Design, control and implementation of solar photovoltaic array and battery integrated unified power quality conditioner

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DESIGN, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AND BATTERY INTEGRATED

UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

SACHIN DEVASSY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

June 2019

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© Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, 2019

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DESIGN, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AND BATTERY INTEGRATED

UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

by

SACHIN DEVASSY

Department of Electrical Engineering

Submitted

in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY to the

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

June 2019

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Design, Control and Implementation of Solar Photovoltaic Array and Battery Integrated Unified Power Quality Condi- tioner”being submitted by Mr. Sachin Devassy for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophyis a record of bonafide research work carried out by him in the Department of Electrical Engineering of Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.

Mr. Sachin Devassy has worked under my guidance and supervision and has fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this thesis, which to my knowledge has reached the requisite standard. The results obtained here in have not been submitted to any other Uni- versity or Institute for the award of any degree.

Date:07-06-2019

Prof. Bhim Singh

Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi-110016, India

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I offer my deepest gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. Bhim Singh for providing me an opportunity to carry out the Ph.D. work under his supervision at IIT Delhi. The various discussions with him helped me in having a deeper understanding of various elements of reearch. His constant encouragement and motivation enabled me to perform consistently during various stages of my PhD programme.

I am thankful to Prof. Sukumar Mishra, Prof. Nilanjan Senroy, Dr. Ashu Verma, my SRC members for their probing questions and valuable guidance which helped me in having more clarity of concepts related my research work. I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Prof. I. N. Kar, Prof. S.M.K Rahman and Prof. Shaunak Sen for their valuable inputs during my course work which helped me to broaden my knowledge. I am grateful to IIT Delhi for providing me the research facilities. Thanks are due to Sh. Srichand, Sh. Puran Singh, Mr. Jitendra, Sh. Dhanraj and Sh. Jagbir Singh of PG Machines Lab, Power Electronics Lab, UG Lab and Departmental Workshop of IIT Delhi for providing me the facilities and assistance during this work.

I offer my deep gratitude to Dr. D.K Aswal, Director CSIR-CEERI, ,Dr. Chan- drashekar, Prof. Santanu Chaudhury, Dr. Raj Singh, former Directors CSIR-CEERI, and Shri. Rahul Varma, former HoD Industrial Electronics Group who have supported me in my PhD programme at IIT Delhi. I would also like to thankDr. P.C. Panchariya, Scientist-in Charge, CSIR-CEERI’s Incubation cum Innovation Hub, Jaipur Centre who also supported me during my PhD work. I also thank Dr. Ram Prakash motivated me con- stantly during my last stages of PhD work. I also thank Shri. Ajeet Kumar Dhakar, HoD, Power electronics group at CSIR-CEERI, Pilani who provided great support during my PhD work. I am greatly indebted to my close friends and colleagues Mr. Brijendra Verma and Dr. Deepak Bansa for their help in both professional and personal life. I thank my colleagues Mr. Anand Abhishek, Mr.Subhash Kumar Ram, Mr.Gyan Singh Meena, Mr.

Vivek Saini, Mr. Anand Saini and Mr. Lalit Khanna who helped me in various stages of my research career.

I would like to offer my sincere thanks to my seniors Dr. N. K. Swami Naidu Dr.

Chinmay Jain, Dr. Vashist Bist, Dr. Raj Kumar Garg, Dr. Geeta Pathak, Dr. Aman Jha, iii

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Dr. Shailendra Tiwari, Mr. Saurabh Mangalik, Dr. Rajan Kumar Sonkar, Dr. Ikhlaq Bohru, who provided me the initial help to start my experimental work. My deepest gratitude and thanks are for Mr. Piyush Kant, Mr. Nishant Kumar and Dr. Aniket Anand for their unconditional support in during my stay and work at IIT Delhi. I too would wish to thank my PhD mates Mr. Anshul Varshney, Mr. Saurabh Shukla, Mr. Deepu Vijay, Mr. Sreejith, Dr. Shailendra Dwivedi, Mr. Anjanee Kumar Mishra, Mr. Shadab Murshid, Mr. Priyank Shah, Mr.Sreenivas, Mr. Vineeth P Chandran, Ms. Subarni Pradhan, Ms.Shatakshi Sharma, Mr.Prashun Mishra, Dr. Amresh Kumar Singh for their valuable aid and co-operation. Also, I would like to thank to my juniors Ms. Radha Kushwaha, Ms. Seema, Ms. Vanadana Jain, Ms. Nupur Saxena for their for their help and cooperation during research work.

