Question Bank Of Subject Media Studies Class 12th

(1)

gq;aB p?Ae^ XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia Pq/DhA^ XII

whvhnk ;NZvhia

gq;aB p?Ae (d[Gk;ah^ Bilingual )

gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov, n?~;HJ/Hn?~;H Bro (w[jkbh)

(2)

gq;aB p?Ae^ XII -Pq/DhAwhvhnk ;NZvhia

t;s{fB;am$pj[s S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gq;aB (02 nze gqsh gq;aB) Objective type/Very Short answer questions.

* pj[^u'Dt/A gq;aB (Multiple choice questions.)

01H Gkos dk gqEw nyapko Calcutta General Advertiser ed'A s/ feZE'A P[o{ j'fJnk<

(a) ;zB 1757, gbk;h

 (b) ;zB 1780, ebeZsk (c) ;zB 1857, w/om (d) ;zB 1911, fdZbh

02H gfjbhnK d' ft;at izrK (World Wars)fejV/^fejV/ ;zB ftZu nozG j'JhnK<

03H fjzdh Gk;ak dk gfjbk nyapko feZE'A s/ ed'A P[o{ j'fJnk <

(a) tkokD;h, ;zB 1850 (b) wdok;, ;zB 1881

 (c) pBko;, ;zB 1845 (d) okwg[o, ;zB 1830

(3)

gq;aB p?Ae XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia

04H Gkos dk gfjbk, *T[od{ nyapko* ed'A s/ feZE'A nozG j'fJnk<

(a) ;zB 1837, fdZbh (b) ;zB 1850, fdZbh (c) ;zB 1856, fdZbh

 (d) ;zB 1835, fdZbh

05H fNqfpT{B d/ ;z;Ekge ;zgkde (Founder Editor) e"D ;B<

 (a) ;hsbk eKs u?Noih (b) ;[fozdo BkE p?Boih (c) fdnkb f;zx wihmhnk (d) v"Bbv p?Boih

06H Gkos d/ gfjb/ *r[ow[yh nyapko* d/ ;zgkde e"D ;B<

(a) frnkBh fdZs f;zx ih

 (b) gq'c?;o r[ow[Zy f;zx ih (c) vkH uoB f;zx ih *;ajhd*

(d) GkJh bkj"ok f;zx ih

07H w[zpJh ftZu *o/vhU ebZp n"t p"Ap/* dh ;EkgBk ed'A j'Jh<

(a) i[bkJh, 1927 (b) i{B, 1936

 (c) i{B, 1923 (d) nes{po, 1939

(4)

gq;aB p?Ae^XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia

08H A.I.R. B/ nes{po 1957 s'A fejVh ;/tk nkozGh ;h<

(a) nkek;atkDh

(b) fpBkek rhs wkbk (c) Bkrg[o oksqh ;/tk

 (d) ftftX Gkosh ;/tk

09H fejVk o/vhU gq'rokw u[NefbnK ns/ jk;^o; nXkos j?<

 (a) ;zs'A iB eh wfjfcb (b) jtk wfjb

(c) f;pkek rhs wkbk (d) nktkia d/ ejK j?

10H F.M. pqkvek;fNzr ftZu F.M. s'A eh Gkt j?<

(a) Fore Modulation

 (b) Frequency Modulation (c) Frequency Medium (d) Fore Medium

11H gq;ko Gkosh dk dcaso fejVh fJwkos ftZu pDkfJnk frnk j?<

(a) nkek;atkDh GtB (b) ;z;d GtB

 (c) ghHNhHnkJhH fpbfvzr (d) wzvh jkT{;

(5)

12H A.I.R. d/ w[Zy dcaso ftZu ;fEs N.S.D. s'A eh Gkt j?<

(a) National School of Drama (b) New School Discipline (c) New School of Division

 (d) News Service Division

13. Gkos ftZu o/vhU s/ N?bhftIB ;/tktK fejV/ ;kb ftZu tZy^tZy j'JhnK<

14H DTH ;/tk s'A eh Gkt j?<

(a) Delhi to Hyderabad (b) Delhi to Home (c) Direct to Hyderabad

 (d) Direct to Home

15H Gkosh N?bhftIB T[s/ gq;kos gqEw bVhtko BkN fejVk ;h<

(a) p[fBnkd (b) :/ i' j? fiazdrh

 (c) jw b'r (d) B[ZeV

(6)

gqPB p?Ae^XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia

16H fejV/ fjzdh fcabwh BkfJe B/ d{odo;aB d/ bVhtko *ca"ih* s'A P[o{nks ehsh <

(a) ne;a? e[wko (b) ne;a? yzBk (c) oDpho eg{o

 (d) ;akjo[Zy ykB

17H gzikph fcabwK *wVQh dk dhtk* ns/ *uzB gqd/;h* ftZu fejVk ndkeko ;KMk j? <

 (a) oki pZpo

(b) ebG{;aB yopzdk (c) fwjo fwZsb (d) gzei eg{o

18H ;apd WhatsApp ftZu App s'A eh Gkt j?<

(a) Appropriate

 (b) Application (c) Apple

(d) Apposite

19H fe;/ th tQ?p;kJhN ftZu WWW s'A eh Gkt j?<

(a) What, Where, Who (b) World Wide What

 (c) World Wide Web (d) What's World Wide

(7)

20H okrh ntsko f;zx s/ okrh nwfozdo f;zx B/ fcabwh god/ T[s/ gfjbh tko fejVh fcabw bJh ehosB dh g/;aekoh ehsh ;h<

(a) d[y GziB s/ok Bkw (b) BkBe Bkw ijkia (c) wB ihs? ir[ ihs

 (d) BkBe d[yhnk ;G[ ;z;ko

* ykbh EK Go' (Fill in the blanks)

21H;zB 1913 ftZu rdao gkoNh tZb'A eZY/ rJ/ nyapko dk Bkw ;hHHHHHHHHHHHHH. (rado) 22H 19thA ;dh ftZuHHHHHHHHHHHHHXow d/ ;wki tZb'A ubkJh rJh bfjo ;h, spbhrh sBiahw.(w[;bwkB)

23H grVh ;zGkb bfjo d/ pkBh ;Hnihs f;zx, Grs f;zx (;ajhd) d/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHbZrd/ ;B.(ukuk ih)

24H Orkut w[ZYb/ s"o *s/HHHHHHHHHHHHHd/;a dh w;aj{o j'Jh ;';ab B?Ntofezr ;oft;

;h.(pokiahb)

25H Margret Rous w[skpe c/;p[Ze fJZeHHHHHHHHH tKr{z j?.( Market place iK piako ) 26H Instagram n;b ftZu HHHHHHHdk jh ;ob o{g j?.(Facebook)

27H ;opGkosh ;zgkde ekBcaoz; tZb'A ;zB HHHHHHHHHftZu e[M ;t? B/w n?bkB/

rJ/.(1968)

28H ABC s'A Gkt j?; n"fvN fpT{o' nkcaHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.(;oe[b/;aB) 29H Pdf s'A Gkt j?; Portable...format. (document)

30. gb/mh gzikph fcabw *fJ;ae^J/^gzikp T[oca fwoiak ;kfjpk* ;zBHHHHHHHHHHHftZu fobhia j'Jh.(1935)

31H gzikph ozrwzu dh wK dk fyaskp nkfJob?Av dh izwgbHHHHHHHHHHHHHB{z fdZsk iKdk j?.(B'ok fouovia)

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32H P[o{nksh d"o ftZu fjzdh fcabwh ebkeko e[zdB bkb okigkb, ;zrhseko s'A rkfJe pDB wro'AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHBkw Bkb gqf;ZX j'J/.(e/Hn?~bH ;fjrb)

33H gzikph fcabw *wdkoh* ftZu rkJ/ (;zB 1950) rhsK Bkb rkfJekHHHHHHHHHdh r[Zvh n;wkBhA ik uVQh. (bsk wzr/;aeo)

34H fjzdh dk gfjbk nyapko i' r[ow[yh fbgh ftZu SZgdk ;h, T[j ;hHHHHHHHHHH.

(nyapko ;qh dopko ;kfjp)

35H *nkek;atkDh* Bkw dh sithiaHHHHHHHHHB/ fdZsh ;h. (ofpzdo BkE N?r'o)

36H ;qhbzek s'A gqf;ZX gq'rokw rhswkbk g/;a eoB tkb/ o/vhU dk Bkw ;h, o/vhUHHHHHHHH. (f;b'B)

37H i[bkJh, 1969 ftZu B"itkBK bJh nozG/ o/vhU gq'rokw dk Bkw ;hHHHHHHHHH.

(:[t^tkDh)

38H gzikph dh e"wh g[o;eko gqkgs gfjbh fcabwHHHHHHHHH(1962) ;h. (u"Xoh eoB?b f;zx)

39H fNqfpT{B nyapko ;w{j d/ dcaso bkj"o s/ uzvhrVQ s'A fJbktk ;afjoHHHHHHHHftZu th oj/ jB.(nzpkbak iK fPwbk)

40H ;qHr[opya;a f;zx B/ ;zB 1933 ftZu nzfwqs;o B/fVUA o;kbkHHHHHHHHHHHnozfGnk

;h. (gqhsbVh)

*gq;aBK d/ T[~so fJZe ;apd s'A fJZe tke sZe fdU (Answer the questions upto a sentence)

41H *fNqfpT{B* d/ pkBh e"D ;B s/ T[BQK dk iBw feZE/ j'fJnk ;h< fdnkb f;zx wihmnk, pBko;

42H r[ow[yh nZyoK dk NkJhg ;G s'A gfjbK feZE'A dh fejVh gq?~; B/ pDtkfJnk ;h<

b[fXnkDk dh fw;aB gq?~;

43H BkwXkoh bfjo dk d{;ok Bkw eh ;h s/ fJ; d/ w'Yh e"D ;B< e{ek bfjo, pkpk okw f;zx ih

44H w[B;ah Btb fe;a'o B/ byaBT{ s'A ed'A s/ fejVk nyapko eZfYnk ;h< ;zB 1858 ftZu, ntX

(9)

45H thjthA ;dh ftZu fdZbh Gkos dh okiXkBh ed'A pDh s/ T[; s'A gfjbK okiXkBh fejVh ;h< ;zB 1911, ebeZsk

46H Btkp f;oki^T[~b^d"bk s/ bkov ebkJht ftukb/ ed'A s/ feZE/ :[ZX j'fJnk ;h<

;zB 1757, gbk;h (pzrkb)

47H nzro/iah nyapko *gkfJUBho* s/ * nzfwqs piako gfsqek* feZZE'A^feZE/ nozG j'J/

;B< byaBT{ s/ ebeZsk

48Hgzvs wdB w'jB wkbthnk dk T[BhthA ;dh d/ fejV/ d' nyapkoK Bkb i[Vdk j?<

bhvo s/ fNqfpT{B

49H T[BhthA ;dh ftZu ekoi eoB tkb/ e'Jh d' gzikph gZsoekoK d/ Bkw fby'. GkJh (gq'H) r[ow[Zy f;zx ih, frnkBh fdZs f;zx ih

50H ;zB 1947 d/ bkr/^ukr/ gzikp d/ fejV/ d' ;afjo nyapkoK d/ w[Zy e/Ado ;B<

nzfwqs;o s/ ibzXo

51H ;zB 1927 ftZu pzpJh s/ ebeZsk ftZu o/vhU ;N/;aB fejVh fejVh sohy B{z y'bQ/

rJ/< 23 i[bkJh s/ 26 nr;s

52H *nkek;atkDh* ed'A sithia j'fJnk s/ ed'A ngDkfJnk frnk< ;zB 1930 s/ ;zB 1956

53H fttX Gkosh ;/tk ed'A nkozGh rJh ;h< 03 nes{po, 1957 s'A

54H nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU B/ gqEw n?cHn?wH ;/tk ed'A nozGh< 23 i[bkJh, 1977 s'A 55H ftd/;a ;/tk fvthiaB fezBhnK ftd/;ah s/ fezBhnK Gkosh Gk;aktK ftZu gq'rokw g/;a eodk j?< 16 ftd/;ah s/ 11 Gkosh

56H ;?ANob vokwk :{fBN ed'A nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU ftZu ;Ekgs ehsk frnk s/ fJj eh fBowkD eodk j?< ;zB 1960 ftZu, o/vhU BkNe

57H gzikp ftZu ;fEs nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU^nkek;atkDh d/ e'Jh d' o/vhU ;N/;aBK d/

;EkgBk ;EkB fby'. ibzXo, uzvhrVQ, gfNnkbk, pfmzvk (e'Jh d')

58H gzikp ftZu wep{b (popular) e'Jh d' gqkJht/N n?cHn?wH o/vhU ;/tktK d/ Bkw fby'. 92H7 Big F.M. , 91.1 Radio City F.M.

