dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ia[kqM+h
Bkdqj lqns'k dqekj jkSuhtk] efjvEek eSF;w ,oa 'kjn pUnz 'kekZ
inkFkZ vkSj ;kaf=kdh ,afVVh] foØe lkjkHkkbZ varfj{k dsUnz] Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu] fr#ouUriqje] dsjy
Lkkjka'k % xSl eksVj dks izekspu ;ku ds fu;a=k.k ra=k ,oa vUrfj{k ;ku ds fy, ikoj mRiknu vkfn esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izekspu ;ku ds fu;a=k.k ds fy, eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds ra=kksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA buesa ,d gS lfØ; vkSj nwljk gS fuf"Ø;A fuf"Ø; dh rqyuk esa lfØ; ra=k dk T;knk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lfØ; ra=k esa gkWV xSl eksVj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vUrfj{k ;ku ds fy, ikoj mRiknu ds fy, rhu fodYi gSaA igyk gS cSVjh] nwljk gS bZa/ku lsy vkSj rhljk gS tujsVjA igys nks dh rqyuk esa tujsVj T;knk vPNk fodYi gS D;ksafd bldks pykus ds fy, izekspu ;ku esa izpqj ek=kk esa xSl miyC/k gksrh gSA blesa Hkh ia[kqM+h vk/kkfjr xSl eksVj dk iz;ksx T;knk lqxe gSA ia[kqM+h xSl eksVj dk eq[; vax gksrk gSA blds fuekZ.k ds fy, lrr dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ dk xgu v/;;u vkSj iz;ksx gqvk gSA ysfdu fMLØhV dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ ftudh dher lrr dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ ls dkQh de gksrh gS ij de /;ku fn;k x;k gSA fiNys dqN o"kks± esa] fMLØhV rarq izcfyr lfEeJksa dh ekax dbZ {ks=kksa esa c<+h gSA blds eq[; dkj.k gSa] budks cukus dh lqxerk] dkWEIysDl vkdkj esa <kyus dh vktknh] vkfnA ,d ,slk gh fMLØhV dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ geus fodflr fd;kA bl 'kks/k i=k esa] gekjs }kjk fodflr fd;s x, isVsaVsM izØe ls cus jSaMeyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dks izekspu ;ku ds mi&ra=kksa esa iz;ksx gksus okyh xSl eksVj ds eq[; vax ia[kqM+h dks cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ijEijkxr ia[kqM+h dh rqyuk esa fMLØhV dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ ia[kqM+h T;knk izHkkoh ikbZ x;hA
Carbon/carbon composite vane
Thakur Sudesh Kumar Raunija, Mariamma Mathew & Sharad Chandra Sharma
Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Abstract
Gas motor is used in the control system of a launch vehicle and power generation system of a space vehicle. Mainly two types of systems are used to control system of a launch vehicle. One is active and the other one is a passive system. Active system is preferred over the passive system. Hot gas motor is used in active control system. Three options are available for the power generation in space vehicle. First is battery, second is fuel cell and third is generator. On comparing with first two options generator was found to be a better choice due to availability of plenty of hot gas in the launch vehicle. Among this vane based hot gas motor is more convenient. Vane is chief constituent of a hot gas motor.
For the fabrication of vane continuous carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites are extensively studied and used. However, discrete length carbon fiber reinforced composites which have low cost as compared to continuous carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites are not much explored. In the last few years, the demand of discrete fiber reinforced composites has increased in many fields. The main reason behind this is ease in their fabrication and their flexibility to fabricate complex shapes. We have developed one such discrete carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composite. In this research paper, the randomly oriented carbon/carbon composite fabricated through patented process is explored to fabricate the vane of a hot gas motor used in the sub-system of a launch vehicle. The discrete carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composite vane was found excellent and effective as compared to conventional ones.