I would like to thank, Mr. Gurmeet Singh, Mr. Anjeet Verma, Mr. Debasish Mishra, Ms. Tabish Mir, Mr. Praveen Kumar Singh, Mr. K. P. Tomar, Mr. Sunil Kumar Pandey, Mr. Niranjan Deevela, Mr. G. K. Taneja, Mr. Khusro Khan, Ms. Shubhra, Ms. Farheen Chisti, Ms. Rohini Sharma, Ms. Pavitra Shukl, Mr. P. Sambasivaiah, Mr. Priyank Shah, Mr. Munesh Kumar Singh, Ms. Aakanksha Rajput, Ms. Hina Parveen, Ms. Rashmi Rai, Mr. Yalavarthi Amarnath, Mr. Arayadip Sen, Mr. Kashif, Mr. Gaurav Modi, Mr. Sudip Bhattacharya, Mr. Bilal Naqvi, Mr. Jitendra Gupta, Mr. Utsav Sharma, Mr. Sandeep Kumar Sahoo, Ms. Shalvi Tyagi, Mr. Souvik Das, Mr. Vivek Narayanan, Mr. Suri Praneeth, Mr. Priyvrat Vats, Mr. Sayandev Ghosh, Saran Chaurashiya, Mr. Sharan Shastri, Mr.

Shivam Yadav, Mr. Rahul Kumar, Mr. Deepak Saw, Ms. Kousalya V, Ms. Chandrakala Devi, Mr. Saurabh Mishra, Mr. Subir Karmakar, Mr. Girja Shankar and all PG Machines lab group for their valuable support. I also thank Mr. Yatindra, Mr. Satish, Mr. Sandeep and all other Electrical Engineering office staff for being supportive throughout. I am also thankful all IIT Delhi staff who have directly or indirectly helped me to finish my dissertation study.

My deepest love and appreciation goes to my wife Beaula and my children Steve and Chris who have sacrificed a lot for my PhD work. I thank my father, Mr. K.M. Devassy and my mother Mrs. Gracy Devassy for their encouragement, motivation and prayers for my PhD work. I owe my success today, to my family. I am likewise thankful my mother-in-law, Mrs. Lilly Antu who provided great support during the various stages of my PhD work. I

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must appreciate my elder sister Mrs. Sapna Jiju for supporting my parents in my absence. I would also like to thank my brother-in-law Mr. Jiju Paulose, Mrs. Blessy Kevin, Mr. Kevin Thomas for their support during my PhD work. I also thank Mr.Simon Antony, Mrs. Litty Simon and my other family members who had supported me directly or indirectly during my PhD work

I thank God Almighty, for the countless blessings I have received every day of my life. I pray for his blessings on all my future endeavors. I also pray that his blessings be showered on all my friends, family members and colleagues.

Date: 07-06-2019

Sachin Devassy

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ABSTRACT

With the advancement in semiconductor electronics, there has been increasing use of sophis- ticated power electronic systems such as switched mode power supplies (SMPS), adjustable speed drives (ASDs), etc. The main advantage of these systems are that they are energy efficient. However, as they contain switching devices, they draw nonlinear currents which can cause distortion in the voltage at the point of common coupling. Moreover, these loads are highly sensitive to fluctuations in voltage at point of common coupling (PCC). Another major trend in recent years is the increasing focus on use of renewable energy system par- ticularly solar photovoltaic systems. Hence, the major requirement of modern distribution systems is deployment of multi-functional devices which can integrate distribution generation along with power quality improvement.

This research work focuses on the design, control and implementation of solar PV array and battery integrated UPQC for use in modern distribution systems. Detailed design, simulation analysis and experimental validation are done for various configuration of PV- UPQC and PV-B-UPQC. Various topologies of PV-UPQC and PV-B-UPQC are designed and its performances analyzed in detail.

Single phase PV-UPQC systems are designed and its performances are analyzed in detail.

These systems are an ideal solution for small household rooftop systems where it can protect senstive loads from PCC voltage sags/swells as well as inject power from PV array into grid and also compensate for load current quality issues. Three phase three wire and Three phase four wire PV-UPQC systems are designed and its performance under various dynamic conditions such as PCC voltage sags/swells, irradiation variation and load unbalancing etc are analyzed. For both single phase and three phase PV-UPQC systems, both single stage and double stage PV-UPQC systems are designed and analyzed in detail.

Different configurations of PV-B-UPQC systems for both single phase and three phase distribution systems are designed and analyzed. The presence of battery energy storage enables these systems to operate in standalone mode when the grid is not available and can operate in grid connected mode when there is grid available. Improved control logics were developed for automated transition from grid connected to standalone mode and vice versa.

Novel control techniques have been developed for improved control of PV-UPQC and vii

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PV-B-UPQC. Extensive analysis has been done on the performance of the system through Matlab-Simulink software. The simulated performance of PV-UPQC systems and PV-B- UPQC systems were validated experimentally on laboratory prototype. The major focus of this research work has been on designing and developing PV-UPQC systems and PV- B-UPQC systems for compensating power quality issues and integrate solar energy under application scenarios such as for small household rooftops systems as well as for rooftop systems of large commercial buildings etc.