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59H nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU dh T[od{ ;oft; dk fejVk gq'rokw fcabwh rhsK dh cowkfJ;a d/ iaohJ/ Gkos s/ gkfe;skB d/ nkg; ftZu ftSV/ b'eK d/ fwbkg dk nkXko pDdk fojk< nktkia d/ ejK j?

60H nkek;atkDh d/ ibzXo e/Ado s'A ;akw t/b/ g/;a ehs/ iKd/ oj/ nZX/ xzN/ d/ Xkofwe gq'rokw dk eh Bkw ;h < r[opkDh ftuko

61H ftftX Gkosh d/ e[b fezB/ o/vhU ;N/;aB jB s/ fJBQK ftZu'A fezB/ gzikp ftZu g?Ad/

jB< e[b 30, gzikp *u 02

62H *bzx nk ikj gZsD MBK dk* rhs dh soia Bkb nozG j[zdk o/vhU gq'rokw nkek;atkDh d/ fejV/ e/Ado s'A gq;kos j[zdk ;h< ibzXo

63H Gkos ftZu N?bhftiaB ;/tktK nozGD s'A gfjbK ubkJ/ rJ/ gq:'rh gq'rokw dk Bkw eh ;h < SITE-Sattelite Instructional Television Experiment

64H do;aeK dh frDsh (Viewership) d/ gZy'A N?bhftiaB dk ;G s'A tZX wBg;zd jk;o; gq'rokw fejVk fojk j? s/ fJj fejV/ u?Bb T[~s/ N?bhek;N j[zdk fojk j?< fd efgb ;aowk ;a'n, ;'Bh NhHthH

65H NhHthH;N{vhU s'A pkjo'A N?bhek;N bJh tosh iKdh t?B dh ;j{bs dk g{ok Bkw eh j[zdk j?< O.B. Van iK Out Broadcast Van

66. Gkosh N?bhftiaB d/ fJfsjk; ftZu ;zB 1982 ftZu fejVh BthA gqkgsh tkgoh

;h< e"wh (National) N?bhek;N nozG iK ozrhB NhHthH nozG

67H ;zB 1973 ftZu, Gkosh N?bhftiaB ;/tk fejV/ d' e/AdoK s'A nozGh rJh ;h <

;qhBro, g[D/ s/ nzfwqs;o s'A (e'Jh d')

68H Gkosh N?bhftiaB dk gq:'rh gq'rokw SITE fijV/ 06 ;EkBK s'A nozfGnk frnk T[BQK ftZu'A e'Jh d' okiK d/ okiXkBh ;afjoK d/ Bkw dZ;'< i?g[o, okJ/g[o s/ j?dokpkd (e'Jh d')

69H d{odo;aB s/ nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU dk nkg;h s'V^ftS'Vk (Delinking) ed'A j'fJnk< 01 ngo?b 1976

70H ;zB 1975 ftZu fejV/ d' okiK dhnK okiXkBhnK ftZu NhHthH gq;koB e/Ado

;Ekgs j'J/< pzrkb s/ skfwbBkv{

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71H gzikph fcabw *wVh dk dhtk* fe; b/ye d/ fejV/ Bkw d/ Bktb *s/ nkXkos j?<

r[ofdnkb f;zx, wVQh dk dhtk

72H Gkosh f;B/wk dh gfjbh p'bdh (nktkia ;w/s iK nw{e) fcabw fejVh ;h<

nkbw nkok

73H 1930ftnK d/ nkozG ftZu pDkJh rJh fejVh fjzdh fcabw ftZu 71 rhs ;B<

fJzdo ;Gk

74H pkbht[Zv (fjzdh f;B/wk irs) ftZu 1960 ftnK d/ djke/ ftZu fejVh ;zrhseko s/ rkfJek dh i'Vh B/ nkgDh ;G s'A tZX g?Am pDkJh< UHghH BZJhno s/ nk;ak G'A;b/

75H fcabw cakfJBK; ekog'o/;aB dk Bkw pdb e/ NFDC oZfynk frnk ;h. fJ; dk g{ok eh j?< National Film Development Corporation

76. 1950 ftnK d/ djke/ ftZu gqf;ZX j'J/ ;Zfsnkihs o/n dh T[; fjzdh fcabw dk Bkw fby' i' ntX T[s/ nzro/iaK d/ epia/ t/b/ BtkpK dh bkgqtkjh dh eEk fpnkBdh j?. ;asozi e/ fybkVh

77H Gkosh fcabw ;?A;o p'ov ed'A ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h< ;zB 1952 ftZu 78H ;h ph n?ca ;h dk g{ok Bkw eh j?< Central Board of Film Certification

79. fjzdh fcabw irs d/ fgskwk X[zdhoki r'ftzd ckbe/ B{z fe; BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?< dkdk ;kfjp ckbe/

80H Gkos dh gqEw fcabw *okik joh;a uzdo* ed'A fobhia ehsh rJh ;h< ngq?b, 1913 ftZu

81H ;zB 1906 ftZu nyapko *Mzr f;nkb* B/ fejV/ f;ob/y dh eftsk Sg e/ b'e o'j g?dk ehsk ;h< grVh ;zGkb U iZNk, grVh

82H ukuk nihs f;zx ih dh w"s ed'A s/ feZE/ j'Jh ;h< 15 nr;s, 1947 B{z vbj"iah fty/

83H ;zB 1969 ftZu pDh fejVh gzikph fcabw B{z gqEw Xkofwe fcabw fejk ik

;edk j?< BkBe Bkw ijkia j?

84H Globalisation dh gqfefonk B{z gzikph ftZu fejV/ d' Bkw fdZs/ iKd/ jB<

;z;koheoB, ft;atheoB

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85H dZyDh J/f;ankJh fyZs/ ftZu y'i bJh 12thA s/ 13thA ;dh sZe nkJ/ e'Jh d' ftd/;ah :skohnK d/ BK fby'<

86H Gkos ftZu fejVh pokwd ehsh ikD tkbh t;s{ dh wzr o[gJ/ dk w[Zb xNk fdzdh j?< g?No'bhnw s/ T[; s'A pDd/ gdkoE

87H w"fye o{g ftZu ehsh rJh p/fJiash B{z ekB{zBh Gk;ak ftZu eh nkyd/ jB <

jZse^fJiaZs iK slander

88H fbysh iK SgkJh o{g ftZu ehsh rJh p/fJiash B{z ekB{zBh Gk;ak ftZu eh nkyd/

jB< wkDjkBh iK libel

89H ni'eh ;z;Bhy/ia whvhnk fog'ofNzr ftZu fejVh ft;a/;ask T[~ek jh yasw j' rJh ikgdh j? < ;zy/gsk iK bravity

90H fejVh o'e whvhnk eowhnK d/ *p'bD d/ jZe* dh fto'Xh ekotkJh wzBh iKdh j?< ;?A;of;aZg

91H fe;/ yapo B{z eto/i dh yakso ehsh ik;{;h iK ya[chnk ekotkJh B{z whvhnk eowh dh Gk;ak ftZu eh Bkw fdZsk iKdk j?< ;fNzr ngq/;aB (sting)

92H fe;/ whvhnk fog'oN dh so[Nh d/ ;[Xko bJh fdZs/ B'fN; B{z eh nkyd/ jB<

e"ohizvw iK P[ZXh gZso

93H ;op Gkosh ;zgkde ekBcaoz; (AINEC) B/ ed'A gq?~; fog'ofNzr B/w n?bkB/< ;zB 1968 ftZu

94H N?bhftiaB d/ do;aeK gqsh fiazw/tkoh d/ ;zgkdeh f;XKs fe; ;z;Ek B/ g/;a ehs/

jB< NBA^fBT{ia pqkvek;Noia n?;';hJ/;aB

95H fJZe g?oQ/ dh S'Nh fijh yapo B{z eh nkyd/ jB< Brief (pqhca)

96H fe;/ nyapko d/ yapo fjZ;/ B{z eZN e/ tZy ehs/ ikD B{z seBheh s"o *s/ eh nkyd/

jB< News Clipping iK yapo efbfgzr

97H yapo ftubh xNBk tkgoB d/ ;EkB dk Bkw s/ sohy do;kT[Ad/ yapo fjZ;/ B{z eh nkyad/ jB< Dateline (v/NbkJhB)

98H nyapko iK NhHthH T[~s/ fdZsk S'Nk f;ob/y eh ejkT[Adk j?< Eyebrow or Teaser

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99H N?bhftiaB iK fcabw thfvU P[o{ eoB bJh fdZs/ iKd/ fJ;ako/ ti'A eh bcaia tofsnk iKdk j?< Roll

100H pdbthA d{oh s/ bzpkJh dh s;tho fyZuD bJh e?wo/ ftZu tk;s/ tos/ iKd/

b?Bia dk eh Bkw j?< Zoom lens

* S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gq;aB ( fszB nze gqsh gq;aB) Short Answer Questions

B'NL jo gq;aB dk T[~so fszB^uko tkeK ftZu fdUL^

101H dZyDh J/f;ankJh fyZs/ ftZu fejV/ fszB ;EkBK *s/ ed'A ed'A o/vhU ;/tk nozG j'Jh <

T[~soL dZyDh J/f;ankJh fyZs/ ftZu'A pzpJh (j[D w[zpJh) fty/ i{B, 1923 ftZu gfjbk o/vhU ebZp ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ns/ gfjb/ o/vhU gq'rokw dk gq;koB j'fJnk.fJ;

s'A wro'A Btzpo, 1923 ftZu ebZesk (j[D e'beksk) o/vhU ebZp ftZu NoK;whNo

;Ekgs ehs/ rJ/ id'A fe ;zB 1924 ftZu wdok; (j[D u/BJh) o/vhU ebZp B/

gq'rokwK d/ gq;koB nozG/.

102H ;zB 1947 ftZu tzv wro'A fejV/ o/vhU ;N/;aB pu oj/ <

T[~soL fjzd^gkfe tzv wro'A 06 o/vhU ;N/;aB pu oj/ id'A fe 03 o/vhU ;N/;aB gkfe;skB ftZu ub/ rJ/. Gkosh o/vhU ;N/;aB ;B; fdZbh, ebeZsk, w[zpJh, wdok;, byBT{ ns/ fso{uh.

103H ;zB 1947 ftZu tzv wro'A fejV/ o/vhU ;N/;aB gkfe;skB ftZu ub/ rJ/ <

T[~soL fjzd^gkfe tzv wro'A gkfe;skB ftZu ub/ rJ/ fszB o/vhU ;N/;aB ;B^bkj"o, fg;akto ns/ Ykek.

