CRIME PREVENTION

CRIMINOLOGY

CRIME PREVENTION

Environmental Crime Prevention (CPTED)

PERSONAL DETAILS

Role Name Affiliation

Principal Investigator

Prof.(Dr.)G.S.Bajpai Registrar

National Law University Delhi

Prof.(Dr.) Beulah

Shekhar

Head, Dept of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manaonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli

Content Writer

Dr Rufus.D Assistant Professor, Dept of Criminology and Police Studies, Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice –Jodhpur

Content Reviewer Dr Upma Gautam Assistant Professor, USLLS, GGSIP University, Delhi

DESCRIPTION OF MODULES

Subject Criminology

Paper

Crime Prevention

Module Title

Environmental Crime Prevention- CPTED

Module ID

11

Prerequisites

Crime Prevention, CPTED , Principles of CPTED

Learning Objectives

To familiarize the learners with Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

To make the learners to understand the Principles of CPTED.

To acquaint the learners with the benefits and practical implications of CPTED

Key Words

CPTED, Natural Access Control, Natural Surveillance ,

Territorial Reinforcement , Maintenance , Activity Support,

Target Hardening

TABLE OF CONTENTS Order of

the Content

Particulars of the Content

1 Introduction

2 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) 3 Major Principles of CPTED

3.1 Natural Surveillance

3.1.1 Idea: Visual Connection Improves Natural Surveillance 3.1.2 Examples of Natural Surveillance

3.2 Natural / Active Access Control

3.2.1 Idea: Create perception of Risk to Deny Access of Likely Offenders 3.2.2 Examples of Access Control

3.3 Territorial Reinforcement

3.3.1 Idea :Territorial Influence enhances Sense of Ownership 3.3.2 Examples of Territorial Reinforcement

3.3.3 Ideal CPTED Design

3.4 Maintenance and Management

3.4.1 Idea: Maintenance Expresses Ownership and Non-Maintenance Permits Vandalism

3.4.2 Examples of Maintenance and Management 3.5 Activity Support

3.5.1 Idea: Continuous Activity Discourage Likely Offenders Desire 3.5.2 Examples of Activity Support

3.6 Target Hardening

3.6.1 Idea : Hardening target, Lessening Crime 3.6.2 Examples of Target Hardening

4 Model guidelines for CTPED

5 General Stages in CPTED Design and Planning Process 6 Community Benefits of CPTED

6.1 Benefits to the Urban /City Corporation 6.2 Benefits to the Law Enforcement/Police 6.3 Benefits to the Residents/Public 7 Practical Implication of CPTED

8 Summary

References

1. Introduction

The environmental approach seeks to change the specific characteristics of the environment that may cause criminal events to occur. This includes both situational approaches to crime prevention and broader planning initiatives, and aims to reduce crime by designing and/or modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur (Sutton, Cherney & White 2008). For example, such techniques include designing public spaces or housing to make it more difficult for people to break equipment or enter buildings without permission, or marking products so that they can be identified if they are stolen. Other examples include the use of closed-circuit television to protect car parks or the development of pedestrian pavements, gardens and seats in a public area to encourage greater public use, with increased surveillance of that public space (Handbook on Crime Prevention Guidelines, 2010).

Situational crime prevention is also closely associated with environmental crime prevention and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), which is more specifically concerned with changes to the built environment or landscape.

CPTED is a strategy, mechanism of environmental crime prevention. As pointed out by Cozens, Saville & Hillier (2005), Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is one of the most popular urban planning strategies for improving safety in cities. The major purpose of CPTED is to deter potential criminals by modifying urban environments. It is based on the urban design and environmental psychology belief that human behavior can be influenced by the surrounding environment. Nowadays, CPTED is often used to renovate declining neighborhoods that suffer from crime.