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ix

सार

सेमीकंडक्टर इलेक्टरॉनिक्स में उन्ननि के साथ, पररष्कृि पावर इलेक्टरॉनिक नसस्टम जैसे स्विच्ड मोड पावर सप्लाई (एसएमपीएस), एडजस्टेबल स्पीड डराइव (एएसडी), आनि का उपयोग बढ़ रहा है। इि प्रणानलयों का

मुख्य लाभ यह है नक वे ऊजाा कुशल हैं। हालांनक, च ंनक उिमें स्विनचंग नडवाइस होिे हैं, वे िॉिलाइिर धाराओं को खींचिे हैं जो सामान्य युग्मि के नबंिु पर वोल्टेज में नवकृनि पैिा कर सकिे हैं। इसके अलावा, ये

भार सामान्य युग्मि (पीसीसी) के नबंिु पर वोल्टेज में उिार-चढ़ाव के प्रनि अत्यनधक संवेििशील होिे हैं।

हाल के वर्षों में एक और प्रमुख प्रवृनि िवीकरणीय ऊजाा प्रणाली नवशेर्ष रूप से सौर फोटोवोस्वल्टक प्रणानलयों

के उपयोग पर ध्याि केंनिि करिा है। इसनलए, आधुनिक नविरण प्रणानलयों की प्रमुख आवश्यकिा बहु- कायाात्मक उपकरणों की िैिािी है जो नबजली की गुणविा में सुधार के साथ नविरण पीढ़ी को एकीकृि कर सकिे हैं।

यह शोध काया आधुनिक नविरण प्रणानलयों में उपयोग के नलए सौर पीवी सरणी और बैटरी एकीकृि

य पीक्य सी के नडजाइि, नियंत्रण और कायाान्वयि पर केंनिि है। पीवी-य पीक्य सी और पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी के

नवनभन्न नवन्यास के नलए नवस्तृि नडजाइि, नसमुलेशि नवश्लेर्षण और प्रयोगात्मक सत्यापि नकया जािा है।

पीवी-य पीक्य सी और पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी के नवनभन्न टोपोलॉजी नडजाइि नकए गए हैं और इसके प्रिशाि का

नवस्तार से नवश्लेर्षण नकया गया है।

एकल चरण पीवी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम िैयार नकए गए हैं और इसके प्रिशाि का नवस्तार से नवश्लेर्षण नकया

गया है। ये नसस्टम छोटे घरेल रूफटॉप नसस्टम के नलए एक आिशा समाधाि हैं जहााँ यह पीसीसी वोल्टेज सैग्स / िैलस से सीिेस्वस्टव लोड की रक्षा कर सकिा है और साथ ही पीवी सरणी से निड में नबजली इंजेक्ट करिा है और लोड करंट क्वानलटी के मुद्ों की भरपाई भी करिा है। िीि चरण िीि िार और िीि चरण चार

िार पीवी - य पीक्य सी नसस्टम नडजाइि नकए गए हैं और इसके प्रिशाि को नवनभन्न गनिशील पररस्वथथनियों

जैसे पीसीसी वोल्टेज

कमी /वृस्वि, नवनकरण नभन्निा और भार असंिुनलि करिा आनि का नवश्लेर्षण नकया जािा है। नसंगल फेज और थ्री फेज पीवी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम के नलए, नसंगल स्टेज और डबल स्टेज पीवी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम को

नडजाइि और एिानलनसस नकया जािा है।

एकल चरण और िीि चरण नविरण प्रणाली िोिों के नलए पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम के नवनभन्न कॉस्वफ़िगरेशि नडजाइि और नवश्लेर्षण नकए गए हैं। बैटरी ऊजाा भंडारण की उपस्वथथनि इि प्रणानलयों को

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x

स्टैंडअलोि मोड में संचानलि करिे में सक्षम बिािी है जब निड उपलब्ध िहीं होिा है और निड उपलब्ध होिे पर निड किेक्टेड मोड में काम कर सकिा है। स्टैंडअलोि मोड से जुडे निड से िचानलि संक्रमण के

नलए बेहिर नियंत्रण लॉनजक्स नवकनसि नकए गए थे और इसके नवपरीि।

पीवी-य पीक्य सी और पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी के बेहिर नियंत्रण के नलए िोवेल कंटरोल िकिीक नवकनसि की

गई है। मैटलैब नसम नलंक सॉफ्टवेयर के माध्यम से नसस्टम के प्रिशाि पर व्यापक नवश्लेर्षण नकया गया है।

पीवी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम और पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम के िकली प्रिशाि को प्रयोगशाला प्रोटोटाइप पर प्रयोगात्मक रूप से मान्य नकया गया था। इस शोध काया का प्रमुख फोकस पीवी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम और पीवी-बी-य पीक्य सी नसस्टम को नडजाइि करिे और नवकनसि करिे और नबजली की गुणविा के मुद्ों की

भरपाई के नलए और सौर ऊजाा को एकीकृि करिे के नलए नकया गया है, जैसे नक छोटे घरेल छिों नसस्टम सनहि मॉडिा नविरण प्रणाली के नलए। बडी व्यावसानयक इमारिों आनि की छि प्रणानलयों के नलए।

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2.1 Classification of UPQC 17

