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Indian Statistical Institute

Maximum Likelihood Characterization of the von Mises-Fisher Matrix Distribution Author(s): Sumitra Purkayastha and Rahul Mukerjee

Source: Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A, Vol. 54, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp.

123-127

Published by: Indian Statistical Institute

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25050864 Accessed: 18/11/2010 04:42

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(2)

Sankhy? : The Indian Journal of Statistics 1992, Volume 54, Series A, Pt. 1, pp. 123-127.

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

VON MISES-FISHER MATRIX DISTRIBUTION

By SUMITRA PURKAYASTHA

Indian Statistical Institute and

RAHUL MUKERJEE*

Indian Institute of Management

SUMMARY. A characterization of the von Mises-Fisher matrix distribution, extending a result of Bingham and Mardia (1975) for distributions on sphere to distributions on Stiefel manifold, is obtained.

1. Introduction and main ebstjlt

Bingham and Mardia (1975)?hereafter, abbreviated to BM?proved that under mild conditions a rotat?onally symmetric family of distributions on the sphere must be the von Mises-Fisher family if the mean direction is a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the location parameter. In view of Downs' (1972) extension of the von Mises-Fisher distribution to a Stiefel mainfold (for further references, see Jupp and Mardia (1979)), it has been

attempted here to extend the result in BM in the direction of Downs' work.

Let Snp be the class of nXp (n < p) matrices M satisfying MM' = N ln,

For Xl9 ...,XneSnp with ?= S?( having full row rank, define the polar

t-i

com.pon.ent of X as the matrix (XX#)"*X(cf. Downs, 1972). Then the follow ing result, proved in the next section, holds.

Theorem. Let & = {p (X; A) ?

f[tr(AX')] \A e SnP} be a class of non

uniform densities on Sttp> Assume that f is lower semi-continuous at the point n. Furthermore, suppose that for every positive integral N and for all random

N

samples Xv ..., XN, withX = 2 Xi of full row rank, the polar component of

X is a MLE of A. Then

p(X ;A) = K exp{Xtr(AX% X e Snp, ... (1.1)

for some constants A and K, both

positive._

Paper received. June 1989 ; revised May 1990.

AMS (1980) subject classification. 62E10, 62H05.

Key words and phrases. Maximum likelihood characterization, orientation statistics, von Mises-Fisher matrix distribution.

On leave from Indian Statistical Institute, Cajoutta, India*

(3)

124 SUMITRA PTJRKAYASTHA AND RAHUL MUKERJEE

Bemark 1. The class & considered above has the following property.

p(X; A) =

p(XB; A) for eAlpXp orthogonal matrix B with det (JB) = 1 that

satistics AB = A. Because of this geometric consideration the matrix A can be thought of as a location parameter for the class &. Thus <?is a natural extension of the class considered in BM.

Bemark 2. The converse of the theorem is also true, i.e, if X has the density (1.1), then for i.i.d. observations Xv ..., XN from p(X ; A) the polar

N

component of X = 2 Xi is the MLE of A (cf. Downs (1972)).

*-i

2. Proof of the theorem

For n = 1, our theorem follows from Theorem 2 in BM. Throughout this section, we therefore consider the case n > 2, and it appears that this generalization is non-trivial especially for odd n. Observe that the condition regarding the MLE of A is equivalent to the following : for every positive

N integral N and every choice of matrices Xv ..., Xn, A e SnP with X= S ?<

= i .

of full row rank, the relation

n fMAx?)]> n fMAx\)] ... (2.1)

holds, where A ?

(XX')^X. The following lemmas will be helpful.

Lemma 1. For every positive integral N and every choice of matrices N

Cv ..., CN, UeSnn with C = Ht Ci positive definite, the relation

% = i

n f[tr(Ci)] > fi f[tr(Ud)] ... (2.2)

holds.

Proof. Let L ?

(In, 0) e 8np. Then the lemma follows from (2.1) taking

Xx =

C?L, 1 < i < N9 and A = (U, 0) e Snp.

Lemma 2. For each x e [?n, n], f(n) > f(x).

Proof. Follows taking N ==

1, Cx =

In in (2.2) and observing that for each ue[?n,n], there exists U e 8nn satisfying itr(U) = u.

Lemma 3. For each x e \?n, n], f(x) < oo.

Proof. In consideration of Lemma 2, it is enough to show that

f(n)<oo, . ... (2.3)

(4)

VON MISES-FTSHER MATRIX DISTRIBUTION

125 Taking N = 2, U = C[in (2.2), we get f?tr(Cx)]f(tv(C2)] > f(n)f[tv(C[C2)l

for every Cx, C2 e 8nn such that Cx+C2 is positive definite. Hence if (2.3) does not hold then f(n) = oo, and for every Cx, C2 e 8nn such that Cx+C2 is

positive definite, one must have either (a) /[tr(C?Ca)] = 0, or (b) /[tr(Cj)]

/[tr(C2)] = oo.

For real a, u and positive integral m, define the matrices (cos a sin a \ / Qma 0

,0?. =

!*??., o;?w= (

?sin a cosa/ \0' u

Consider first the case of odd n. If n = 2m+l(m > 1) and (2.3) does not hold, then taking Cx =

Q*ma(\), C2 =

0?<-a)(l),?w/2 <oc<n/2 (note that then Cx, C2 e 8nn and C1-\-C2 is positive definite), it follows from the discussion in the last paragraph that for each a e (?it?2), n?2), either (a) /(1-f 2m cos 2a)

= 0, or (b) /(l+2m cosa) =oo. The condition (b) cannot hold over a set of positive Lebesgue measure. Hence (a) must hold almost everywhere (a.e.) over a e(?n/2, n\2), i.e., f(x) = 0 a.e. over x e (?(2m? 1), (2m+l)) and a contradiction is reached in consideration of lower semicontinuity of/ at the point n( =

2m+l) (ef. (2.4) below). Similarly, for even n( = 2m, m > 1), if (2.3) does not hold, then taking Cx =

Qmt, C2 =

0w(_fl),?n/2 < a < n/2, it follows as before that for each a e (?n/2, zr/2), either (a) /(w cos 2a) =

0, or (b) f(n cos a) = oo, and a contradiction is reached again by the lower semi continuity of / at n.