1.1. Learning Objectives

1. To familiarize the learners with Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

2. To make learners to understand the principles of CPTED.

3. To acquaint the learners with the benefits and practical implications of CPTED

2. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

The term Crime Prevention through Environmental Design(CPTED) was originally coined by Dr. C. Ray Jeffery in his book of the same title nearly four decades ago(Cozens,2011).Further, his concept was well extended by Oscar Newman, an Architect, in his 1972 work "Defensible Spaces: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design"(Cook,n.d.). CPTED General Guidelines for Designing Safer Communities (2000) defines Crime Prevention through Environmental Design-CPTED, is the proper design and effective use of the built environment that leading to a reduction in the incidence and fear of crime, and an improvement in the quality of life (also cited in, Crowe, 2000, p. 46). CPTED is commonly pronounced as “sep-ted”.

Correspondingly, Office of Neighborhood Involvement Crime Prevention Program(2015) describes Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (“CPTED”) is the design, maintenance of places and things, and use of the built environment in order to enhance quality of life and to reduce both the criminal incidence and fear of crime. An effective design generally targets the location of the criminal activities or the vulnerable places for crime to occur.

Crime Prevention is defined as the anticipation, recognition and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of some action to remove or reduce it. CPTED takes crime prevention one step further by studying the site design and working with the community development and public development agencies in an attempt to create safer designs in new and existing developments.

CPTED is complementary to, and inter-related with, CPSD(Crime Prevention through Social Development) strategies as people live in the built environment and the built environment influences how people behave. CPTED is based on the premise that crimes are opportunistic and contextual. Disorder, nuisance and criminal behaviour can be facilitated by poorly planned and designed space, leading to actual opportunities for crime, as well as increased levels of fear (Nova Scotia Community Prevention Guide,n.d.).

Through the effective use of CPTED principles, crime, nuisance behaviour and the fear of crime can be reduced. Application of CPTED principles to new developments

prevents future problems, and using CPTED enhances problem-solving capability for existing developments.

3. Major Principles of CPTED

The environments which require CPTED are varied such as single family homes, multi-family homes, neighbourhood, educational centers, commercial complex, shopping malls, office buildings, industries, parking structures, commercial drive- through, ATMs, etc. CPTED involves the balanced application of some major principles discussed below . These principles support the design, construction, and utilization processes of an environment to effectively implement CPTED.

Picture 1: Key Principles of CPTED 3.1. Natural Surveillance

Natural Surveillance is a design concept directed primarily at keeping intruders under observation. It utilizes design features to increase the visibility of a property or building. The proper placement and design of windows, lighting, and landscaping increases the ability of those who care to observe intruders as well as regular users, and thus provides the opportunity to challenge inappropriate behavior or report it to the police or the property owner. When natural surveillance is used to its greatest advantage, it maximizes the potential to deter crime by making the offender‟s behavior more easily noticeable to a passing individual, police patrol, or private security detail (General Guidelines for Designing Safer Communities,2010).

Picture 2: Building with Windows, Porches, and Balconies for Natural Surveillance

3.1.1. Idea: Visual Connection Improves Natural Surveillance

To ensure the natural surveillance, it is unavoidable to improve a good visual connection between residential and/or commercial units and public environments such as streets, common areas, parks, sidewalks, parking areas and alleys. Place activity rooms such as kitchens, living/family rooms and lobbies to allow for good viewing of parking, streets and/or common areas. Managers, doormen, attendants, and security personnel should have extensive views of these areas.

3.1.2. Examples of Natural Surveillance

For example, Natural surveillance is generally achieved by the use of appropriate lighting, low or see-through fencing or landscaping, the removal of areas that offer concealment, and the placement of windows, doors, and walkways to provide the opportunity for easy observation of surrounding areas by responsible users of property (Office of Neighborhood Involvement Crime Prevention Program,2015).