Fig. 2.2 CSC and VSC based UPQC 18

Fig. 2.3 Three-Phase Four-Wire UPQC topologies 19

Fig. 2.4 Reduced Switch Configuration of UPQC 22

Fig. 3.1 Configuration of Single Stage Solar Photovoltaic Array Integrated Single

Phase UPQC 30

Fig. 3.2 Control Block Diagram of Shunt and Series VSCs of PV-UPQC 37 Fig. 3.3 Matlab-Simulink Model of Single Stage Solar Photovoltaic Array Inte-

grated Single Phase UPQC 38

Fig. 3.4 Matlab-Simulink Model of Shunt Compensator Control of Single Stage

Single Phase PV-UPQC 39

Fig. 3.5 Matlab-Simulink Model of Series Compensator Control of Single Stage

Single Phase PV-UPQC 39

Fig. 3.6 Experimental Prototype of PV-UPQC 41

Fig. 3.7 Dynamic of response of PV-UPQC 44

Fig. 3.8 Harmonic Components in PCC and Load Current 45 Fig. 3.9 Performance Comparison of VFF-RLS with p-q and d-q algorithm 45 Fig. 3.10 Steady State Behavior of PV-UPQC under Sag Condition 47 Fig. 3.11 Steady State Behavior of PV-UPQC Under Swell Condition 48

Fig. 3.12 Dynamic Performance of PV-UPQC 50

Fig. 3.13 MPPT tracking performance of PV-UPQC 51

Fig. 3.14 Control Signals of PV-UPQC 52

Fig. 4.1 Configuration PV-UPQC System 54

Fig. 4.2 CSOGI based Control of Series Compensator 56

Fig. 4.3 CSOGI-DSC based Shunt Compensator Control Structure 59

Fig. 4.4 Hysteresis Controller Operation 61

Fig. 4.5 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Double Stage Solar PV Integrated Single

Phase UPQC 62

Fig. 4.6 Matlab models of SOGI and DSC 62

Fig. 4.7 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Shunt Compensator Control 63 Fig. 4.8 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Series Compensator Control 64

Fig. 4.9 Dynamic of response of PV-UPQC 68

Fig. 4.10 Harmonic spectrum of PCC voltage, load voltage, grid current, load

current 69

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Fig. 4.11 Extraction of Fundamental Magnitude and Templates of PCC voltage

and Load Current 70

Fig. 4.12 Steady State Performance Under Nominal Conditions 71 Fig. 4.13 Steady State Performance Under Sag Conditions 71 Fig. 4.14 Steady State Performance Under Swell Conditions 72

Fig. 4.16 MPPT Tracking Efficiency under Various Irradiation Conditions 73 Fig. 5.1 Structure of Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 76

Fig. 5.2 Phasor Diagram of PV-UPQC 77

Fig. 5.3 Fundamental Frequency Positive Sequence Extraction using Generalized

Cascaded Delay Signal operation 82

Fig. 5.4 Block diagram of Power Block 83

Fig. 5.5 Shunt VSC Control Structure 83

Fig. 5.6 Series VSC Control Structure 85

Fig. 5.7 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Single Stage Solar PV Integrated Three

Phase Three Wire UPQC 87

Fig. 5.8 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Shunt Compensator Control 88 Fig. 5.9 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Series Compensator Control 88

Fig. 5.10 Shunt VSC Reference Generation 91

Fig. 5.11 Series VSC Reference Generation 93

Fig. 5.12 PV-UPQC Performance during Load Unbalance Condition 94 Fig. 5.13 PV-UPQC Performance during Irradiation Change 95 Fig. 5.14 PV-UPQC Performance during PCC Voltage Fluctuations 96

Fig. 5.15 Salient Signals in Control of PV-UPQC 98

Fig. 5.16 Reference Generation using conventional p-q theory and modified p-q

theory 99

Fig. 5.18 MPPT Tracking Efficiency under Various Irradiation Conditions 101 Fig. 5.19 Dynamic Performance Under Combined Dynamics 103 Fig. 5.20 Steady State Performance of Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 104 Fig. 5.21 Steady State Waveforms of PCC Voltage, Load Voltage and Series VSC

Voltage 105

Fig. 6.1 Configuration of Three Phase Three Wire Double Stage PV-UPQC 108 Fig. 6.2 Shunt Compensator Control Based on second order sequence filter 111

Fig. 6.3 Series compensator Control Structure 113

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Fig. 6.4 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Double Stage Solar PV Array Integrated

Three Phase Three Wire UPQC 115

Fig. 6.5 MATLAB-Simulink based Overall Control Structure of Double Stage So- lar PV Array Integrated Three Phase Three Wire UPQC 115 Fig. 6.6 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Shunt Compensator Control 116 Fig. 6.7 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Series Compensator Control 117 Fig. 6.8 Simulation Performance of PV-UPQC under Sags and Swells in Voltages

at the PCC 121

Fig. 6.9 Simulation Performance of PV-UPQC under Unbalanced load condition 122 Fig. 6.10 Simulation Performance of PV-UPQC under irradiation variation 123