(14)

104H ;zB 1947 dh tzv s'A gfjbK nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU d/ w[yh e"D^e"D oj/ ;B <

T[~soL nkb fJzvhnk o/vhU dk fJj Bkw 08 i{B, 1936 B{z oZfynk frnk ns/ T[d'A o/vhU d/ w[yh d/ nj[d/ d/ Bkw ezNo'bo ;h. Pqh bkfJfBb cahbvB (Lionel Fielden)

;z;Ek d/ gfjb/ w[yh ;B s/ T[BQK s'A pknd nfjwd ;akj p[yakoh (Ahmed Shah Bukhari) vkfJo?eNo iBob d/ Bt/A nj[d/ T[~s/ skfJBks ehs/ rJ/ i' tzv sZe ;z;Ek d/ w[yh oj/.

105H gzikph, fjzdh ns/ nzro/iah p'bhnK dhnK nkgDhnK fejVhnK gquZbs fbghnK jB <

T[~soL gzikph p'bh dhnK gquZbs fbghnK r[ow[yh ns/ ;akjw[yh, fjzdh dh d/tBkroh ns/ nzro/iah iK fJzrfb;a dh gquZbs fbgh o'wB jB.

106H SgkJh seBhe dh y'i fe; w{b d/ fejV/ ftnesh B/ ed'A ehsh ;h <

T[ZqsoL SgkJh seBhe dh y'i iowBh d/ i"jBia r[NBpor (Johnnes Gutenberg) B/

;zB 1440 ftZu ehsh ;h.

107H SgkJh seBhe d/ fJfsjk; pko/ d'^fszB ;ZsoK ftZu ikD{ eotkU.

T[~soL g{oph J/;ahnk ftZu bZeV d/ pbkeK Bkb SgkJh d/ gqwkD ;zB 220 d/

bkr/^ukr/ uhB ns/ e'ohnk s'A fwbd/ jB. fJ; d'A pknd u"Eh ;dh ftZu o'w ns/

fw;o s'A th SgkJh d/ gqwkD T[gbZpX jB. nop d/;aK ns/ fw;o ftZu B"thA ;dh ftZu beVh d/ pbkeK s'A fJbktk XksK, ;ah;ak s/ gZEo dh tos'A Bkb SgkJh eoB tkb/

*sok;a* th j[zd/ ;B.

108H Gkos ftZu nyapkoK dh SgkJh ed'A, fe; B/, feZE'A s/ fet/A nozGh ;h <

T[~soL Gkos ftZu nyapkoK dh SgkJh dk fgskwk i/wia nkr;NZ; fjZeh (James Augustus Hicky) ;h, fi; B/ iBtoh, 1780 ftZu ebeZsk (j[D e'beksk) s'A gfjbk nyapko ebeZsk iBob n?vtoNkJhiao nozfGnk ;h.

109H Gkos ftZu Sg/ fjzdh d/ gqEw nyapko s'A ikD{ eotkU.

T[~soL gqEw fjzdh nyapko T[vzs wkoszv (Oodunt Marthand) 18 wJh, 1826 B{z ebZesk (j[D e'beksk) s'A d/tBkroh fbgh ftZu nozfGnk frnk ;h.

(15)

110H Gkos ftZu o/bK d/ uZbD Bkb nyapkoK *s/ eh n;o fgnk <

T[~soL Gkos ftZu o/b ;zB 1853 ftZu uZbh ;h, fi; Bkb ebZesk (j[D e'beksk), pzpJh (j[D wzpJh), wdok; (j[D u/BJh), nkrok, fg;akto, nkfd gqw[Zy ;EkBK ftukb/ vke^sko okjhA ns/ o/bK okjhA ;zuko s/ ;zgoe tX/o/ uzrk j' frnk fi; Bkb seBheh s"o *s/ ;jkfJsk ns/ rsh;ahbsk ftZu iawhB^n;wkB dk caoe g? frnk.

111H ;zB 1869 ftZu fejVh e"wKsoh gqkgsh B/ :{og s/ Gkos ftukb/ tgkoe ;pzXK ftZu j'o ;[Xko fbnKd/ s/ fet/A <

T[~soL e"wKsoh gZXo *s/ ;zB 1869 ftZu ;[J/ia Bfjo pDB Bkb Gkos s/ :{og ftukb/ tgkoe ;zgoe ;"yk j' frnk. fJj Bfjo o{w ;kro s/ bkb ;kro B{z nkg;

ftZu i'Vdh ;h fi; ekoB ncaohek wjKdhg d/ dZyD ftZu e/g nkca r[Zv j'g dk uZeo eZN e/ ;w[zdoh ;cao w[ezwb eoB dh EK nop ;kro s'A bkb ;kro s/ nrKj o{w ;kro okjhA nzX wjK;kro sZe g[iDk ;"yk j' frnk.

112H ;[J/ia Bfjo dh ;EkgBk dk Gkos^:{og ;zuko *s/ fet/A n;o fgnk <

T[~soL ;[J/ia Bfjo pDB Bkb d/j'A fyZfsnK ftukb/ ;zgoe ;"yk j' frnk fi; Bkb gZSwh ;ZfGnkuko dk n;o Gkosh ;wki T[~s/ g?D bZrk. fJj n;o jh ;z;Ekrs gVQkJh dk nkXko pfDnk s/ gZSwh fe;w dh gVQkJh^fbykJh nyapkoh ;zuko dk nkXko pDh.

113H nyapkoK dh SgD s/ fteD frDsh ;pzXh nzefVnK dk foekov feZE/ oZfynk iKdk j?<

T[~soL Gkos ftZu nyapkoK dh SgD s/ fteD frDsh s/ j'o ;pzXs nzefVnK bJh w[zpJh ;fEs ;oekoh ;z;Ek nkfvN fpT{o' nkca ;oe{b/;aB (Audit Bureau of Circulation-ABV) iK J/HphH;hH ;Ekgs j? s/ d/;a ftZu SgD tkbk jo nyapko fJ;

;z;Ek dk w?Apo j[zdk j?.

114H gzikp dk gfjbk nyapko j'D dk wkD fe;B{z gqkgs j?< ikD gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL ;zB 1849 ftZu poskBth ;ak;eK B/ y[dw[yafsnko yakb;k oki Gkt gzikp T[~s/

ekpia j' e/ fJ; B{z Gkosh fyZs/ Bkb fwbk fbnk s/ ;zB 1866 ftZu *bkj"o eokBheb*

BK dk jcasktkoh nyapko f;tb nfXekohnK B/ nzro/iah ftZu bkj"o s'A eZYDk P[o{

ehsk. fJ; soQK fJ; nyapko B{z gzikp dk gfjbk nyapko j'D dk wkD jk;b j'fJnk. *bkj"o eokBheb* ;w/s tZy'^tZy nyapkoK d/ oba/t/A Bkb ;zB 1872 ftZu bkj"o s'A jh *fd f;tb n?Av fwbNoh riaN* fBefbnk.

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gqPB p?Ae^XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia

115H gzikph dk gqEw nyapko fejVk ;h s/ fJj ed'A s/ feZE'A gqek;as j'fJnk<

T[~soL gzikph dk r[ow[yh fbgh ftZu SgD tkbk gqEw nyapko, r[ow[yh nyapko ;h i' 10 Btzpo 1880 B{z bkj"o s'A gqek;as j'Dk nozG j'fJnk ;h.

116H T[BhthA ;dh d/ nzs d/ ;w/A gzikph d/ e'Jh fszB ;Ekgs ;zgkdeK d/ Bkw fby'.

T[~soL gq'ca?;o (GkJh) r[ow[Zy f;zx ih, frnkBh fdZs f;zx ih s/ frnkBh Mzvk f;zx ih caohde'N.

117H GkJh ;kfjp GkJh tho f;zx ih dk *yakb;k ;wkuko* Bkb eh ;pzX ;h <

T[~soL nkX[fBe gzikph ekft d/ w'Yh GkJh ;kfjp GkJh tho f;zx ih d/ fgsk vkH uoB f;zx ih B/ f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ gqGkt j/m ;zB 1899 ftZu nyapko * yakb;k

;wkuko* nzfwqs;o s'A nozfGnk ;h.

118H thjthA ;dh d/ nozG ftZu P[o{ j'J/ e'Jh fszB nyapkoK s/ T[BQK d/ gqek;aB ;EkBK d/ Bkw fby'<

T[~soL ;zB 1906 ftZu soB skoB s'A *d[yfBtkoB*, ;zB 1908 ftZu bkfJbg[o s'A

*;Zuk fYzv'ok* ns/ ;zB 1909 ftZu nzfwqs;o s'A *pho*.

119H gzikph dk P[o{ s'A jh o'iakBk ti'A gqek;as nyapko fejVk ;h, ikD gSkD eotkU<

T[~soL gzikph dk gqEw nyapko i' o'iakBk ti'A nozG j'fJnk, T[j ;h *;ajhd* i' 04 d;zpo 1914 B{z nzfwqs;o s'A nozG j'fJnk. fJ; d/ ;zgkde jk;o; eth n?~;Hn?~;H uoB f;zx *;ajhd* ;B.

120H *nekbh* nyapko dh P[o{nks pko/ ikD^gSkD eotkU<

T[~soL *nekbh* nyapko, ;zB 1920 ftZu P[o{ j'Jh nekbh bfjo dk gqshfBX pD e/

T[Gfonk. fJj w[ZYb/ f;nk;h ;[ji tkb/ nyapkoK ftZu'A fJZe ;h fi; ftZu ftd/;ah je{ws fto[ZX b/y Sgd/ ;B s/ fJ; prktsh ;[o ekoB fJj gzikphnK dk jowB fgnkok nyapko pD frnk ;h.

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121H *yakb;k ;wkuko* Bkb fejV/ gqf;ZX ;kfjseko i[V/ oj/ jB <

T[~soL nyapko *yakb;k ;wkuko* d/ ;zgkde GkJh ;kfjp GkJh tho f;zx ih ;zB 1899 s'A 1913 sZe ns/ ;zB 1913 s'A 1928 sZe XBh okw ukfsqe oj/ jB. GkJh

;kfjp nkgDk Bkw ;zgkde ti'A SgD BjhA ;B fdzd/.

122H gq'ca?;o (GkJh) r[ow[Zy f;zx ih B/ fejV/^fejV/ nyapko nozG ehs/<

T[~soL gq'ca?;o (GkJh) r[ow[Zy f;zx ih B/ ;zB 1880 ftZu *r[ow[yh nyapko*, ;zB 1881 ftZu wkf;e gZso *ftfdnkoe* ns/ ;zB 1886 ftZu *;[Xkoe* nozG ehs/. fJj fszB'A jh gZso bkj"o s'A gqek;as j[zd/ ;B.

123H ;zB 1947 dh tzv wro'A gzikp d/ fejV/ ;afjoK ftZu'A gqw[Zy gzikph nyapko gqek;as j'J/ <

T[~soL ;zB 1947 dh tzv wro'A uVQd/ gzikp ftZu nzfwqs;o, b[fXnkDk s/ gfNnkbk jh gzikph nyapko d/ gqek;aB bJh gqw[Zy ;EkB pD/ id'A fe fdZbh ns/ ebeZsk (j[D e'beksk) th gzikph nyapkoK d/ e/Ado ;B go fJj gzikp s'A pkjo ;B.

124H Gkos dh ;EkgBk s'A pknd gzikph nyapkoK B{z fejVhnK d' gqw[Zy n"eVK g/;a nkJhnK<

T[~soL 01H gzikph nyapkoK d/ gkmeK dh frDsh xZN ojh fi; ekoB nyapkoK dh fJ;akfJs (fteD frDsh) xZN ojh.

02H gzikph nyapko BthnK ekYK s/ Bt/A fyankbK gqsh ekcah T[dk;hB oj/.

