu ij vk/kkfjr fu"d"kks± ij igqapk x;kA
fp=k 1 — izns'k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk uD'kk
ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;k
izkIr lwpuk dks nks Hkkxksa esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA igyk Hkkx Hkw&ty dh lexz tkudkjh rFkk fp=k.k o nwljk Hkkx lrgh ty ds ckjs esa tkudkjh o fp=k.kA budks Hkw&ty lalk/ku izcU/ku ;kstuk rFkk lrgh ty izcU/ku ;kstuk ds rgr rS;kj fd;k x;kA budks ,d mnkgj.k ds lkFk ;gk¡ of.kZr fd;k tk jgk gSA lexz Hkw&ty izcU/ku ;kstuk fp=k 3 esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA
;g fp=k gfj;k.kk ds nf{k.kh ftys egsUnzx<+ dk nf{k.kh fgLlk gSA blesa Hkw&vkÑfr] laHkkfor Hkw&ty {ks=k] Hkw&ty xq.koÙkk rFkk Hkw&ty xgjkbZ ds ekufp=kksa dks ,d lkFk laxzfgr fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks=k ds T;knkrj fgLls esa unh&ok;q eSnku gS tks ewyr% unh }kjk yk;h xbZ feV~Vh ls cuk gS ysfdu mlds Åij ok;q }kjk yk;k x;k jsr tek gks x;k gSA bl {ks=k dh igkfM+;k¡ mÙkj nf{k.k esa ladjh&yEckbZ esa gSa tks ewyr% vjkoyh dh igkfM+;k¡ gSa A dqN {ks=kksa esa tyks<+ eSnku rFkk vU; {ks=k esa ok;w<+ eSnku rFkk ckyw jsr ds <sjksa dh mifLFkfr gSA ;g lHkh oLrqfLFkfr;k¡ 'kq"d {ks=k dk b'kkjk djrh gSaA bl {ks=k esa jsfxLrku fdLe dh ouLifr;ksa dh izpqjrk gS rFkk dqN vkS"k/kh;
ikS/ks Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA bl fp=k esa n'kkZ;s x;s fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk o.kZu fuEu izdkj gS %
lHkh uD'kksa dks ,dhÑr dj cuk;s x;s vfUre uD'ks esa mu lHkh Hkkxksa dks ftuesa Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk cgqr vPNh gS rFkk xq.koÙkk Hkh vPNh gS {ks=k 1 esa j[kk x;k gS A bldk dqy {ks=k cgqr
gh de gSA {ks=k 2 esa mu lHkh {ks=kksa dks j[kk x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk vPNh gS rFkk xq.koÙkk Hkh vPNh gSA ,slk {ks=k dqy {ks=kQy dk dqy 3-25» gS A rhljs {ks=k esa mu lHkh {ks=kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk e/;e gS ysfdu xq.koÙkk vPNh gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, ckyw jsr ds fVCcs A pkSFks {ks=k esa mu lHkh txgksa dks j[kk x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk de gS ysfdu xq.koÙkk vPNh gSA ;s {ks=k gSa igkM+ksa dh rygVh okys {ks=k rFkk igkM+ksa esa viHk`a'k rFkk njkjksa dh otg ls cus {ks=kA ik¡posa {ks=k esa ,slh txgksa dks j[kk x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk cgqr vPNh gS ysfdu xq.koÙkk e/; Øe dh gSA NBs {ks=k esa ,slh txg gSa tgk¡ ij Hkw&ty feyus dh laHkkouk vPNh rFkk xq.koÙkk e/;e fdLe dh gSA lkrok¡ tksu ,slh txgksa dks n'kkZrk gS tgk¡ Hkw&ty dh xq.koÙkk rFkk feyus dh laHkkouk nksuksa e/;e Lrj
fp=k 2 — gfj;k.kk jkT; dk mixzg fp=k
fp=k 3 — nf{k.k gfj;k.kk dk ,dhÑr Hkwty izca/ku ekufp=k
lkj.kh 1 — fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk o.kZu {ks=k la[;k {ks=kQy oxZ fdeh- dqy {ks=k dk izfr'kr
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7- 163-40 25-15
8- 11-19 1-72