Fig. 6.11 Steady State Performance of PV-UPQC 124

Fig. 6.12 Steady Performance of PV-UPQC During Rise in PCC Voltage 125 Fig. 6.13 Dynamic Performance under load Unbalance Condition 126 Fig. 6.14 Dynamic Performance under PCC Voltage dip/rise Condition 127 Fig. 6.15 PV-UPQC Response under irradiation Change Condition 127 Fig. 6.16 Peak Power Tracking Performance of PV-UPQC 127 Fig. 6.17 Salient Signals in Extraction of Fundamental Positive Sequence Load

Current 129

Fig. 6.18 Salient Signals in PV-UPQC Control 129

Fig. 7.1 Configuration of Three Phase Four Wire Single Stage PV-UPQC 132

Fig. 7.2 Control Structure of Shunt Compensator 136

Fig. 7.3 Control Structure of Series Compensator 137

Fig. 7.4 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Double Stage Solar PV Array Integrated

Fig. 7.5 Matlab-Simulink Model of Single State Solar PV Array Integrated Three

Fig. 7.6 Performance of Under Load Unbalancing Condition 142 Fig. 7.7 Performance of PV-UPQC in PCC Voltage Fluctuation 144 Fig. 7.8 Performance of PV-UPQC under irradiation variation condition 145

Fig. 7.9 Steady State Performance of PV-UPQC 146

Fig. 7.10 PV-UPQC Performance under Nominal Condition 147

Fig. 7.11 PV-UPQC Performance under Sag Condition 148

Fig. 7.12 PV-UPQC Performance under Swell Condition 149 Fig. 7.13 Steady State Current Signals and Phase ’A’ Voltage at Load Side 150 Fig. 7.14 Steady State Current Signals and Phase ’A’ Voltage at PCC Side Signals 150

Fig. 7.15 Startup operation of PV-UPQC 150

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Fig. 7.16 Performance of PV-UPQC under Load Unbalance Condition 152

Fig. 7.17 PV-UPQC performance during Sag at PCC 152

Fig. 7.18 PV-UPQC performance during Swell at PCC 152

Fig. 7.19 PV-UPQC Performance During Variation in Irradiation 153 Fig. 7.20 MPPT Efficiency of PV-UPQC system at various irradiation condition 153 Fig. 7.21 Salient internal signals during extraction of load active component 154 Fig. 7.22 Salient internal signals of PV-UPQC Control 155 Fig. 8.1 Configuration of Three Phase Four Wire Double Stage PV-UPQC 158 Fig. 8.2 Structure of Modified Symmetrical Sinusoidal Integrator 160 Fig. 8.3 Control Structure of Shunt and Series Compensator 162 Fig. 8.4 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Double Stage Solar PV Array Integrated

Fig. 8.5 Matlab-Simulink Model of Single State Solar PV Array Integrated Three

Fig. 8.6 Laboratory Prototype of Double Stage Solar PV Array Integrated Three

Fig. 8.7 Performance of PV-UPQC during load unbalance condition 170 Fig. 8.8 Performance of PV-UPQC during Fluctuations in PCC Voltage 171 Fig. 8.9 Performance of PV-UPQC under Irradiation Variation 173 Fig. 8.10 PV-UPQC Performance under Nominal Condition 175

Fig. 8.11 PV-UPQC Performance under Sag Condition 176

Fig. 8.12 PV-UPQC Performance under Swell Condition 177 Fig. 8.13 Load Side and PCC Side Currents in system compensated by PV-UPQC 178 Fig. 8.14 Performance of PV-UPQC under Load Unbalance Condition 179 Fig. 8.15 Performance of PV-UPQC during Fluctuations in PCC Voltages 180 Fig. 8.16 PV-UPQC Performance During Variation in Irradiation 181 Fig. 8.17 MPPT Efficiency of PV-UPQC system at various irradiation condition 181 Fig. 8.18 Internal Signals in Control of Three Phase Four Wire Double Stage PV-

UPQC 182

Fig. 9.1 Configuration PV -Battery Integrated UPQC System 186

Fig. 9.2 Control Structure of PV-B UPQC 189

Fig. 9.3 Synchronization Control of PV-B-UPQC 192

Fig. 9.4 MATLAB-Simulink Model of PV-Battery Integrated Single Phase UPQC 194 Fig. 9.5 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Bidirectional Converter Control 194 Fig. 9.6 Shunt and Series Compensator Control of PV-B UPQC 195

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Fig. 9.7 Experimental of Solar PV Array and Battery Integrated Single Phase

UPQC 197

Fig. 9.8 Synchronization Performance of PV-B-UPQC system 199 Fig. 9.9 Behavior of PV-B-UPQC system under irradiation variation 200 Fig. 9.10 Behavior of PV-B-UPQC system during Step Change in Load 202 Fig. 9.11 Behavior of PV-B-UPQC system during PCC Voltage Fluctuations 203