3.2. Natural / Active Access Control

It is a design features that clearly indicate public routes and discourage access to private structural elements. These features decrease an opportunity for crime by creating in an offender a perception of unacceptable risk when attempting access to private areas, which marks the stranger as a possible intruder (Krehnke,2009). Thus this concept directed primarily at decreasing criminal accessibility, especially into

areas where a person with criminal intent would not easily be seen by others (Office of Neighborhood Involvement, 2015).

Picture 3: Guards at Access Control

3.2.1. Idea: Create perception of Risk to Deny Access of Likely Offenders The primary thrust of an access control strategy is to deny access to a crime target and to create a perception of risk to offenders. Denial of access to target shall be achieved through creating design features include a highly visible gate ,placement of entrances and exits to be used by authorized persons, or fencing to discourage unwanted access into private space or into dark or unmonitored areas, landscaping to control traffic flow, and usage door and window locks, etc.

3.2.2. Examples of Access Control

Natural access control employs elements like doors, shrubs, fences, and gates to deny admission to a crime target and to create a perception among offenders that there is a risk in selecting the target. Physical and mechanical means of access control-locks, bars, and alarms can supplement natural access control measures if needed. A fence around a neighborhood playground is an example of an access control measure that protects children from wandering off and inhibits entry of potential offenders (General Guidelines for Designing Safer Communities, 2010).

3.3. Territorial Reinforcement

Territoriality refers the design of the physical environment to extend a perceived sense of influence or territory. People taking ownership of their surroundings makes it more difficult for offenders to carry out crimes or disorder. In fact, the features of this design clearly indicate public and private structural elements of a property. So the individuals can develop a sense of territoriality for a space with frequent activities in an area, a sense of ownership. With this feeling of ownership an individual is likely to defend his environment.

This ownership does not necessarily mean legal ownership; but it is a perceived ownership, such as the sense of ownership that employees feel for the office in which they work , and students feel for the university where they study. The sense of territory and ownership by an individual is reinforced through regularly scheduled activities, inspections, and maintenance.

Picture 4. Public & Private Zones Well Defined

3.3.1. Idea :Territorial Influence enhances Sense of Ownership

People take more interest in something they own or when they feel intrinsically involved. Therefore, the environment should be designed to clearly delineate private spaces. Territorial reinforcement helps users to exhibit signs of “ownership” that

send “hands off” messages to potential offenders. Thus the concept of territorial reinforcement suggests that physical design can create or extend a sphere of territorial influence and potential offenders perceive that territorial influence.

3.3.2. Examples of Territorial Reinforcement

Features of territoriality includes the use of low walls, defined entries, balconies and terraces, see-through screening , signage, landscape and paving patterns to clearly define the space around a unit entry as belonging to (and the responsibility of) the residents of the unit.

3.3.3. Ideal CPTED Design

The above three principles of Natural Surveillance, Access Control, and Territoriality can be expressed in a three methods ,such as i) natural/passive manner (designed- in, not requiring any active effort on the part of responsible users), ii) an organized/active manner (planned activities or routines), and iii) a mechanical manner (installing additional equipment to achieve the principle for e.g. locks, security systems, alarms, and monitoring equipment). However, Natural/passive CPTED designed into a space before it is even built, is the ideal. The other important principles associated to the CPTED are maintenance and management , activity and target hardening.

3.4. Maintenance and Management

Maintenance is the responsibility of the owners, operators and occupants. Proper maintenance protects the public health, safety and welfare in all existing structures, residential and nonresidential, and on all existing premises by establishing minimum requirements and acceptable standards (General Guidelines for Designing Safer Communities,2010). Otherwise, failure to maintain property, its management parallel, and the failure to stop harmful use of property will rapidly undermine the impact of even the best CPTED design elements. While CPTED principles supplement effective maintenance and management practices, they cannot make up for the negative impacts of ineffective management (Office of Neighborhood Involvement, 2015).