125H B'ok fouovia e"D ;B s/ nzsb/ ;w/A feZE/ ofjzd/ ;B<

T[~soL B'ok fouovia gzikph BkNekoh dh iBw^dksk wzB/ iKd/ jB. T[j nzsb/ ;w/A eKrVk xkNh ftZu fgzv nzdo/N/ ftZu T[;ko/ UgB J/no EhJ/No *t[via b?Av* fty/

ofjzd/ ;B.

126H gzikph I[pkB dh gfjbh fcabw fejVh ;h<

T[~soL gzikph I[pkB dh gfjbh fcabw, ;zB 1935 ftZu fjzd wksk f;B/N'B ezgBh, pzpJh tZb'A fBows *fJ;ae^J/^gzikp T[oca fwoiak ;kfjpK* ;h.

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127H fcabw *A Punjab Village* pko/ d' ;soK ftZu ikD gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL fJj fpqfN;a fcabw fJz;NhfuT{N tZb'A ;zB 1925 ftZu gzikp d/ fgzvK pko/

fsnko ehsh rJh silent d;skt/iah fcabw j? i' National Film Archives fty/

gzikph fcabwK dh category ftZu gJh fwbdh j?.

128H w[ZY dhnK *fcabwK* d/ ;zrhs y/so ftZu gzikp d/ tZv/ BkwK dh uouk eo'.

T[~soL wk;No Mzv/ yK, pkpk ihHJ/H fu;ash, wk;No ra[bkw j?do opkph nzfwqs;oh s/

e/dko BkE ;aowk nkfd.

129H Gkosh fcabwK ftZu gqf;ZX j'J/ w[ZYb/ gzikph rkfJeK d/ Bkw fby'.

T[~soL Pqh e[zdB bkb ;fjrb, w[jzwd ocah, B{o ijK, w[BZto ;[bskBk, i"jok pkJh nzpkbk, ;aw;akd p/rw nkfd.

130H rkfJek B{oijK B/ gfjbh tko fejVh fcabw ftZu nkgDk j[Bo g/;a ehsk <

T[~soL B{oijK B/ gfjbh tko gzikph fcabw *;ahbk T[oca fgzv dh e[Vh* ftZu rkfJnk ns/ fcabw *jho f;nkb* ftZu ;aw;akd p/raw ;w/s rkfJnk th s/ n?efNzr th ehsh.

131H fejVh gzikph fcabw d/ ;ko/ jh rhs, Bzd bkb B{og[oh dhnK eftsktK *s/

nXkos ;B<

T[~soL ;zB 1942 ftu nkJh fcabw * wzrsh* d/ rhs, gzikph eth Bzd bkb B{og[oh dhnK eftsktK *s/ nXkos ;B.

132H ;?fBe ihtB Bkb ;pzXs g/;aekoh tkbh fe;/ g[okDh fcabw pko/ fby'.

T[~soL ;?fBeK d/ gfotkoK dh wkBf;esk pko/ gzikph fcabw *T[vheK* (1978) nfijh gb/mh gzikph fcabw ;h. fJ; ftZu gqhe;as ;kjBh ns/ f;zwh ro/tkb B/ ezw ehsk

;h. fJj fcabw r[wBkw, f;deh, ;{ophoK ns/ T[BQK wro'A ;wki ftZu fJefjo/ jZEhA gfotko ubk ojhnK T[BQK dhnK gsBhnK B{z ;wofgs ;h.

133H fe;/ fcabw dk foftT{ fbyD bJh T[j fcabw t/y/ j'D dh fezBh e[ b'V j[zdh j?<

T[~soL fe;/ fcabw dk foftT{ fbyD bJh T[j ;pzXs fcabw fJZe tko jh BjhA ;r'A eJh tko t/yh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb fcabw dhnK pohehnK ;wM g?AdhnK jB.

fcabw t/yfdnK ;r'A T[; d/ nfjw B[es/ th B'N eo b?D/ ukjhd/ jB sK i' foftT{

ftZu m'; jtkb/ fdZs/ ik ;eD.

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134H fcabw *n;h;* ;pzXh okDk oDpho B/ eh eh fiazw/tkohnK fBGkJhnK<

T[~soL fcabw n;h; ftZu okDk oDpho B/ fJZe ebkeko j'D s'A fJbktk fJ; fcabw d/

fBod/;ae (Director) ns/ fBowksktK (Producers) ftZu'A fJZe oj/ jB.

135H Digital Interactivity eh j[zdh j?<

T[~soL fvihNb nzso gqfefonk s'A Gkt, fe;/ fJZe wkfXnw bJh fsnko ehsh rJh

;wroh B{z Weblink okjhA iK fvihNb wkfXnw okjhA g/;a eoBk. T[dkjoB ti'A fe;/

g[;se iK nyapko B{z t?~p;kJhN Bkb fbze eo e/ nkB^bkJhB Yzr Bkb gkfVQnK sZe g[Zidk eoBk.

136H Globalisation, ;zuko gZy'A eh gqfefonk j?<

T[~soL rb'pbkJhia/;aB, ;zuko d/ gZy s'A, fJb?eNqkfBe ;zuko iaohJ/ Xoksbh ftZEK ns/ jZdK^;ojZdK B{z fJZe^gk;/ oZy e/ ;zuko gqfefonktK ubdhnK oZyD dk Yzr j?

fit/A Gkos ftZu fe;/ EK p?mk e'Jh ftnesh Xosh d/ d{;o/ gk;/ nwohek ftZu p?m/

fe;/ ftnesh Bkb Jh^w/b okjhA iK thfvU ekfbzr okjhA e[M ;fezN dh d{oh sZe jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.

137H w"i{dk ;wkiK ftZu ftek; dk nkoEe gZy gqpb j'D Bkb fet/A dk wkBf;e gZy T[Gfonk j?<

T[~soL w"i{dk ;wkiK ftZu nkoEe gZy tX/o/ gqpb j'D Bkb wB[Zy nzdo f;oca nkgD/

jh ftek; sZe ;hws j'D dh gqftosh xo eo rJh j? fi; nXhB iht wzvb s'A fJbktk nkgD/ B/Vb/ ;wki d/ ftek; Bkb th wB[Zy dk e'Jh ;o'eko pkeh BjhA fojk. fJj gqftosh wkBf;e o{g ftZu gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ ofjD^;fjD ftZu tX/o/

;g;aN fdydh j?.

138H gzikp d/ ;afjoK ftZu fteoh bJh yVQhnK second hand rZvhnK fe; tosko/

tZb fJ;akok j?<

T[~soL gzikp d/ ;afjoK ftZu yVQhnK second hand rZvhnK, T[gG'rsktkd ftZu ca; e/

wfjzr/ Gkn dh pdso fiazdrh fiT{D, gqd{;aD tXkT[D s/ eofianK ftZu ca;D torhnK nbkwsK tkb/ b'eK d/ ;wki dh f;oiDk tZb s[oB d/ tosko/ dk gqwkD j?.

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139H Online Newspaper ns/ e-news paper ftZu eh nzso j?<

T[~soL Online Newspaper sK ;kok jh fJb?eNqkfBebh fsnko j[zdk j? s/ g'oNb T[~s/

jh gfVQnk iKdk j? go id'A fgqzN whvhnk iaohJ/ jkov ekgh ti'A Skfgnk nyapko t?~p;kJhN iK g'oNb T[~s/ gk fdZsk iKdk j? sK T[j e-news paper nytkT[Adk j?.

140H New society s'A eh Gkt j? <

T[~soL id'A b'e fBT{ whvhnk :zsoK ns/ fJzNoB?~N dh wdd Bkb nkg; ftZu i[Vd/

jB ns/ nkg;h ;zuko th nkB^bkJhB wkfXnwK okjhA jh eod/ jB sK nfij/ Bt f;oi/ ;wki B{z fBT{ ;[;kfJNh dk Bkw fdZsk iKdk j?.

141H ;kv/ ;wki ftZu fejVhnK^ fejVhnK ;';ab B?Ntofezr ;kJhNia ekoi eodhnK jB<

T[~soL ;kv/ ;wki ftZu ;zB 2001 s'A pknd Friendster, Myspace, Linkedin, Bebo,

Orkut s/ Facebook gqf;ZX ;';ab B?Ntofezr ;kJhNia ojhnK jB. Facebook fJ; t///b/ ft;at Go ftZu ;G s'A tZvh ;';ab B?Ntofezr ;kJhN j?.

142H fe;/ th t?~p n?vo?; ftZu WWW s'A eh Gkt j?<

T[~soL fe;/ th t?pQ n?vo?; ftZu WWW s'A Gkt j?, s'A eh Gkt World Wide Web.

143H fe;/ th pb"r ftZu ew?AN ;?e;aB dk eh wB'oE j[zdk j?<

T[~soL fe;/ pb"r ftZu rbpks eoB s/ ftuko^tNKdo/ nkfd gqsh fefonktK bJh w[jZJhnk eotkfJnk frnk ;EkB commnet section j[zdk j?. fJZE/ gkoe nkgD/ ftuko ;KM/ eoB s'A fJbktk ;tkbK d/ itkp th d/ ;ed/ j[zd/ jB s/ pb"ro tZb'A ;KMh ehsh ;koh ;wroh B{z t/y ;ed/ j[zd/ jB.

144H ca/;p[Ze gq'cakJhb d/ j'o nfjw fjZ;/ fejV/^fejV/ j[zd/ jB<

T[~soL ca/;p[Ze gq'cakJhb d/ nfjw fjZ;/ jB; ca/;p[Ze tkb (Wall), c'N' n?bpw, Friends' list, ;N/NZ; ngv/N, c'N' nZgb'v, bkJht Jht?AN, bkJht facility, ;zzrhs, fBT{ia cahv nkfd.

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145H wkJheo'pb"r eh j[zdk j?<

T[~soL wkJheo'pb"frzr n"BbkJhB t?pQ ;/tk j? fi; d/ tos'Aeko xZN ;apdK ftZu Gkt

;zy/g o{g ftZu ;[B/j/ fJZe d{i/ B{z G/id/ jB. NftNo, wkfJeo'pb"r dk jh fJZe o{g j?.

146H fJz;skrokw eh j?<

T[~soL fJz;skrokw, ca/;p[Ze tZb'A ubkJh iKdh fJzNoB?~N nXkos n?g iK ;/tk j?.

;wkoN c'B, v?;eN"g, N?pb/N nkfd dh tos'A eofdnK ca'N'nK s/ thfvUia fJ; n?g iaohJ/ fBih (private) s"o *s/ ;kfonK (public) bJh ;KM/ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/

T[BQK pko/ S'N/ ftuko th fby/ ik ;ed/ j[zd/ jB.

147H jZse^fJiaZs (slander) s/ wkDjkBh (Lebil) ftZu eh nzso j?<

T[~soL jZse^fJiaZs n;b ftZu w"fye o{g ftZu ehsh rJh p/fJiash B{z nkyd/ jB i' Gkosh dzvktbh (Indian Penal Code) d/ nB[;ko ;b?Avo nytkT[Adk j?. fbysh o{g ftZu ehsh rJh p/fJiash i' SgkJh d/ o{g ftZu th j' ;edh j?, Gkosh dzvktbh d/

nB[;ko bZfJpb nytkT[Adh j?.

148. fgSb/ d' djkfenK (decades) s'A fejV/ fszB gZyK s'A whvhnk fog'ofNzr ftZu froktN fdydh j?<

T[~soL 01H whvhnk B{z w;fbnK dh g/;aekoh ftZu ;B;Bh dk nz;a ekch tXk fdZsk j?.

02H whvhnk fog'ofNzr ftZu fXopkiah nkw jh t/yD B{z fwbdh j?.