izLrkouk
ekuo vius fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vUos"k.k djrk jgk gSA fHkUUk&fHkUUk {ks=kksa esa vUos"k.k ls fHkUUk&fHkUUk mRiknksa dk fuekZ.k
vkSj [kkst gksrh gSaA buesa dqN {ks=k ekuo dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vUosf"kr fd;s tkrs gSa rks dqN {ks=kksa dk vUos"k.k fdUgha fof'k"V t:jrksa tSls dh lqj{kk] vkink izca/ku vkfn
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dqN dk nksuksa ds fy,A vUrfj{k ,d ,slk {ks=k gS ftldk iz;ksx ekuo dh t:jrksa ds lkFk&lkFk lqj{kk]
vkink izca/ku vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
xr o"kks± esa] vUrfj{k vk/kkfjr d`f=ke mixzgksa dk iz;ksx fofHkUUk {ks=kksa esa cgqr c<+k gSA bu mixzgksa us ekuo ds fodkl esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA d`f=ke mixzg ekuo fufeZr mixzg gksrs gSaA ;s dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls nwjlapkj vkfnA gj ,d mixzg dk viuk ,d fof'k"V dk;Z gksrk gSA bu mixzgksa ls buds fof'k"V dk;Z ds fu"iknu ds fy, budks budh fu;r d{kk esa j[kk tkrk gSA blds ds fy, jkdsV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA jkdsV dks rduhdh Hkk"kk esa izekspu ;ku dgk tkrk gSA ekuo dh t:jrksa esa c<+h ekax dh otg ls d`f=ke mixzgksa dh ekax c<+h gSA bu mixzgksa dks izeksfpr djus ds fy, izekspu ;kuksa dh ekax esa Hkh btkQk gqvk gSA d`f=ke mixzg vk/kkfjr lsokvksa dh c<+h ekax vkSj bu lsokvksa dks T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa dks iznku djus ds fy, gesa T;knk ls T;knk mixzgksa dh t:jr iM+sxhA ysfdu orZeku esa] bu lsokvksa dks miyC/k djkus dh dher dkQh T;knk gSA ;g dher c<+h ekax dks de djus esa ,d ck/kk gSA blds fy, gesa mixzg vkSj izekspu ;ku dh dherksa esa dVkSrh djuh iM+sxhA ;g dVkSrh mUUkr rduhd vkSj inkFkks± ds fodkl ls gh laHko gSA izekspu ;ku vkSj mixzg ds dbZ mi&ra=k gksrs gSaA bu lHkh ds dbZ vax gksrs gSaA bu vaxksa dh rduhd vkSj inkFkZ dks mUUkr vkSj lLrk djds ra=k dh dqy dher dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu;a=k.k ra=k vkSj ikoj mRiknu rU=k Hkh izekspu ;ku ds mi&ra=k gSaA budk Hkh ,d mi&ra=k gksrk gSA ;g gS xSl eksVjA blds ckjs esa ppkZ vkus okys [kaM esa dh xbZ gSA
xSl eksVj % xSl eksVj xeZ xSl }kjk pykbZ tkrh gSA blls mRiUUk ikoj dk mi;ksx fofHkUUk mi&ra=kksa dks pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA xSl eksVj dks eq[;r% izekspu ;ku ds fu;a=k.k ra=k] vUrfj{k
;ku ds fy, ikoj mRiknu vkfn ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS1&2A izekspu ;ku ds fu;a=k.k ds fy, eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds ra=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA buesa ,d gS lfØ; vkSj nwljk gS fuf"Ø;A fuf"Ø; dh rqyuk esa lfØ; ra=k dk iz;ksx T;knk fd;k tkrk gSA lfØ; ra=k esa gkWV xSl eksVj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vUrfj{k ;ku ds fy, ikoj mRiknu ds fy, rhu fodYi gSaA igyk gS cSVjh] nwljk gS bZa/ku lsy vkSj rhljk gS tujsVjA igys nks dh rqyuk esa tujsVj T;knk vPNk fodYi gS D;ksafd bldks pykus ds fy, izekspu ;ku esa izpqj ek=kk esa xSl fey tkrh gSA blesa Hkh ia[kqM+h vk/kkfjr xSl