Lemma 4. For each x e \?n, n], f(x) > 0.

Proof. First note that

f(n)>0, ... (2.4) for otherwise by Lemma 2, f(x) ?

0 for each xe[?n, n], which is impossible as /is a density. Also, observe that for any given 0e[0, n], there exists q satisfy

ing (cf. BM)

(i) ?\d < V < ?> (ii) COS0+2COS 7? > 0, (iii) sin0+2 sin r? = 0. ... (2.5)

Consider first the case of odd n. For n = 2m+l(m > 1), define

? = {0 : 0 e [0,7r],/(l+2m cos 6) = 0}.

If ?5 is non-empty, then for each 6 e ?, one can choose r? satisfying (2.5) and

then employ (2. 2) with N = 3, Cx = Ql* (1), C2=C3 =

Q*m(l), U =

Q*ma(l),

where a = ?

(6+y)?2, to obtain f[l-\-2m cos(|(0?7?))] = 0 ; but as in Lemma

(5)

126 SUMITRA PURKAYASTHA AND RAHUL MUKERJEE

2 in BM, because of (2.4) and lower semi-continuity of/ at n, this leads to a

contradiction. Hence & is empty and

f(x)> 0for alloue[-(2m-l), (2m+l)]. ... (2.6)

We shall now show that f(x) > 0 also for xe[?(2m+l), ?

(2m?1)). If

possible, let there exist xQe[?(2m+l),

?

(2m?1)) such that/(#0) = 0. Let

d(e[0, n]) be such that cos 0 =

(x0+l)l(2m), and corresponding to this 6, find V satisfying (2.5). Taking N = 3, Ct =

^(-l), C2 = C3 =

Q*m(l),

U =

Q*m{-e)(l) in (2.2), and using Lemma 3, one then gets /(2m?1)

{/[l+2m cos (y?d)]}2 =z 0, which is impossible by (2.6). This proves the

lemma for odd n. The proof for even n is similar.

Lemma 5. For every positive integral N' and every choice of matrices N'

Cv ..., Cjv, ?7 e 8nn with 2 C< non-negative definite, the relation

nf[tr(d)]> Uf[(tr(UCi)]

holds.

Proof. In view of Lemma 1, it is enough to consider the case when C

= S C( is positive semidefinite. Obviously, then I+vC is positive definite

N' for every positive integral v. In Lemma 1, now take N = 1+vN', and choose the C<5s such that one of them equals I and the rest are given by v copies of each of Ct ..., Cn. The rest of the proof follows using agruments similar to those in Lemma 3 in BM.

We now proceed to the final step of our proof. For n ? 2m+l (m > 1),

in Lemma 5 taking N' = #,?,== Q*m0 (1) (1 < i < N), V = Q*m(-a)(l)> where i

N N

2 cos dt > 0, S sin di = 0, ... (2.7)

it follows that for every positive integral N and for every a,

* N

II/(l-f2moos0*) > II /(l+2m cos(0<?a)), whenever the 0|'s satisfy

-i t?i

(2.7). Writing h(6) =

log/(l+2m cos?), which is well-defined by Lemmas 3.4,

it follows that for each positive integral N and each a,

S h(0{) > S H?i-oi), ?. (2.8)

(6)

V?N MlSt?S-FISHEk MATRIX DISTRIBUTION

12?

whenever the 0?'s satisfy (2.7). The relation (2.8) is equivalent to the relation

(4) in BM and hence as in BM, h(6) = a cosd+b, for every 0, where a( > 0)

and b are some constants. By the definition of h(6), one obtains

f(x) = K exp(Az), for x e [-(2m-1), (2m+l)] ... (2.9) where K(>0) and A( >0 ) are constants. By Lemma 5, for every C,U e Snn,

/[tr(C)]/[-tr(C)] >/[tr(I7C)]/[-tr(LrC)], so that f(x)f(-x) remains constant

over x e [?n, n]. This, together with (2.9), implies that f(x) = K exp(A#), for each xe[?n, n], where K, ? are constants, both positive, the positiveness of ? being a consequence of the stipulated non-uniformity of /. This proves the theorem for odd n. The proof for even n is similar.

Acknowledgement. The authors are thankful to a referee for very con structive suggestions.

References

Bingham, M. S. and Mabdia, K. V. (1975). Maximum likelihood characterization of the von Mises distribution. In : Statistical Distributions in Scientific Work, vol. 3 (G. P. Patil et al.

eds.), Reidel, Dordrecht-Holland, 387-398.

Downs, T. D. (1972). Orientation statistics. Biometrika, 59, 665-676.

Jupp, P. E. and Mabdia, K. V. (1979). Maximum likelihood estimators for the matrix von Mises-Fisher and Bingham distributions. Ann. Statist, 7, 599-606.

Stat-Math Division

Indian Statistical Institute 203, B. T. Road

Calcutta 700 035

India.

Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta Joka, Diamond Habbab Road

Post box no 16757 Calcutta 700027 India.

References

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