03H whvhnk fog'ofNzr ;pzXh sZEK dhnK s/ Gk;akJh T[ekJhnK pj[s tZX rJhnK jB.

149H n?BHJhHJ/H nB[;ko b'eszso ftZu whvhnk dk wB'oE eh j?<

T[~soL fBT{ia pqkvek;No n?;';hJ/;aB w[skpe b'eszso ftZu whvhnk dk wB'oE, fJ;

soQK yapoK s/ ikDekoh b'eK ftZu B;ao eoBk j? fe b'e ;{uBk gqsh ikro{e j'D, xNBk dk wjZst ;wM e/ nkgDh okfJ pBkT[D s/ ;{M w[skpe ca?;b/ b? ;eD.

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150. whvhnk dk ;fNzr ngq/;aB eh j[zdk j?<

T[~soL fe;/ yapo B{z eto/i d/D dh ykso ;fNzr, i;{;h iK y[chnk ekotkJh yapd d/

sZE fJeZm/ eoB bJh ehsh iKdh j? go nfijh ekotkJh B{z gZsoekoh iK whvhnkekoh d/ nkyoh jfEnko ti'A jh tofsnk iKdk j?.

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gq;aB p?Ae^ XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhi

*tZv/ T[~soK tkb/ gq;aB (04 nze gqsh gq;aB) Long answer questions.

B'NL jo gq;aB dk T[~so 4 s'A 6 ;soK ftZu fdUL^

151H j/m fbfynK dh full form, iB^;zuko d/ ;zdoG (context) ftZu fby'L^

(i) A.F.P. (ii) A.P. (iii) B.F. (iv) A.M.'s T[~soL (i) A.F.P. J/iz;h caoK; gq?;

(ii) A.P. n?;';hJ/fNv gq?;

(iii) B.F. p'bv ca/; NkJhg

(iv) A.M.'s ;t/o/ do *s/ g[ZiD tkb/ nyapko

152H j/m fbfynK ftZu'A fe;/ d' dh ftnkfynk iB^;zuko d/ ;zdoG (context) ftZu eo'L^

(i) Ears (ii)Double (iii) Embargo

T[~soL (i) Ears- nyapko d/ gfjb/ ;ca/ T[~s/ Skg/ iKd/, nyapko d/ Bkw d/ d'jhA gkf;nK d/ fJ;afsjkoh pe;/ *Jhnoia* ejkT[Ad/ jB.

(ii) Double- Ujh yapoK iK ;wroh iK fe;/ th o{g ftZu fJZe jh n?vh;aB ftZu d[joh tko Sfgnk j'DK *vpb* nytkT[Adk j?.

(iii) Embargo- ;w/A s'A gfjbK jh G/ih rJh ikDekoh fi; B{z fe;/ yk; ;w/A iK w"e/

sZe Bk Skg/ ikD dh o'e ;pzXh p/Bsh ehsh j't/.

153H nyapko ftZu SgD tkb/ Middle s/ Morgue ftZu eh nzso j?<

T[~soL fwvb n;b ftZu wkBth fdbu;gh iK ;t?^siaop/ d/ nXko *s/ fbfynk frnk cahuo j[zdk j? i' fe ;zgkdeh gzB/ d/ wZX ftZu Sfgnk iKdk j?. fJj w"or s'A fpbe[b tyoh ;wroh j? feT[Afe w"or sK ;aoXKibhnK d/ fJ;afsjko Skg/ ikD tkb/

nyapkoh ;EkB B{z nkyd/ jB.

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154H iB^;zuko d/ y/so ftZu Sequence s/ Serial ftZu eh nzso j? <

T[~soL ;hohnb,fe;/ b/y dh bVh iK eEk dh bVh j[zdh j? i' fe;asK ftZu Skgh iKdh j? iK gq;kos ehsh iKdh j?. fJj fgqzN iK fJb?eNqkfBe d'j/A jh fe;w d/ whvhnk dk fjZ;k j' ;edh j[zdh J/ go ;he{n?A;, s;thoK dh bVh j[zdh j? i' brksko tkgodh joes B{z ftykT[D bJh fJZe s'A wro'A fJZe fyZuhnK iKdhnK jB.

155H v/NbkJhB s/ v?v bkJhB ftZu nzso ;g;aN eodh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[~soL v/N bkJhB (Dateline) yapo d/ T[sgzB j'D dk ;EkB s/ sohya dZ;d/ fjZ;/ B{z nkyd/ jB id'A fe v?vbkJhB (Dead line) T[j ;wKjZd j? fi; s'A gfjbK fe;/

nvh;aB bJh yapok s/ b/yK B{z SgkJh bJh caVkT[Dk j[zdk j?.

156H n?BHphHJ/H tZb'A fdZs/ Self Regulation d/ f;XKs nB[;ko *e"wh ;[oZfynk B{z yso/*

dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[~soL fBT{ia pqkvek;Noia n?;';hJ/;aB tZb'A ;t? B/wpZXsk bJh xV/ fB:wK nB[;ko Gkos dh G{wh, e{NBhfse wkwfbnK, ;[oZfynk wkwfbnK ns/ Bef;anK nkfd pko/

e/Ado ;oeko tZb'A T[u/u/ fB:w pDkJ/ rJ/ jB sK i' nfij/ wkwfbnK dh whvhnk g/;aekoh e'Jh yasok Bk yVQk eo d/t/. jo nyapko s/ u?Bb B{z Bk f;oca fB:wK nXhB ;r'A T[u/uh Gk;ak ftZu jh fog'ofNzr, pqkvek;fNzr s/ SgkJh eoBh iao{oh j?.

e"wh ;[oZfynk ftZu ;zBQ bZr ;eD s'A pukn eoBk whvhnk bJh th b'e^fjZs dk ekoi j?.

157H fe;/ d[oxNBk d/ ghVsK dh fJzNoftT{ eofdnK whvhnk eowh w'N/ s"o *s/

eh^eh gZyK dk fXnkB oZy/.

T[~soL fe;/ d[oxNBk d/ ghVsK dh fJzNoftT{ b?AfdnK iK s;thoK fyufdnK T[BQK gqsh nfs T[BQK dh ;wkfie ;kya gqsh ;zt/dB;ahb j'D dh b'V j[zdh j? ns/ Bkb jh nfijh ;zt/dBk dk fdyktk T[~ek jh BjhA eoBk j[zdk. fe;/ th fog'oNo B{z fJj fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe T[; d/ fog'ofNzr eofdnK fe; B{z fejV/ gZXo *s/ eh n"eV wfj;{; j[zdh j? iK j' ;edh j? feT[Afe whvhnk bJh ekoi eoB Bkb fe;/ B{z f;oca nkgDh fJZSk nB[;ko ezw eZY b?D dk bkfJ;?A; BjhA fwb iKdk.

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158H w[biawK dh i[owK ;pzXh fog'ofNzr fet/A ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?<

T[~soL w[iowK d/ th e[M jZe j[zd/ jB s/ fJ; pko/ fog'ofNzr eofdnK ;[u/s ofjDk pj[s iao{oh j?. T[; s'A th tZX iao{oh j? fe w[biaw B{z ed/ th w[iow$d';ah pDk e/ g/;a Bk ehsk ikt/ feT[Afe nfijk fiankdkso T[d'A jh j[zdk j? id'A fog'ofNzr f;oca g[bh;

d/ gZy d/ nkXko *s/ ehsh ik ojh j't/. fiB;h i[owK pko/ wkwfbnK ftZu iao{oh j?

fe xZN T[wo d/ w[biawK d/ gSkD ;pzXh pj[s ;ktXkBh tosh ikt/. nfij/ wkwfbnK ftZu sK d';a bkT[D s'A gfjbK jo gZy dh x'y pj[s iao{oh j[zdh j?.

159H wBgoukt/ Bkb ;pzXs wkfXnwK d/ gqrNkt/ ftZu eh gqw[Zy n"eVK dog/;a jB <

T[~soL wBgoukt/ d/ ;zuko wkfXnwK ftZu fjz;k, fi;wkBh ;pzX ns/ ngGk;ak (rkbQK nkfd) dh tos'A ns/ gqrNktk ;G s'A tZvh n"eV j?. fJ; ;pzX ftZu ;ko/ ;wkiK ns/

fJbkfenK ftZu fB:w^ekB{zB nXhB fBod/;a fdZs/ rJ/ j[zd/ jB i' fe fcabwK s/

ezfgT{Noh y/vK ;w/s ;ko/ jh ;zuko wkfXnwK bJh ;KM/ j[zd/ jB s/ fJ; gZy dh d/y^o/y eJh j'o ;z;EktK th eodhnK jB. fJj ;z;EktK nkgDhnK g/;aekohnK dh o/fNzr eo e/ fJ; gk;/ tZb fXnkB fdtkT[AdhnK jB.

160H ;?~b iK w'pkJhb ca'B ;/tk nozG/ ikD ;pzXh e'Jh d' fJsjk;e gZy fby'.

T[~soL 01H d[BhnK dk gfjbk w'pkJhb c'B ;zB 1973 d/ ngo?b wjhB/ ftZu w'N'o'bk ezgBh d/ w[bkiaw wkofNB e{go tZb'A fsnko ehsk frnk ;h.

02H ;ko/ ;afjo ftZu ;?fbT{bo B?Ntoe fbnkT[D tkbk, ikgkB, ;zB 1979 ftZu d[BhnK dk gfjbk d/;a pfDnk ;h.

161H pb{N[ZE eh j[zdk j? < ikD gSkD eokU.

T[~soL pb{N[ZE, w'pkJhb ca'BK Bkb ;pzXs fJZe nfijh seBhe j? fi;dh tos'A ftZu fJZe ;?~b ca'B s'A d{;o/ ;?~b ca'B sZe v/Nk G/iD bJh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj v/Nk nkvhU, thfvU, fbysh, ca'N'nK nkfd o{gK ftZu j' ;edh j?. fJ; dh o/Ai fJ; d/

tZy'^tZy wkvbK iK to;aBia *s/ nXkos j[zdh j?. pb{N[ZE seBhe Bkb fpBK skoK tkba/ j?~v ca'B iK fpBK skoK tkba/ ;gheo th ;?~b ca'B Bkb i'V/ ik ;ed/ jB.

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162H ;?~b ca'B dhnK tZy'^tZy i?Bo/;aBK ftZu'A fe;/ d' pko/ ft;a/;asktK fby'.

T[~soL 01H ;?~b ca'B dh d{;oh g[;as Gkt *2G* ;?~b ca'BK dk iBw ;zB 1993 ftZu, fcaBb?Av fty/ j'fJnk s/ fJ;/ ;kb SMS G/i/ ikD dh P[o{nks j'Jh.

02H ;?~b ca'B dk *3G* B?Ntoe ;zB 2001 ftZu nozfGnk frnk ;h. fJ;/ sfjs w'pkJhb tos'AekoK B{z thfvU ekfbzr dh ;j{bs fwbDh P[o{ j'Jh.

163H fJz;skrqkw eh j?< ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL fJz;skrqkw, ca/;p[Ze tZb'A ubkJh iKdh fJzNoB?~N nXkos n?ghbhe/;aB iK ;/tk j?. ;wkoN ca'B, v?;eN"g, N/pb?~N nkfd dh tos'A eofdnK ca'N'nK s/ thfvUia fJ;

n?g d/ iaohJ/ fBZih iK b'ekJh (Public) d/ gZXo *s/ ;KMhnK ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. T[BQK T[~s/ fNZgDhnK (Comments) ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB s/ ;hws rZbpks th fBZih iK b'ekJh gZXo *s/ th fJ; n?g okjhA ;zGt j?.