eksVj dk iz;ksx T;knk fd;k tkrk gSA i[kqM+h xSl eksVj dk eq[; vax gksrk gSA
ia[kqM+h ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys inkFkZ % ia[kqM+h lkekU;r% 120 mm yEch] 20 mm pkSM+h vkSj 3 mm eksVh gksrh gSA ,d xSl eksVj esa lkekU;r% 6 ia[kqfM;ka gksrh gSaA ysfdu budh la[;k vkSj vkdkj xSl eksVj dh ikoj mRiUUk djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrs gaSA ;s ia[kqfM;ka eq[; :i ls xSl eksVj esa jc djrh gSaA buds bl fof'k"V dk;Z ls gh xSl eksVj ikoj mRiUUk djrh gSA blfy, budks cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys inkFkZ ds dqN xq.k/keksZa dks ,d U;wure ekinaMksa dks iwjk djuk pkfg,A buesa eq[; gSa ?kuRo tks fd de gksuk pkfg, vkSj {k; izfrjks/k tks vf/kd ls vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A /kkrq vkfn dks blds fy, iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd /kkrq dk ?kuRo T;knk gksrk gS vkSj {k; izfrjks/k deA blds fy, lkekU;r% dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oSls VkbVsfu;e ,Y;qfeukbM dks Hkh ,d fodYi ds :i esa fodflr fd;k tk jgk gS1A ysfdu vHkh bldk iz;ksx O;kolkf;d Lrj ij ugha fd;k x;k gSA bldks cukus ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys inkFkks± esa]
dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dk gh izHkqRo gSA dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ Hkh dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA buesa lrr dkcZu rarq] fMLØhV dkcZu rarq vkSj ikfVZdqysV izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ eq[; gSaaA dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh mRifÙk ls ysdj vc rd buds mRiknu vkSj fodkl ds {ks=k esa cgqr dke fd;k x;k gS ysfdu vf/kdka'k dk;Z lrr dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ds v/;;u ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA lrr dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ dks cukus ds fy, dSfedy osij bfUQYVjs'ku] gkWV&vkblksLVsfVd izs'kj bEizsXus'ku dkcZukbts'ku] gkWV&izsflax vkfn rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS3&10A lrr dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ ds xq.k/keZ
cgqr gh mRd`"V gksrs gSa ysfdu budk mRiknu ;k rks cgqr [kphZyk gS ;k fQj cgqr /khekA blds dkj.k mRikn dh dher c<+ tkrh gSA tks vafre lsok dh dher ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA fMLØhV rarq izcfyr lfEeJ dh dher de gksrh gSA fiNys dqN o"kks± esa budk iz;ksx Hkh dbZ {ks=kksa esa c<+k gSA blds vfrfjä budks vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS11&14A ,d ,slk gh dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ geus fodflr fd;kA bl 'kks/k i=k esa] gekjs }kjk fodflr fd;s x, isVsaVsM izØe ls cus jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dks izekspu ;ku ds mi&ra=kksa esa iz;ksx gksus okyh xSl eksVj ds eq[; vax ia[kqM+h dks cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS15&16A ;s ia[kqfM+;ka vU; izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh rqyuk esa de le; esa vkSj vYi ykxr