9- 235-33 36-27
dqy ;ksx 649-58 100-00
dh gSaA vkBosa tksu esa mu txgksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS tgk¡ Hkw ty feyus dh laHkkouk de gS ysfdu xq.koÙkk e/;e gSA ukSosa {ks=k esa mu lHkh txgksa dks j[kk x;k gS tgk¡ ikuh dh xq.koÙkk [kjkc ;k T;knk [kjkc gSA ;g {ks=k dqy {ks=kQy dk 36-27» gS rFkk lcls T;knk txg ij ik;k tkrk gSA
bl uD'ks ds Åij Hkw&ty dh xgjkbZ dks n'kkZrs gq, leksPp js[kkvksa dks Hkh vafdr fd;k x;k gS ftlls fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa laHkkoukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk xq.koÙkk o xgjkbZ dk vkadyu Hkh ,d uD'ks ls gks tk;A bl rjg ds uD'ks iwjs izns'k Lrj ij rS;kj gksus ls fdlkuksa dks bldk cgqr ykHk gksxkA blh rjg lrgh ty izcU/ku ;kstuk Hkh bl {ks=k esa rS;kj dh xbZ gSA ftlesa fdl txg pSd ck¡/k cukuk gS dgk¡ ij feV~Vh dk ck¡/k cukuk gS rFkk dgk¡&dgk¡
ij voukfydk eq¡gcUnh ¼xyh Iyfxax½ djuh gS] vkfn dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;g Ñf=ke Hkw&ty iquHkZj.k rFkk e`nk {k; jksdus dk dke djsxkA bu nksuksa ;kstukvksa dks ,dhÑr <ax ls ykxw djus ls ml {ks=k ds ty lalk/kuksa dk csgrj rjhds ls izcU/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu"d"kZ
izLrqr 'kks/k i=k ls irk pyrk gS fd ;fn thvksbuQkWeZsfVDl fof/k dk lgh rjhds ls mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks izns'k esa ty ds csgrj izca/ku rFkk mlls tqM+h leL;kvksa dk csgrj rjhds ls funku fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bl fof/k ls leL;k xzLr {ks=kksa dk lfp=k izfrfuf/kRo fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg izcU/ku Lrj ij] ;kstuk Lrj ij o fu.kkZ;dksa ds Lrj ij bu phtksa dk csgrj dk;kZUo;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lUnHkZ
1- xks;y ,l ds ,oa pkS/kjh ch ,l] ßgfj;k.kk jkT; ds dSFky ftys esa th- vkbZ- ,l- fof/k }kjk Hkw&ty dh xgjkbZ rFkk xq.koÙkk dk forj.k o v/;;uÞ Hkkjrh; Hkw&HkkSfrdh la?k 'kks/k if=kdk] 1 41 41 41 41 4¼2½ ¼2010½- 2- pkS/kjh ch ,l] dqekj ,e] jkW; ,s ds ,oa :gky Mh ,l] ßlqnwj
laosnu rFkk HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh dk Hkwty [kkst esa mi;ksx % lksguk [k.M] xqM+xk¡o ftyk ¼gfj;k.kk½Þ vkbZ- ,s- ih- vkj- ,l-] 3 43 43 43 43 4
¼ch&6½% ¼1996½ 18&23-
3- pkS/kjh ch ,l ,oa flUgk , ds ßlqnwaj laosnu rFkk th- vkbZ- ,l- }kjk Hkw&ty lzksrksa dk v/;;u] gfj;k.kk jkT; ds nf{k.kh fgLls esaÞ
2nd EARSEL odZ'kki xzUFk] cksu teZuh] ¼2002½ 193&202- 4- pkS/kjh ch ,l] ih,pñ Mhñ 'kks/k xzUFk] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;]
t;iqj] ¼2003½-
5- pkS/kjh ch ,l ,oa vxzoky lUnhi] fglkj ftys ds fgLlksa esa yqIr unh rFkk Hkwty dk lqnwj laosnu rFkk HkkSxksfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh fof/k }kjk fp=k.k] fLizaxj 'kks/k if=kdk QksVks fuokZpd 3 73 73 73 73 7 ¼2009½ 251&260- 6- pkS/kjh ch ,l] lqnwaj laosnu o th- vkbZ- ,l- ls Hkkjr ds ty
lalk/kuksa dk losZ{k.k o vkdyu vUrjkZ"Vªh; xks"Bh] Hkw&HkkSfrdh foHkkx] fo'kk[kkirue fo'ofo|ky; ¼2011½-