Fig. 9.12 Steady State performance of PV-B-UPQC 204

Fig. 9.13 Steady Performance of Single Phase PV-B UPQC 205 Fig. 9.14 Performance of Single Phase PV-B-UPQC during Irradiation Variation 206 Fig. 9.15 Synchronization Performance of Single Phase PV-B UPQC 208 Fig. 9.16 Performance of Single Phase PV-B UPQC During Sags/Swells in PCC

Voltage 209

Fig. 9.17 Behavior of PV-B UPQC system during Step Change in Load 210 Fig. 9.18 Salient Internal Signals of Single Phase PV-B UPQC 211 Fig. 10.1 Configuration of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC 214

Fig. 10.3 Phase Generation of Shunt Compensator in Standalone Mode 219

Fig. 10.4 Synchronization Logic of PV-B-UPQC 220

Fig. 10.5 Series VSC Control Structure 221

Fig. 10.6 Matlab Based System Configuration and Control Structure of Three

Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC 223

Fig. 10.7 Shunt and Series Compensator Control of PV-B UPQC 224 Fig. 10.8 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Load Unbalance Condition 227 Fig. 10.9 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during sags/swells in PCC Voltage 229 Fig. 10.10 Performance of PV-B-UPQC During during Variation in Solar Radiation

Intensity 230

Fig. 10.11 Synchronization and Desynchronizatioin performance of PV-B-UPQC 232 Fig. 10.12 Harmonic Spectra and THD of Load side currents and Grid side currents 233 Fig. 10.13 Steady State Performance of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B UPQC 234 Fig. 10.14 Performance of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC During Sags/Swells

in PCC Voltages 235

Fig. 10.15 Performance of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC During Variation

in Solar Irradiation 236

Fig. 10.16 Performance of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC During Load Un-

balance Condition 238

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Fig. 10.17 Synchronization and De Syncrhonization Operation of Three Phase Three

Wire PV-B-UPQC 239

Fig. 11.1 Configuration PV -Battery Integrated UPQC System 242 Fig. 11.2 Control Configuration of Bidirectional Converter 244

Fig. 11.4 Control Configuration of Series Compensator 248 Fig. 11.5 Phase Generation Logic For Shunt Compensator 249 Fig. 11.6 Synchronization Logic For Shunt Compensator 250 Fig. 11.7 Matlab-Simulink Model of Three Phase Four Wire PV-B-UPQC 252 Fig. 11.8 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Series Compensator Control 253 Fig. 11.9 MATLAB-Simulink Model of Shunt Compensator Control 253 Fig. 11.10 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during PCC voltage sag/swells 257 Fig. 11.11 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Load Unbalance Condition 258 Fig. 11.12 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Irradiation Variation 260 Fig. 11.13 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during synchronization/desynchronization 261 Fig. 11.14 Harmonic Spectra and THD of Load side currents and Grid side currents 262 Fig. 11.15 PV-B-UPQC Performance under Nominal Condition 264 Fig. 11.16 PV-B-UPQC Performance under Sag Condition 265 Fig. 11.17 PV-B-UPQC Performance under Swell Condition 266 Fig. 11.18 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during PCC Voltage Sag Conditions 268 Fig. 11.19 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during PCC Voltage Swell Conditions 269 Fig. 11.20 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Load Unbalance Condition 270 Fig. 11.21 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Irradiation Variation 271 Fig. 11.22 Performance of PV-B-UPQC during Irradiation Variation in Standalone

Mode of Operation 272

Fig. 11.23 Performance of Three Phase Four Wire PV-B-UPQC during Synchro-

nization and De-Synchronziation Operation 273

Fig. 11.24 Salient Internal Signals of PV-B-UPQC 274

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Power Quality Standards 7

Table 1.2 Standards Relevant for Grid Interactive Systems 8 Table 3.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 31 Table 3.2 Simulation Parameters for Single Phase Single Stage PV-UPQC 40 Table 3.3 Experimental Parameters for Single Phase Single Stage PV-UPQC 42 Table 3.4 Experimental Parameters for Single Phase Single Stage PV-UPQC 46 Table 4.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 55 Table 4.2 Simulation Parameters for Single Phase Double Stage PV-UPQC 64 Table 4.3 Experimental Parameters for Single Phase Double Stage PV-UPQC 65 Table 4.4 Performance in Fundamental Template Extraction 66 Table 5.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 78 Table 5.2 Simulation Parameters for Single Stage Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 89 Table 5.3 Experimental Values of Single Stage Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 89