ls cukbZ x;h gSaA blds vfrfjä bl izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh ia[kqfM+;ksa ds xq.k/keZ Hkh vko';drkuqlkj ik, x, gSaA lkexzh ,oa fof/k
dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ cukuk
dPps inkFkZ % fip vkSj ih,,u vk/kkfjr dkcZu rarq izcyd ds :i esa vkSj isVªksfy;e fip vk/kkfjr fe'kksQst fip izkbejh eSfVªDl mRiUUk djus ds fy, vkSj fQuksfyd jsflu lsdaMjh eSfVªDl izkIr djus ds fy, dPps inkFkZ ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;s x,A buds xq.k/keZ lkj.kh 1] 2 vkSj 3 esa fn, x, gSaA Lyjh cukus ds fy, fMfLVYM ikuh dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA
izhQkWeZ cukuk % izcyd dks Lons'kh fefyax midj.k }kjk NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa dkVk x;k¼fp=k 1½17A bu NksVs&NksVs dkcZu rarq ds VqdM+ksa vkSj pw.kZ fe'kksQst fip dks fMfLVYM ikuh ds lkFk feDl fd;k x;k rkfd ,d leku Lyjh fey ldsA ,d leku Lyjh dks vk;rkdkj MkbZ esa fuokZrh; eksYM fd;k ¼fp=k 2½A izkIr dsd dks ,;j vksou esa lq[kk dj izhQkWeZ cuk;k x;k18A
gkWV&izsflax % izkIr izhQkWeZ dh gkWV&izsflax ds fy, 30 Vu nkc okyh
gkWV&izsl dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA gkWV&izsflax 700°C ds rkieku vkSj fp=k 1 — Lons'kh rarq fefyax midj.k lkj.kh 1 — dkcZu rarqvksa ds xq.k/keZ
dkcZu rarq O;kl izdkj ?kuRo ruu lkeF;Z ruu ekikad byksaxs'ku rkih; izlkj xq.kkad
(µm) (g/cm3) (GPa) (GPa) (%) (10-6/°C
fip 12 P-75 2.1 2.1 525 0.4 55+/-5
ih,,u 7-8 T-800 1.78 5.3 276 1.81 -
lkj.kh 2 — fe'kksQst fip ds xq.k/keZ
dqbuksyhu ,jksesfVflVh e`nqukad ,ukbZlksVªkWfid Mksesu vkdkj dkcZu ek=kk
ek=kk ¼»½ rkieku (°C) ek=kk ¼»½ (µm) ¼»½
<2 1 220-270 50-70 >200 92-95
lkj.kh 3 — fQuksfyd jsflu ds xq.k/keZ
30°C ij ';kurk fof'k"V xq#Ro Bksl jsflu Mk;Y;wfVM ';kurk 0-86 xq#Ro ij Vªcy ikWbaV
(cps) (%) (cps) (mL)
205-0 1-4 62-14 40-0 7-9
15 MPa ds izs'kj ij 0-2°C/min dh ghfVax nj ij fuf"Ø;
ek/;e esa dh x;hA bl pj.k esa fe'kksQst fip dk v/kZ dkcZukbts'ku gqvkA blds dkj.k fe'kksQst fip ls izkIr izkbejh eSfVªDl Hkh vkaf'kd :i ls cuhA
dkcZukbts'ku % gkWV&izSLM dkWEiSDV dh iw.kZ dkcZukbts'ku 1000°C rkieku vkSj 0-1 MPa izs'kj ij 1°C/min dh ghfVax nj ij fuf"Ø; ek/;e esa dh x;hA 1000°C rkieku ij dkWEiSDV dks 60 feuV j[kk x;kA bl pj.k esa cph gq;h fe'kksQst fip dk iw.kZ dkcZukbts'ku gks x;k vkSj iwjh rjg ls fe'kksQst fip izkbejh dkcZu eSfVªDl esa cny x;hA
MsalhfQds'ku % dkcZukbTM dkWEiSDV ds ?kuRo dks c<+kus ds fy, dkWEiSDV dks 0-7 MPa izs'kj ij fQuksfyd jsflu esa 5 ?kaVs ds fy, Mqcks;k x;k rkfd jsflu dkWEiSDV ds fNnzksa esa ?kql ldsA jsflu bEizhxus'ku ds ckn dkWEiSDV dk ,;j vksou esa rkin`<+u ¼thermo-
setting½ fd;k x;kA blds ckn dkWEiSDV dh dkcZukbts'ku 1000°C