164H ;ou fJziB s/ Jh^w/b ftZu nzso ;g;aN eodh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[~soL ;ou fJziB okjhA g'oNb *s/ e[M th y'iD iK Y{zvD ftZu ;/X fwbdh j? Gkt e[M e[ ;apd fby e/ tZy tZy gqeko dh ;wroh sZe gj[zu ehsh ik ;edh j[zdh j?.

d{;o/ gk;/ Jh^w/b iK fJb?eNqkfBe w/b T[j *fuZmh* j? i' ezfgT{No, ;wkoN ca'B nkfd nfs nX[fBe ;kXBK iaohJ/ nfij/ jh ;kXBK *s/ gVQB bJh G/ih iKdh j?.

165H n"B bkJhB ioBfbiaw eh j?<

T[~soL fJb?eNqkfBe whvhnk d/ fog'oNoK tZb'A ;wkoN ca'B Bkb eto/i eoB wro'A fJzNoB?~N dh wdd Bkb foekofvzrK iK thfvUia nkgD/ dcasoK B{z G/i fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. NhHthH u?Bb i/ f;ZXk gq;koB Bk th eoB sK t?~p;kJhNK T[~s/ yapoK nkfd ;wroh ngv/N eod/ ofjzd/ jB s/ ;wroh brksko nZgb'v th j[zdh ofjzdh j?. fJBQK u?BbK B{z fJt/A t?~p;kJhNK T[~s/ t/yD Bkb ;zuko gqfefonk g{oh j[zdh j?.

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166H ftukotkBK nB[;koi iB;zuko s/ fBT{ whvhnk ftZu eh ;g;aN nzso j?<

T[~soL ftukotkBK nB[;ko iB;zuko, ;Bnsh iB ;wki dh ;zuko ftXh j? i'

ftneshrs j'Ad T[~s/ nkgDhnK edoK ehwsK dh Skg SZvdh j? id'A fe (New Media) T[~so ;Bnsh (Post Industrial) iK rb'pvkJhiav ;wki dh ;zuko

ftXh j? fi; ftZu jo Bkrfoe B{z tZvh frDsh ftZu gqkgs oj[^ohsh tzBrhnK ftZu'A nkgDh g;zd u[DB dh y[~bQ j[zdh j? iK fJj efj fbnk ikt/ fe j[D e'Jh t;s{, ;/tk iK ;'u iB ;w{j d/ f;o wVQB dh EK iB^;w{j d/ jo w?Apo sZe ftneshrs gj[zu eo ;eD dh e'f;a;a j?.

167H e"wKsoh ezgBhnK *u o[iarko B/ ;kv/ ;wkfie ihtB *s/ wkVk n;o fet/A gkfJnk j? <

T[~soL e"wKsoh ezgBhnK d/ ezw^eki dk ;EkB, ;wK s/ fwjBskBk ;j{bs s/ fotki B{z w[Zy oZy e/ s?n ehs/ iKd/ jB. ;kv/ ;wkiK B{z nfij/ ;EkBK *s/ o[iarko eoB Bkb

;wkfie gZy s'A gfotkoe fiazdrh dk bgrg fsnkr eoBk fgnk j? fi; Bkb

;wkie edoK^ehwsK dh ewhA B/ e"wKsoh ezgBhnK ftZu o[iarko eoB tkb/

GkoshnK B{z fiazdrh d/ ;wkfie gZy s'A g{oh soQK jh goQK XZe fdZsk j?. fJ; d/

B[e;kB ;kjwD/ jB go nkofEe gZy B{z fdZsh iKdh soihj ekoB fJ; gk;/ tZb stZi'A BjhA fdZsh iKdh j?.

168H rb'pbkJhi/;aB gqfefonk B{z ;z;ko ftZu wkBsk feT[A gqkgs j'Jh j? <

T[~soL rb'pbkJhi/;aB dh gqfefonk B/ f;ZX/ s"o *s/ wB[Zyh o[iarko t;hfbnK Bkb i[V/

j'D ekoB jh ;z;ko Go ftZu wkBsk gqkgs ehsh j?. fJ; gqfefonk nXhB ;zuko gqfefonk dk ndG[Zs ftek; j'fJnk j? fi; ekoB rb'pbkJhia/;aB dk fJjh gZy b'eK ftZu ;G s'A tZX wep{b (Popular) j' ;fenk j? jkbKfe fXnkB d/D tkbk sZE fJj th j? fe ;zuko gqfefonktK ftZu'A th f;oca ;{uBk seBhe d/ gZy dk ftek; j'fJnk j?, ;zuko gqfefonk dk ;"cNt/no sK fes/ fgZS/ jh S[ZN frnk j?. ;{uBk seBhe dk ftek; jh rb'pbkJhia/;aB dk jwBkw pD frnk.

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169H rb'pbkJhia/;aB, ;z;koheoB s/ ft;atheoB ftZu eh nzso j?<

T[~soL rb'pbkJhia/;aB dh gqfefonk dk w{b wB'oE Xosh T[s/ t;d/ nkofEe fefonktK ftZu fjZ;k b?D tkb/ ;kXBK s/ ezw^ekih wB[ZyK B{z nkofEe, ;wkfie,

;fGnkukoe, wB'ftfrnkBe s/ ekcah jZd sZe G{r'fbe gZy s'A th nwoheh iK gZSwh f;ow"osk d/ nXhB fbnkT[DK j? id'A fe ft;atheoB s/ ;z;koheoB dk gqw[Zy gfjb{

Xosh T[s/ t;dh jo ikBdko ;a?n B{z T[;d/ e[dosh tksktoB ftZu Gog{o sohe/ Bkb gBgD ftr;D s/ ;Ekgs j'D dh niako/dkoh d/DK j?.

170H fBT{ whvhnk eh j? s/ fJj whvhnk ;NZvhia Bkb fet/A ;pzXs j?<

T[~soL thjthA ;dh d/ nzsb/ djke/ s'A nozG j' e/ d"okB iB ;zuko wkfXnwK d/ y/so ftZu i' ftnkge spdhbh nkJh j?, T[; B{z fBT{ whvhnk dk Bkw fdZsk iKdk j?.

;zuko ;pzXh fJj BthA gj[zu e[M fJ; fe;w dh j? fe fJj fcabwK, s;thoK, ;zrhs, p'b/ s/ fby/ ikD tkb/ ;apdK nkfd B{z ezfgT{No, ;{uBk seBhe nXkos :zsoK s/

fJzNoB?~N iaohJ/ ni'e/ wzu gqdkB eotkT[Adh j?. whvhnk ;NZvhia T[j ft;ak j? i'

;zuko d/ y/so ftZu brksko spdhbhnK j'D dh gqfefonk dk fBozso nfXn?B eodk j?.

171H fcabw foftT{ fbyD d/ w[Yb/ sZs eh j' ;ed/ jB< fJZe^fJZe ;so ftZu ikD gSkD eokU.

T[~soL fcabw foftT{ fbyD bJh w[ZYb/ sZs fJt/A j' ;ed/ jBL^

01H ;'u s/ y'i ekoi i' fe fcabw t/yD s'A th gfjbK fcabw pko/ ehsk iKdk j?.

02H fcabw t/yDK s/ T[; ftZu pohehnK ns/ BthBhgD d/ B[es/ B'N eoBk.

03H fbys nozG s'A jh nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe gkme B{z fyZu bt/.

04H fcabw d/ y'i nz;a i' fe ;ko/ foftT{ B{z fdbu;g s'A fJbktk w[ezwb th pBkT[Dr/.

05H foftT{ dk nrbk s/ nzsbk fjZ;k fi; ftZu fcabw pko/ gVu'b w[ezwb j[zdh j?.

172H gzikph dhnK e'Jh uko e"wh g[o;eko gqkgs fcabwK d/ Bkw dZ;'<

T[~soL uzB god/;h (1980), wVQh dk dhtk (1989), d/; j'fJnk god/; (2004) s/

Bkpo (2012)

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173H gzikp d/ fJfsjk; ftZu, T[BhthA ;dh d/ nzs ftZu s/ T[; s'A pknd fejVhnK

;[Xkotkdh bfjoK uZbhnK<

T[~soL fw;aBoh bfjo, fBozekoh bfjo, BkwXkoh bfjo, nkohnk ;wki bfjo, pqjw' ;wki bfjo, f;zx ;Gk bfjo, spbhrh s/ sBiahwh bfjoK nkfd.

174H Grs f;zx d/ ukuk nihs f;zx pko/ uko e[ ;soK ftZu ikDekoh fdU.

T[~soL Grs f;zx d/ ukuk ;q nihs f;zx tZv/ niakdh x[bkNhJ/ ;B. T[j thjthA ;dh d/ P[o{ ftZu feoshnK dh *grVh ;zGkb bfjo* d/ pkBhnK ftZu'A ;B, i' poskBthA

;oeko d/ feoshnK gqsh o[y dk fto'X eodh ;h. ukuk ;q nihs f;zx B{z f;nk;h ekotkJhnK pdb/ nzro/iaK B/ d/;a fBekbk d/ fdZsk i' fe Gkos ftZu ;zB 1938 s'A pknd pDdhnK eKro; gkoNh dh ;aw{bhns tkbhnK poskBthA Gkosh ;oekoK B/

th tkg; Bk fbnk. ;q nihs f;zx 15 nr;s, 1947 B{z vbj"iah fty/ nkgDh S[gDrkj ftZu jh gqb'e f;Xko rJ/ ;B.

175H gzikph dhnK gb/mhnK Xkofwe fcabwK fejVhnK ;B fiBQK ftZu okrh iZfEnK d/ ;apd th g/;a ehs/ rJ/ ;B <

T[~soL gzikph ftZu, ;zB 1969 ftZu pDh fcabw *BkBe Bkw ijkia* Xkofwe fposh dh gqEw fcabw fejk iKdk j?. fJj ;qh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ 500 ;kbk gqek;a toQ/ B{z

;wofgs ;h. ;aq'wDh okrh GkJh ;w[zd f;zx d/ rkJ/, r[opkDh d/ ;apd fJ; fcabw dk fjZ;k ;B. wro'A ;zB 1971 ftZu pDh fcabw *BkBe d[yhnk ;G ;z;ko* ftZu okrh ntsko f;zx ih s/ okrh nwho f;zx ih dk ;apd ehosB th fcabwkfJnk frnk ;h.

176H gzikph dh fejVh fcabw gqEw r'bvB i[pbh fcabw ;h< ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL ;zB 1942 ftZu gqGks NkJhwia bkj"o ftZu fobhia j'Jh fcabw *wzrsh* gfjbh r'bvB i[pbh fcabw ;h. fJ; fcabw d/ ;ko/ jh rhs n;b ftZu Bzd bkb B{og[oh dhnK eftsktK ;B.

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177H bsk wzr/;aeo s/ nk;ak G'A;b/ B/ gzikph fcabwK ftZu eh P[o{nksh :'rdkB fdZsk

;h<

T[~soL ;zB 1946 ftZu fobhia j'Jh gzikph fcabw *ewbh* ftZu nk;ak G'A;b/ B/

ndkekok ti'A gfjbh tko o'b fBGkfJnk ;h. ;zB 1948 ftZu fobhia j'Jh gzikph fcabw *uwB* ftZu bsk wzr/;aeo B/ gfjbh tko gzikph fcabw bJh rhs rkJ/ ;B id'A fe ;zB 1950 ftZu gzikph fcabw *wdkoh* bJh rkJ/ rhsK ekoB bsk wzr/;aeo dh rkfJek ti'A r[Zvh uVQh ;h.

178H fcabw irs d/ nfij/ rkfJeK s/ rkfJektK d/ Bkw fby' fiBQK B/ nkgDk ;cao gzikph fcabwK s'A nozfGnk ;h.