Table 5.4 Power Analyzer signals 104

Table 6.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 108 Table 6.2 Simulation Values of Double Stage Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 118 Table 6.3 Experimental Values of Double Stage Three Phase Three Wire PV-UPQC 119 Table 7.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 133 Table 7.2 Simulation Parameters of Single Stage Three Phase Four Wire PV-UPQC 140 Table 7.3 Experimental Parameters of Single Stage Three Phase Four Wire PV-UPQC 141 Table 8.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 159 Table 8.2 Simulation parameters of double stage three phase four wire PV-UPQC 166 Table 8.3 Experimental parameters of double stage three phase four wire PV-UPQC 167 Table 9.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 186 Table 9.2 Parameters of Battery Bank used for simulation 187 Table 9.3 Simulation parameters of PV-Battery integrated single phase UPQC 196 Table 9.4 Experimental parameters of Single Phase PV-B-UPQC 197 Table 10.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 215 Table 10.2 Parameters of Battery Bank used for Simulation 215 Table 10.3 Simulation parameters of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC 222 Table 10.4 Experimental parameters of Three Phase Three Wire PV-B-UPQC 225 Table 11.1 Parameters of PV array used for simulation 243 Table 11.2 Parameters of battery bank used for simulation 244 Table 11.3 Simulation parameters of Three Phase Four Wire PV-B-UPQC 254 Table 11.4 Experimental parameters of Three Phase Four Wire PV-B-UPQC 255

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating Current

ADALINE Adaptive Linear Element ANN Artificial Neural Network ASD Adjustable Speed Drives

BPF Band Pass Filter

BES Battery Energy Storage

CDSC Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation CSC Current Source Converter

CSOGI Cascaded Second Order Generalized Integrator

DC Direct Current

DG Distributed Generation DSC Delayed Signal Cancellation DSP Digital Signal Processor

DSTATCOM Distribution Static Compensator DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer

FFPS Fundamental Frequency Positive Sequence

GCDSC Generalized Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation

HB Hysteresis Band

HVDC High Voltage Direct Current

IEC International Electrotechnical Commision IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers INC Incremental Conductance

LMF Least Mean Fourth

LPF Low Pass Filter

MAF Moving Average Filter

MPP Maximum Power Point

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking

MSSI Modified Symmetrical Sinusoidal Integrator xxix

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PCC Point of Common Coupling PES Power Electronic Switch PI Proportional Integral

PLL Phase Locked Loop

PR Proportional Resonant

PSO Particle Swarm Optimization

PV Solar Photovoltaic

PV-UPQC Solar Photovoltaic Array Integrated UPQC

PV-B-UPQC Solar Photovoltaic Array and Battery Integrated UPQC RLS Recursive Least Squares

SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply

SOGI Second Order Generalized Integrator SOSF Second Order Sequence Filter

SRF Synchronous Reference Frame

S/H Sample and Hold

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

UPQC Unified Power Quality Conditioner VSC Voltage Source Converter

VFF Variable Forgetting Factor ZCD Zero Crossing Detection

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

a Over loading factor

C_dc DC-link capacitor (F)

C_f Shunt ripple filter capacitor (F) C_r Series ripple filter capacitor (F)

d^∗_se Single phase series compensator control signal D Duty cycle of boost converter

DSCN() Delayed signal cancellation operator Dsync Synchronization decision signal e instantaneous estimation error e_vdc DC-link voltage error

E Average error in one period

f_s Grid frequency (Hz)

f_s^∗ Reference Grid frequency (Hz)

f_b Boost converter switching frequency (Hz) f_sh Shunt compensator switching frequency (kHz) Fs Sampling frequency (kHz)

fse Series compensator switching frequency (kHz) G_{P R} Transfer function of proportional resonant controller G_HC Transfer function of harmonic controllers

h_b Blocked harmonics order

I_bt Battery current (A)

i_L Single phase load current (A)

I_L1 Single phase load current fundamental component magnitude (A) I_Lap Magnitude of FPSC of three phase load currents (A)

ILd, ILq Load currents in d−q domain (A)

ILdf Filtered d-domain component of load currents (A)

I_Lp Magnitude grid current corresponding to FPSC of three phase load currents (A) i_La, i_Lb, i_Lc Three phase load currents (A)

i_Lact Single phase load active component (A) I_loss System loss component (A)

i_Lα, i_Lβ Three phase load currents in α−β domain (A) i^∗_Lα1,i^∗_Lβ1 FPSC of load current in α−β domain (A) i_Lrh Single phase load non active components (A) i_s Single phase grid current (A)

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i_sa, i_sb, i_sc Three phase grid currents (A) i_sn Grid neutral current (A)

i^∗_sa, i^∗_sb, i^∗_sc Reference three phase grid currents (A) i^∗_sn Reference grid neutral current (A)

i^∗_sα, i^∗_sβ Reference three phase grid currents in α−β domain (A) i_SH Single phase shunt compensator current (A)

i_SHa, i_SHb, i_SHc Shunt compensator currents (A) iLn Load neutral current (A)

iSHn Shunt compensator neutral current (A)

I_pv PV array current (A)

I_pvg Grid current corresponding to PV array power (A) I_sd^∗ , I_sq^∗ Reference grid currents in d−q domain (A)

I_cr,pp Compensator ripple current (A)

I_mpp PV array maximum power point current (A) I_sc PV array short circuit current (A)

k Kalman gain

K Sag factor

K1, K2 Gains of second order sequence filter k₁ Variation of Energy in dynamics K_d Series compensation decision factor K₀, K_b Gains of MSSI filter