ds rkieku vkSj 0-1 MPa izs'kj ij 1°C/min dh ghfVax nj ij fuf"Ø; ek/;e esa dh x;hA bl pj.k esa jsflu ds dkcZukbts'ku }kjk lsdaMjh dkcZu eSfVªDl dk fuekZ.k gqvkA dkWEiSDV ds ?kuRo dks vko';drkuqlkj c<+kus ds fy, eYVhIy jsflu bEizhxus'ku&
rkin`<+u&dkcZukbts'ku ds pj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA vfHky{k.ku
lHkh pj.kksa ds ckn dkWEiSDV dk vfHky{k.ku fd;k x;kA vusd izdkj ds xq.k/keks± dks Kkr fd;k x;k ¼fp=k 3½A ?kuRo dks Hkkj vk;ru fof/k ls fudkyk x;kA ekbØksxzkl ds fy, LdSfuax
bysDVªkWu ekbØksLdksi ¼Carl Zeiss SMT EVO 50½ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ;kaf=kd xq.k/keks± ds fy, ;wuholZy VsfLVax e'khu dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA laihMu lkeF;Z] ekikad vkSj ikWbtu vuqikr
¼Poison's ratio½ dks ASTM C 695&91 ds vuqlkj ekik x;kA vkueu ¼flexural½ lkeF;Z ds fy, ASTM C 1161-02C dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ruu lkeF;Z dks ASTM D 3039/D 3039M- 00 ds vuqlkj Kkr fd;k x;kA dBksjrk ds fy, ckjdksy dBksjrk ekid ¼barcol hardness tester½ dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA rkih;
pkydrk ¼thermal conductivity½ vkSj folj.krk ¼t½ dks ASTM E 1461-01 ds vuqlkj Kkr fd;k x;kA oS|qrpkydrk ds ekiu ds fy, ASTM C 611-98 dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA
fp=k 3 — dkcZu@dkcZu dkWEiSDV fp=k 2 — vk;rkdkj MkbZ
fp=k 4 — ok;j bysDVªkWu fMLpktZ e'khu ¼vkHkkj % bZihbZ,l dkckZbM bafM;k VwYl izkbosV fyfeVsM] dks;Ecrwj½
ia[kqfM+;ka cukuk
Lykbflax % fp=k 3 esa n'kkZ, x, dkWEiSDV dks cukus ds ckn bldks ia[kqM+h dh foek ¼dimensions½ ds vuqlkj Lykbl fd;k x;kA blds fy, ok;j bysDVªkWu fMLpktZ e'khu dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
¼fp=k 4½A ;g e'khu inkFkZ dh de cckZnh ds lkFk e'khfuax djrh gS ysfdu blds fy, inkFkZ dh oS|qrpkydrk vPNh gksuh pkfg, vkSj dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ tks bl 'kks/k i=k esa cuk;k x;k gS dh oS|qrpkydrk vfr mRd`"V gSA bl izdkj bl rduhd ds iz;ksx ls Hkh inkFkZ dh cckZnh dks jksddj dher dks de djus esa dkQh enn feyhA
e'khfuax % bysDVªkWu fMLpktZ e'khfuax ls Lykbl fd;s x, mRikn dh ifjlTtk dkQh vPNh ikbZ xbZA ysfdu fQj Hkh lrg dks fpduk vkSj ?k"kZ.k jfgr djus ds fy, e'khu fd;k x;kA bl dk;Z ds fy, ijEijkxr xzkbafMax e'khu dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ¼fp=k 5½A bl pj.k ds ckn] dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h rS;kj gks x;h ¼fp=k 6½A
ifj.kke ,oa foospuk
lHkh pj.kksa ds ckn dkWEiSDV dk vfHky{k.ku [kaM 2-2 esa fn, x, LVSaMM~lZ vkSj rjhdksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA isVsaVsM izØe ls cuk;s x, jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu dkWEiSDV ls cuh ia[kqM+h ds izkIr xq.k/keks± dks lkj.kh 4 esa lax`ghr fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh 4 esa fn, x, vf/kdka'k xq.k/keZ] ijEijkxr izØe tSls fd dsfedy osij bfUQYVjs'ku ls cuk;s x, dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h ls