T[~soL irihs e"o, g[;agk jz;, ;[wB efbnkDg[o, w[[pkoe p/rw, ihHn?~w d[okBh, sbs wfjw{d, n?~; pbpho, wfjzdo eg{o, w[jzwd ocah s/ ;[be;aBk gzfvs nkfd.

179H nfij/ 06 ndkekoK d/ Bkw fby' fiBQK nkgDk fcabwh ;cao gzikph fcabwK s'A nozfGnk.

T[~soL gqkD, ewb eg{o, nubk ;ud/t, ;[Xk wbj'sok, gq/w BkE, gq/w u'gVk.

180H ;wkfie ftf;anK T[s/ pDkJhnK rJhnK e'Jh 06 P[o{nksh gzikph fcabwK d/

Bkw fby'.

T[~soL wzrsh, rtKYh, e[VwkJh, bZSh, i[rBh, g';sh.

181H nyapko *gfNnkbk riaN* Bkb ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL nyapko *gfNnkbk riaN* gfNnkbk dh fonk;sh ;oeko B/ 29 wJh, 1901 B{z nozfGnk ;h i' fe fonk;s tZb'A r[ow[yh nZyoK ftZu nozfGnk gzikph p'bh dk gqEw ;wkuko gZso ;h. id'A fJ; ftZu ;oekoh fJ;afsjko s/ n?bkB nzro/iah ftZu th SgD bZr gJ/ sK fJ; dk Bkw pdb e/ *gfNnkbk rtoBw?AN riaN* oZy fdZsk frnk. fJ;d/ gfjb/ ;zgkde ;qH rfjb f;zx ;B.

182H gzikph dk gfjbk o'iakBk nyapko fejVk ;h < ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL gzikph dk gfjbk o'iakBk nyapko *;ajhd* ;h i' nkgD/ t/b/ d/ gqf;ZX fbykoh n?~;H n?~;H uoB f;zx *;ajhd* B/ 04 d;zpo, 1914 B{z nzfwqs;o s'A nozG ehsk ;h.

fJ; nyapko d/ ;zgkde dk w[Zy wzst uzrk ;kfjs g?dk eoBk s/ f;Zy Xow B{z gqukoBk ;h . T[; t/ba/ ikoh Xkofwe pfj;K dk T[~so d/D ftZu frnkBh fdZs f;zx ih s'A pknd d{;ok Bzpo n?Z;Hn?~;H uoB f;zx dk jh ;h. T[BQK d/ fby/ b/y pj[s

;[nkdb/ s/ jowB fgnko/ j[zd/ ;B.

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183H nyapko *pho* fszB tko nozG j'fJnk< fJ; pko/ ukBDk gkU.

T[~soL nyapko *pho* ;zB 1909 ftZu n?~;Hn?~;H uoB f;zx ih d/ :sBK Bkb nzfwqs;o s'A jcasktkoh ti'A nozG j'fJnk i/ 1910 ftZu gzdoK o'iak s/ 1911 ftZu wjhB/ ftZu fszB s/ 1912 ftZu fco jcasktoh j' frnk. ;zB 1913^14 ftZu fJj o'iakBk j'fJnk s/ fco fJZe fdB d' tko th Sfgnk go 1914 ftZu pkekfJdk jcasktoh j' frnk. T[;/ ;kb ekwk rkNk wko{ d/ jZe ftZu b/y fbyD pdb/ i[owkBk bZrD *s/ pzd j' frnk. wro'A n?~;Hn?~;H uoB f;zzx nyapko SZv rJ/. ;zB 1919 ftZu wskp f;zx *pho* B/ fJj gZso w[V ikoh ehsk go T[;/ ;kb rowk^row b/y fbyD pdb/ bZr/ i[owkB/ ekoB fco pzd j' frnk. fJ; s'A brgr 28 ;kb pknd 1947 ftZu GkJh wskp f;zx B/ fJ; B{z fco SkgDk nozfGnk s/ wro'A T[BQK d/ g[Zso r[ouoB f;zx *;kyh* phHJ/H B/ th fJ; B{z ikoh oZfynk. fJj nyapko Bfozdo gq?~;

Bkwh Skg/ykB/ s'A SZgdh ;h.

184H Gkos (fjzd[;skB) s'A pkjo'A SgD tkbk gqEw gzikph nyapko fejVk ;h< ikD gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL ;zB 1913 ftZu nwohek ftZu rdo gkoNh dh ekfJwh s'A pknd fJ; gkoNh B/ ;K coKf;;e' (e?bhc'oBhnK) s'A bkbk jofdnkb n?wHJ/H, w"bth poes[Zbk s/

frnkBh GrtkB f;zx *gqhsw* d/ :sBK Bkb *fjzd[;skB rado* Bkw dk nyapko nozfGnk i' brksko 1949 sZe SZgdk fojk. gfjbh ;z;ko izr t/b/ fJj nyapko 08 ia[pkBK ftZu soiwK j' e/ SZgdk ;h. fJ; gZso d/ ;zgkde bkbk jofdnkb s/

GrtkB f;zx *gqhsw* s'A fJbktk gzvs okw uzdo, GkJh g{oB f;zx s/ ihHphHbkb th oj/. *fjzd[;skB rado* id'A 01 nes{po 1949 B{z pzd j'fJnk sK T[; t/b/ d/ ;zgkde frnkBh GrtkB f;zx *gqhsw* dh ;zgkdBk j/m wkf;e gZso *BtK i[r* bk; J/Aifb;

(e?bhc'oBhnK) s'A nozG j'fJnk ;h i' E'VQh d/o jh uZfbnk.

185H *r[od[nkok riaN* eh j?< fJ; d/ ;zgkde e"D^e"D oj/ jB <

T[~soL Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh, nzfwqs;o tZb'A fJj gZso wkou, 1928 ftZu ikoh ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; ew/Nh d/ iao{oh n?bkBBkw/, ws/, ekotkJhnK, nkwdB^y[od d/ fuZm/ s/ Xkofwe b/y Sgd/ jB. nr;s, 1947 ftZu ca;kdK ekoB fJj e[M fuo pzd fojk go w[V nr;s 1948 s'A j[D sZe brksko ikoh j?. fJ; d/

;zgkde ;odko i?wb f;zx, ;odko ot/b f;zx, ;odko w[pkoe f;zx, frnkBh ;akdh f;zx, ;odko fgnkok f;zx *gdw* s/ ;odko ;/te f;zx nkfd oj/ jB.

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gq;aB p?Ae^XII Pq/DhA^whvhnk ;NZvhia 186H *gzikph d[BhnK* fej' fijk gZso j?< ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL gzikph p'bh s/ ;kfjs d/ tkX/ fjZs wkou, 1950 ftZu gfNnkb/ dh g?g;{

(gfNnkbk n?Av Jh;N gzikp ;N/N; :{BhnB^ PEPSU) ;oeko d/ gzikph ftGkr B/

fJj wk;e gZso nozfGnk ;h. fJ;d/ gqEw ;zgkde frnkBh bkb f;zx, ;jkfJe vkfJo?eNo, wfjewk gzikph s/ T[g ;zgkde ;odko fgnkok f;zx *gdw* ;B. wro'A vkH ihs f;zx ;hsb, ;q dbhg f;zx, ;odko eg{o f;zx x[zwD, ;odko ofizdo f;zx G;hB nkfd th fJ; d/ ;zgkde oj/. fJj gZso ft;a/;a ;kfjse nzeK dh fJZe nZvoh gozgok ekfJw oZydk j'fJnk BthnK bhjK *s/ brksko ikoh j?. j[D fJ;dk eosk Xosk Gk;ak ftGkr, gzikp dk w[Zy dcaso j? i' gfNnkb/ ;fEs j?.

187H o'iakBk nyapko *nki eh pks* eh ;h< ikD ^gSkD eotkU <

T[~soL fjzd^gkfe tzv d/ ;w/A 29 nr;s, 1947 B{z nzfwqs;o s'A gqekf;as j'D tkb/

fJ; o'iakBk *nki eh pks* ftZu gZSwhA^gzikp s'A T[~iV e/ nkJ/ b'eK dhnK yapok SgdhnK ;B. gzikph, T[od{ s/ fjzdh ftZu gqek;as j[zdh fJ; gZso B{z nzfwqs;o dh

;aoBkoEh^;/tk ew/Nh w[cas tzvdh ;h. fJ; d/ w[Zy ;zgkde Pqh Uw gqek;a s/ T[g

;zgkde ekek wfjzdo f;zx B[;afjok s/ ;q r[odhg f;zx tvkbk ;B. ;odko fgnkok f;zx *gdw* th e[M fuo fJ;d/ ;zgkde oj/. fJj gouk pj[s wep{b j'fJnk go

;zB 1947 d/ nzs sZe Gkt e[M wjhB/ jh uZb ;fenk.

188H gzikph ftZu w[Yb/ fcabwhA gou/ fejV/ ;B< ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL fcabwh^d[BhnK pko/ gfjbk ;[fuZsos gouk jo fszB wjhB/ pknd nzfwqs;o'A SgD tkbk o;kbk *fcabwh ;zuko* ;h i' nr;s 1952 s'A Pqh ihH;hH ;keh dh

;zgkdBk s/ d'^w?Apoh ;bkjeko p'ov fi; ftZu ;q irihs f;zx godhg s/ ;q r[ofdnkb f;zx ;j'sk ;akwb ;B, dh d/y^o/y ftZu nozG j'fJnk ;h. fJ; ftZu fJeKrh, BkNe, ejkDhnK, fcabwh rhs, fcabwh yapoK, ndkekoK ns/ j'o ebkekoK d/ ihtB ;pzXh b/y Sgd/ ;B. fJj o;kbk 60 ;fcanK dk j[zdk ;h ns/ brgr fJZe djke/ sZe Sgdk fojk.

fcabwh d[BhnK pko/ fJZe j'o fszB wk;e o;kbk *fcabwh pjko* iBtoh 1953, s'A ;q sob'e f;zx frnkBh dh ;zgkdBk dh j/m S/joNk nzfwqs;o s'A nozG j'fJnk. fJ;

dk ;bkjeko p'ov 06 w?Apoh ;h, fi; d/ w[yh gzikph BkNeeko r[ofdnkb f;zx ih ca[Zb ;B. ;q sob'e f;zx nkg fcabwh d[BhnK ns/ ;pzXs ebktK Bkb uzrk o;{ya oZyd/ ;B. fJ; o;kb/ dh SgD ;wZroh gfjb/ o;kb/ fijh jh ;h go M[ekn fcabwh

;wZroh tZb tX//o/ ;h. fJj o;kbk brgr v/Y djkek gqek;as j' e/ pzd j' frnk.

jkbKfe 1960 ftnK ftZu fJj wk;e th j' frnk ;h.

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189H iBob w'jD f;zx (nkiakd fjzd ca"i) ih tZb'A nozG/ rJ/ jcasktkoh gou/ pko/

ikD gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL nkiakd fjzd ca"i d/ w[yh oj/ iBob ;q w'jD f;zx ih B/ ;zB 1948 ftZu b[fXnkD/ s'A fJZe ;gskje nyapko *gzikph gZfsqek* nozfGnk ;h.fJ; d/ ;zgkde ;q

;{pk f;zx n?wHJ/H ;B i' e[M fuo nyapko *jKr^eKr* fBT{ia ftZu th ezw eod/ oj/

;B. ;kY/ fszB e[ ;kb uZb/ fJ; gZso ftZu iBob w'jD f;zx s'A fJbktk eoBb r[opya;a f;zx fYZb'A ns/ pofbB ne?vwh ;g?;afb;N egskB Bkjo f;zx th ekbw fbyd/ ;B. fJ; nyapko d/ ;zgkde vkH r[oBkw f;zx Xho ns/ T[BQK d/ Goksk GkJh

;aaw;a/o f;zx *;o''i* th oj/.