Kp_d, Kp_q Proportional gain of PI controller in d−q control Ki_d, Ki_q Integral gain of PI controller in d−q control K_se Turns Ratio of series injection transformer

K_{F F} Feedforward gain

Kp,Ki Gains of DC-link voltage PI controller Kpsync, Kisync Gains of phase generation PI controller K_pr, K_Ipr Gains of Proportional resonant controller

Kprα−β, KIprα−β Gains of Proportional resonant controller in α−β Kp_v, Ki_v Gains of Shunt VSC voltage mode controller K_pv, K_iv, K_ii Gains of bidirectional converter controller L_f Shunt compensator inductor (H)

L_r Series compensator inductor (H) L Boost converter inductor (H)

M Delay sample corresponding to delay factor m Modulation index of shunt compensator

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m_a Modulation index of series compensator

n Sampling instant

N Delay factor in DSC

P m Inverse of input correlation matrix

P Power handled by shunt compenstor (W) p_L Instantaneous load active power (W) P_L Average load active power (W) Ploss PV-UPQC loss components (W)

Ppv PV array power (W)

P_ref Reference active power (W)

q_L Instantaneous load reactive power(VAR) Q_L Average load reactive power (VAR)

Q_SH Shunt Compensator reactive power (VAR) Q_SE Series Compensator reactive power (VAR) R_f Shunt ripple filter resistor (Ω)

R_r Series ripple filter resistor (Ω)

R(θ) Rotation Matrix

s Laplace operator

sin(φ_v1), cos(φ_v1) In-phase and quadrature template of PCC voltage fundamental component sin(φ_i1), cos(φ_i1) In-phase and quadrature template of load current fundamental component t Transient recovery time (s)

T_s Sampling time (s)

T_w Window length of moving average filter (s) u_s Single phase PCC voltage template

u_sa, u_sb, u_sc Three phase PCC voltage templates

Vbt Battery voltage (V)

Vdc DC-link voltage (V)

V_dc^∗ Reference DC-link voltage (V)

∆V_dc DC-link voltage ripple (V)

V_LL RMS line voltage (V)

v_La, v_Lb, v_Lc Three phase instantaneous load phase voltages (V) v_Lab, v_Lbc, v_Lca Three phase instantaneous load line voltages(V) v_Lα, v_Lβ Three phase load voltages in alpha−beta domain (V) V_Ld, V_Lq Three phase load voltages in d−q domain (V)

V_Ld^∗ , V_Lq^∗ Three phase load reference voltages in d−q domain (V) Vmpp PV array maximum power point voltage (V)

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v_ma, v_mb, v_mc Three phase instantaneous grid voltages (V) V_oc PV array open circuit voltage (V)

V_pv PV array voltage (V)

vα−β Voltage vector in α−β domain (V)

v_s Single phase instantaneous PCC voltage (V)

V_s RMS PCC phase voltage (V)

v_sa, v_sb, v_sc Three phase instantaneous PCC phase voltages (V) vsα, vsβ Three phase PCC voltages in α−β domain

Vsd, Vsq Three phase PCC voltages in d−q domain (V)

v_s1α, v_s1β Three phase GCDSC filtered PCC voltages in α−β domain (V)

v_sf_1α, v_sf_1β Three phase fundamental positive sequence PCC voltages in α−β domain (V) v_sab, v_sbc, v_sca Three phase instantaneous PCC line voltages (V)

v_SE Single phase instantaneous series compensator voltage (V) V_SE RMS Series compensator line voltage (V)

v_sea, v_seb, v_sec Three phase instantaneous series compensator phase voltages (V) V_sed^∗ , V_seq^∗ Series compensator reference voltages in d−q domain (V)

v_sea^∗ , v_seb^∗ , v_sec^∗ Series compensator reference voltages (V)

vseab, vsebc, vseca Three phase instantaneous series compensator line voltages (V) v_s1⁰ , qv_s1⁰ In-phase and quadrature component of SOGI filter output (V) v_s1, qv_s1 In-phase and Quadrature component of CSOGI filter output (V) V_s1 Magnitude of PCC fundamental component (V)

V_s Magnitude of PCC phase voltage (V)

w Weight factor corresponding to load current active component

z Z-domain operator

α_c Convergence Factor

δ Power Angle (°)

∆evdc Change in DC-link voltage error δP_pv Change in PV array power

∆D Duty cycle step size

φ Load power factor angle (°) θ_L Load phase angle (°)

θ_s PCC voltage phase angle (°)

ω Grid frequency (rad/s)

ω_c Cut-off frequency of proportional resonant controller (rad/s)

λ Forgetting factor

µ is gain factor of ZFLMS

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Design, control and implementation of solar photovoltaic array and battery integrated unified power quality conditioner

DESIGN, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AND BATTERY INTEGRATED

UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

SACHIN DEVASSY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

June 2019

© Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, 2019

DESIGN, CONTROL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AND BATTERY INTEGRATED

UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

SACHIN DEVASSY

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

June 2019

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

सार

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF SYMBOLS