fp=k 6 — isVsaVsM izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqfM;ka
lkj.kh 4 — isVsaVsM izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h ds xq.k/keZ
xq.k/keZ dher
250°C ij ?kuRo (g/cm3) (C) 1.74-1.78 25°C ij laihM+u lkeF;Z (MPa) (C) 121-212
25°C ij laihMu ekikad (GPa) (C) 10.7-11.5
25°C ij iksblul vuqikr (C) 0.08-0.13
25°C ij Fkzw&Iysu dBksjrk (Barcol) 70&75 50°Cij Fkzw&Iysu rkih; pkydrk (W/m•K) (C) 4-6
50°C ij bu&Iysu rkih; pkydrk (W/m•K) (C) 8-12
50 ls 350°C ds chp esa bu&Iysu rkih; 1×10-6 izlkj xq.kkad (K-1) (C)
50 ls 350°C ds chp esa Fkzw&Iysu rkih; izlkj 4 × 10-6 xq.kkad (K-1) (C)
25°C ij Fkzw&Iysu oS|qr pkydrk (S/cm) (C) 137-164
25°C ij bu&Iysu oS|qr pkydrk 1-74&1-78 540&600
(S/cm) (C)
;k rks vf/kd gSa ;k mlds leku gSa ¼lkj.kh 5½2A dbZ xq.k/keZ tSls
?kuRo] dBksjrk vkfn rks ijEijkxr izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls dkQh T;knk gSaA bl lfEeJ dh ?kuRork dk T;knk gksus dk dkj.k gS izkbejh dkcZu eSfVªDl dks ehlksQst fip ls izkIr djukA ;g ehlksQst fip eSfVªDl izhdlZj ¼precursor½ T;knk ek=kk esa dkcZu mRiUUk djrk gS19A bl izhdlZj dh bl fof'k"Vrk ds dkj.k gkWV&izsflax pj.k esa gh mPp ?kuRo fey x;k tks MsaflfQds'ku ds nkSjku vkSj c<+ x;kA dBksjrk dk T;knk gksuk lsdaMjh eSfVªDl dk fQuksfyd jsflu ls izkIr djuk gSA
fp=k 5 — xzkbfMax e'khu ¼vkHkkj % bZihbZ,l dkckZbM bafM;k VwYl izkbosV fyfeVsM] dks;Ecrwj½
;g dkcZu eSfVªDl] izkbejh dkcZu eSfVªDl tks fd fe'kksQst fip ls izkIr gqbZ gS dh rqyuk esa T;knk dBksj gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd fe'kksQst fip ls izkIr eSfVªDl dk LoHkko xzsfQfVd gksrk gS vkSj jsflu ls izkIr eSfVªDl dk LoHkko Xyklh ¼glassy½A vkSj ge tkurs gSa fd Xyklh inkFkZ dh dBksjrk xzsfQfVd inkFkZ dh rqyuk esa T;knk gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs }kjk fodflr fd;s x, dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh dqy dBksjrk c<+ x;hA dqN xq.k/keZ tSls dh vkueu lkeF;Z vkfn ijEijkxr izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h ls FkksM+s ls de gSaA bldk dkj.k dkcZu rarq dk fMLØhV gksuk vkSj vkLisDV vuqikr dk de gksuk gSA vkLisDV vuqikr dks c<+k dj bl fo'ks"k xq.k/keZ dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bldh xqatkb'k bl izØe esa gS vkSj blds fy, T;knk vkLisDV vuqikr okys vkSj dqN lrr dkcZu rarqvksa dks x-y Iysu esa bLrseky djds c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
fp=k 7 esa isVsaVsM izØe ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ds e'khfuax vkSj ÝSDpj lrg ds ekbØks&xzkl fn, x, gSaA fp=k 7(a) ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd lfEeJ ds vanj dkcZu rarq jSaMEyh forfjr gSaA blds vfrfjä lHkh dkcZu rarq ,d nwljs ds lkFk xqFks gq, gSaA
;g bl lfEeJ dh Js"Brk dks n'kkZrk gS tks bldks ijEijkxr izØeksa ls cuk;s x, 1-D vkSj 2-D dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu
eSfVªDl lfEeJ ls vyx djrk gSA dkcZu rarq ds vkil esa xqFks gq, gksus ds dkj.k bl lfEeJ esa fpfIiax ugha gksrh gSA dkcZu rarq dh lrg nj lrg gVus ds ?kVukØe dks fpfIiax dgrs gSaA ;g
?kVukØe ijEijkxr 1-D vkSj 2-D dkcZu rarq izcfyr dkcZu eSfVªDl lfEeJ esa vDlj ns[kk tkrk gSA bl fof'k"Vrk ds dkj.k bl lfEeJ dk bLrseky jfcax okys iz;ksx tSls dh ia[kqfM;ka vkfn esa vU; dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh rqyuk esa T;knk vPNk jgrk gSA bldh izekf.kdrk blls cuh ia[kqfM+;ksa ds iz;ksx us fl) dj nh gSA jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqfM+;ksa dh fu"iknurk vU; dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls dkQh vPNh ik;h x;hA
fp=k 7 (b) esa jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh ÝSDpj lrg dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fp=k 7 (b) ls lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd VsLV ds nkSjku QSyrs oä dkcZu rarq dh iqfYyax gqbZ gSA ;g iqfYyax okafNr gksrh gSA dkcZu rarq dh bl iqfYyax okaNuh;rk dks vU; 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa us n'kkZ;k gS20&21A bl iqfYyax dh otg ls dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ dh ÝSDpj VQusl c<+ tkrh gSA tcfd dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ LoHkko ls lhjkfed gksus dh otg ls de ÝSDpj VQusl j[krk gSA
fu"d"kZ
• jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls ia[kqM+h dks lQyrkiwoZd cuk;k x;kA
• cukbZ xbZ dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ia[kqM+h ds xq.k/keks± dks ijEijkxr izØe ls cuk;s x, dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cukbZ x;h ia[kqM+h ds xq.k/keks± ls dkQh vPNk ik;k x;kA
• jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cukbZ xbZ ia[kqM+h dh ifjlTtk dkQh vPNh ikbZ x;hA
• ijEijkxr izØe ls cuk;s x, dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h dh rqyuk esa jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h dks de le; esa vYi yxkr ls cuk;k x;kA
• jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ia[kqM+h dh fu"iknurk dkQh vPNh ikbZ xbZA
vkHkkj
1- ys[kd Jh oh ds fouhr] Jh vksesUnz feJ] Jh gsujh vkSj Jh eqds'k HkkbZ dks jSaMEyh vksfj,aVsM dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ vkSj ia[kqM+h cukus esa fn, x, lg;ksx ds fy,( eSl- bZihbZ,l dkckZbM bafM;k izkbosV fyfeVsM] dks;Ecrwj dks ia[kqfM+;ksa dh Lykbflax vkSj ifjlTtk djus ds fy,( ,elhMh] ,,lMh vkSj ,,u,yMh foHkkxksa }kjk dPps inkFkZ vkSj dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ds vfHky{k.k esa fn, x, lg;ksx
fp=k 7 — iVsaVsM izØe ls cus cuk;s x, dkcZu@dkcZu lfEeJ ds ekbØksxzk¶l e'khfuax ds ckn vkSj ÝSDpj lrg lkj.kh 5 — dsfedy osij bufQYVjs'ku ls cus dkcZu@dkcZu
lfEeJ ls cuh ia[kqM+h ds xq.k/keZ
xq.k/keZ dher
?kuRo (g/cm3) 1-38&1-43 vkueu lkeF;Z (MPa) 99-38&140-58 dBksjrk (Barcol) 50&65 vo:i.k lkeF;Z (MPa) 10-11&17-09
ds fy, vkHkkj O;ä djrs gSaA lanHkZ
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