190H gqEw r[ow[yah nyapko d/ ;zgkde gq' r[ow[y f;zx ih Bkb ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL r[ow[y f;zx ih dk iBw ngo?b 1849, ftZu eg{oEbk fty/ j'fJnk. nkg ih d/ fgsk ih GkJh t;ktk f;zx fgzv uzdVQ fiabQk r[ZioKtkbk d/ tk;h ;B i' gfjbK bkj"o ftZu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx ns/ c/o eg{oEbk d/ okik oDXho f;zx s/ ezto fpeow f;zx d/ o;'Jhnk oj/ ;B. ezto fpeow f;zx B/ jh GkJh ;kfjp dh skbhw dk gqpzX ehsk ns/ wro'A r[ow[y f;zx ih B/ ;oekoh ekbi bkj"o s'A T[~u ftfdnk jk;b ehsh. GkJh ;kfjp d/ fdb ftZu e"w dh ;/tk ftfdnk d/ g;ko ns/ gZsoekoh dk ;a"e nozG s'A jh ;h ns/ g?o^g?o shpo j[zdk frnk. nkg ih B/ ;zB 1880, ftZu f;zx ;Gk bfjo dk w[ZY pzfBQnk. r[ow[y f;zx ih nzfwqs;o dk yakb;k ekbi 1893) ekfJw eoB tkfbnK ftZu'A w'Yh ;B. T[BQK B/ r[ow[yh nyapko (1880) ftfdnkoe gzikp (1881), ;[Xkoe (1885), yakb;k riaN (1885) s/ yakb;k nyapko (1885) nozG/ ns/ BthA gZsoekoh B{z iBw fdZsk. nkg Uohn?ANb ekbi bkj"o ftZu gq'ca?;o ns/ gzikph p'bh d/ w[ZYb/ tkose fbykoh ;B. nkg ih dk d/jKs 19 ;szpo 1898, B{z gfNnkbk fonk;s d/ fJbke/ ezvk xkN d/ fgzv ;qhBro fty/ j'fJnk.

191H Gkos dh niakdh bJh bVd/ fe;/ uko nkr{nK ns/ T[BQK tZb'A nozG/ nyapkoK d/

Bkw fby'.

T[~soL 01H w'jBdk; eow uzd rKXh (wjkswk rKXh) :zr fJzvhnk s/ johiB

02H w[jzwd nbh fiBkj jwdod

03H wdB w'jB wkbthnk bhvo

04H itkjo bkb Bfjo{ B?;aBb j?obv

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192H bkj"o s'A *fNqfpT{B* dh P[o{nks pko/ fJZe B'N fby/ e/ ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL fNqfpT{B dh P[o{nks ;zB 1881, ftZu nkfonk ;wkih ;q fdnkb f;zx wihmhnk B/ ehsh ;h. fJ; d/ gfjb/ ;zgkde ;hsbk eKs u?Noih ;B ns/ fpgB uzdo gkb T[g ;zgkde (;p^n?vhNo) ti'A ezw eod/ j'J/ nkgDh ;Nhe b/yDh Bkb fNqfpT{B dh g?Am pBkT[D ftZu ekw:kp oj/. T[BQK fJZe ;kb s'A xZN ;wK jh ezw ehsk ns/ fco nbcaov B{vh T[BQK dk ;EkB fbnk. ;zB 1911, ftZu nbkjkpkd s'A bhvo d/ ;zgkde Br/Ado BkE r[gsk nk e/ fNqfpT{B d/ ;zgkde pD/ ns/ fNqfpT{B ftZu nrbk m'; ekoi 12 d;zpo, 1917 B{z ;zgkde pD/ ekbhBkE o/n B/ ehsk. fJ;

pzrkbh w{b d/ ftnesh dh ;[szso ;'u ns/ noEGog{o fbyD ;a?bh B/ fNqfpT{B B{z ssekbh Gkosh nkr{nK ftZu th wep{b pDk fdZsk ;h. Pqh o/n 11 wkou, 1943 sZe

;zgkde oj/ ns/ ftrVdh f;js s/ ;oekoh ipo ekoB pzrkb gos rJ/. T[j Btzpo 1944, s'A d;zpo 1945, sZe w[V fNqfpT{B d/ ;zgkde pD/ ns/ S/sh pknd

;tortk; j' rJ/. fNqfpT{B tzv d/ G/N ufVQnk ns/ 40 fdB pzd ofjD wro'A f;awb/

s'A SgD bZrk. wJh 1948, ftZu fNqfpT{B dk w[ekw nzpkbk pfDnk ns/ fco ;zB 1969 s'A *fd fNqfpT{B* d/ Bkw j/m uzvhrVQ gZek fNekDk pDk fbnk.

193H f;tb n?Av fwbNoh riaN eh ;h, ;zy/g ikDekoh fdU.

T[~soL f;tb n?Av fwbNoh riaN f;awbk s'A nozfGnk frnk jcasktoh nzro/iah nyapko ;h i' fe ;zB 1845, ftZu nkrok d/ nyapko *wc;bkJhN* Bkb oba frnk go ;zB 1876, ftZu bkj"o s'A w[V gqek;as j'D bZrk ns/ fco nbkjkpkd dk

*gkfJUBho* fJ; ftZu oba frnk. fJj ;ko/ nyapko Gkos ftZu tZ;d/ poskBthnK bJh Sgd/ ;B. o[fdnov fegfbzr B/ 17 ;kbK dh T[wo ftZu bkj"o s'A Sgd/ f;tb n?Av fwbNoh riaN bJh jh b/y fbyD/ nozG/ ;B. fegfbzr B/ ;zB 1887, sZe riaN Bkb ezw ehsk ns/ fco nbkjkpkd s'A w[V nozG/ rJ/ *gkfJUBho* dk ;jkfJe

;zgkde pD e/ bkj"o'A ubk frnk. bkj"o ftZu riaN d/ w[ekpb/ T[; t/b/ fNqfpT{B th nozG j' u[Zek ;h.

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194H gq?Z; e"A;b nkca fJzvhnk eh j?, ikD^gSkD eotkU.

T[~soL Gkos d/ gfjb/ gq?Z; efw;aB (1952^54) dh f;cako;a *s/ gq?~; dh nkiakdh B{z ekfJw oZyfdnK nyapkoK, yapo J/iz;hnK s/ gZsoekoK bJh T[BQK d/ ekoiK ;pzXh fB:wKtkbh fsnko ns/ bkr{ eoB fjZs ;zB 1966, ftZu gq?~; e"A;b dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ;h. gq?~; e"A;b, poskBthA gq?~; e"A;b dh soia T[~s/ pDkJh rJh go Gkosh gq?~; e"A;b B/ f;ZX/ s"o *s/ e'Jh th fB:w^ekB{zB fsnko eoB iK eotkT[D dh EK ;zpXs fXoK dhnK f;aekfJsK d/ fBgNko/ eofdnK gq?~; d/ ;t?^ezNo'b *s/ jh ia'o fdZsk j?. Gkos d/ d{;o/ gq?~; efw;aB (1981) B/ nkgDh fog'oN ftZu gq?~; e"A;b d/

ekoiYzr dh gq'VQsk sK ehsh go d/;a ftZu nzd{oBh n?woi?A;h (1975^77) bZrD d/

w"e/ ns/ T[; s'A pknd th gq?~; e"A;b nkgD/ ekoi y/so ftZu e'Jh pj[sk gqGkt;akbh o'b ndk BjhA eo ;eh. nkb fJzvhnk fBT{iag/go n?vhNoia ekBcaoz; (1953) dh gZsoekoK bJh 15 B[eksh fB:wKtbh s/ 08 B[eksh n?vhNoia ukoNo ns/

fBT{iag/go n?vhNoia e'v nkca n?fEe; cako fog'ofNzr (1968) tX/o/ ekoro f;ZX j'J/ jB. gq?~; e"A;b dk w[yh ;[gohw e'oN dk e'Jh foNkfJov iZi j[zdk j?. nZieZbQ (;zB 2022) g?q~; e"A;b d/ w[yh i;fN; (foNL) uzdow"bh e[wko gq;kd jB.

195H Photography iK s;thoK dk nyapko ftZu eh o'b j[zdk j?< fNgDh eo'.

T[~soL ;kvhnK fiankdso nyapkoK s;thoK nkfd dh tos'A T[; gqeko BjhA eo ojhnK fi; gqeko T[j nyapkoK B{z s;thoK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb tX/o/ gqGkt;akbh pDk

;edhnK jB. uhB dk fJZe nykD j?, *fJZe tXhnk s;tho T[j ftyk ;edh j? i' fJZe jiako ;apd th g{oh soQK BjhA dZ; ;ed/.* tXhnk s;thoK fe;/ xNBk nkfd B{z fpBK ftnkfynk d/ jh wB[Zyh wB ftZu Skg fdzdhnK jB. yak;eo nBgVQ ftnesh sK s;thoK d/ iaohJ/ jh tX/o/ uzrk gVQ ;ed/ j[zd/ jB. ;kvhnK nyapkoK tXhnk s;thoK dh EK fJ;afsjkoK B{z d/ fdzdhnK jB ns/ fizBk e[ EK s;thoK B{z fdZsk iKdk j?, T[j s;thoK dh do;[Zs ftnkfynk (e?g;aB) dh nDj'Ad ftZu pj[shnK gqGkt;akbh BjhA ofj iKdhnK.

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196H gzikph nyapkoK d/ e[M nfij/ ;zgkdeK d/ Bkw dZ;' i' fJZe s'A tZX nyapkoK d/

;zgkde oj/ jB<

T[~soL 1H pofizdo f;zx *jwdod* gzikph fNqfpT{B s/ nihs 2H r[biako f;zx ;zX{ gzikph fNqfpT{B s/ d/;a ;/te 3H joGiB f;zx *jbtkoth* gzikph fNqfpT{B s/ nZi dh nktkia 4H f;arkok f;zx G[Zbo gzikph fNqfpT{B s/ gzikph ikroD 5H tfozdo f;zx tkbhnk gzikph fNqfpT{B s/ gzikph ikroD

197H gzikph dhnK gqw[Zy nyapkoK d/ w"i{dk ;zgkdeK d/ Bkw fby'.

T[~soL 1H o'iakBk nihs ^okfizdo f;zx (pofizdo f;zx) 2H gzikph fNqfpT{B ^;toki pho f;zx

3H gzikph ikroD^ tfozdo f;zx tkbhnk 4H irpkDh^ nkoHn?;H i"bh

5H ;g'e;w?B^ ofizdo f;zx (i'frzdo f;zx)

198H gzikp ftZu fejV/ fjzdh nyapko gqubs jB<

T[~soL gzikp e/;oh, nwo T[ikbk, d?fBe ikroD, d?fBe ;t/ok, d?fBe Gk;eo nkfd.

199H gzikp ftZu fejV/ nzro/iah nyapko gqubs jB<

T[~soL fd fNqfpT{B, fJzvhnB n?e;gq?;, fjzd';skB NkJhwia, NkJhwia nkca fJzvhnk nkfd.

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200H gzikp d/ e'Jh 05 gqw[Zy nyapkoK d/ Bkw *s/ T[BQK d/ gqek;aB ;EkB fby'.

T[~soL 01H The Tribune- uzvhrVQ (HQ), r[o{rqkw, ibzXo, pfmzvk 02H o'iakBk nihs^ ibzXo (HQ), uzvhrVQ, pfmzvk

03H gzikph fNqfpT{B^ uzvhrVQ (HQ), r[o{rqkw, ibzXo, pfmzvk 04H gzikp e/;oh^ uzvhrVQ, ibzXo (HQ), b[fXnkDk, pfmzvk, izw{

05H gzikph ikroD^ ibzXo (HQ), uzvhrVQ

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