Picture5(a).Well Maintained Environment Picture 5(b).Poorly Maintained Environment

3.4.1. Idea: Maintenance Expresses Ownership and Non-Maintenance Permits Vandalism

Maintenance and management allows for the continued use of a space for its intended purpose. Deterioration and blight indicate less concern and control by the intended users of a site and indicate less ownership involvement which can result in more vandalism, as known as the Broken Window Theory. If a window is broken and remains unfixed for a length of time, vandals will break more windows. Crime is more prevalent in areas that are not maintained; as a result law-abiding persons do not feel safe and do not want to frequent those areas.

3.4.2. Examples of Maintenance and Management

Damaged fencing, overgrown hedges, litter and debris, broken windows, as well as such factors as inattentive or overly-permissive management practices will attract likely offenders. Other side, the enhancement, maintenance and management of the built environment encourages the users of the area to respect their surroundings (e.g., removing graffiti and litter, avoiding overgrowth of hedge, fixing inoperative lighting, installing good locks, trimming trees, and exterior lighting at night and keep it all in working order).

3.5. Activity Support

Activity support can be achieved by designing a built environment or signage in a way that promotes the intended use of a public space through so-called “safe activities” (Cozens, Saville, & Hillier, 2005). The basic assumption of activity support is that crime can be deterred in spaces where a variety of activities continuously take place and attract people. Both natural surveillance and territoriality can be achieved by promoting more activities in public spaces.

Picture 6: Regulating Legitimate Users Ensures Activity Support to the Environment

 Idea: Continuous Activity Discourage Likely Offenders Desire

Activity support involves both passive and active efforts to promote the presence of responsible pedestrian users in a given area, thus increasing the community value of the area, while discouraging actions by likely offenders who desire anonymity for their actions.

3.5.1. Examples of Activity Support

Passive examples are design elements that make an area appealing to appropriate pedestrian use, such as attractive landscaping, safety from car traffic, and public art.

Active examples involve scheduling events for an area to attract appropriate users, such as picnics, concerts, children‟s play groups, or sports events. Research studies

found that well-used streets and bustling sidewalks were safer from violent crimes than deserted spaces.

3.6. Target Hardening

Target hardening is a process wherein an environment is made into a more difficult or less attractive target. This technique is the opposite of "natural" which reflects crime prevention as a by-product from normal and routine use of an environment.

The use of mechanical devices, and organized crime prevention strategies make an area harder to access but may have a tendency to make the inhabitants "feel" unsafe (Otterstatter,n.d). Target hardening increases the efforts that offenders must expend in the commission of a crime and is the most long-established and traditional approach to crime prevention.

Picture 7: Use of Mechanical Devices in Hardening Target by Reducing Attraction

3.6.1. Idea : Hardening target, Lessening Crime

It can be seen that target hardening often happens after crime has been committed.

But after hardening any target either through either mechanical devices or through other preventive strategies, the success rate of unauthorized accessing property or completing a crime is declining.

3.6.2. Examples

The use of mechanical devices (locks, security systems, alarms, and monitoring equipment, e.g. CCTV) and organized crime prevention strategies (security patrols,

law enforcement) make an area harder to access but may have a tendency to make the inhabitants "feel" unsafe.

4. Model guidelines for CTPED

The actual implementation of CPTED principles is dependent on the design of the physical space which requires it. Therefore, the implementation of some CPTED principles without consideration for the space and its use may not result in the desired results. Use the illustrative guidelines noted below cautiously and within the perspective of a unified, professional design (Krehnke,2009). When considering the design of an area, the present and future uses need to be considered.

4.1. Natural Surveillance

i. Fully illuminate all doorways that open to the outside.

ii. The front door to the building should be at least partially visible from the street.

iii. Install windows on all sides of the building to provide full visibility of the property.

iv. Construct elevators and stairwells to be open and well-lighted, not enclosed behind solid walls.

v. Provide appropriate illumination to doorways that open to the outside and sidewalks.

vi. Select and install appropriate landscaping that will allow unobstructed views of vulnerable doors and windows from the street and other properties. Avoid landscaping that might create blind spots.

vii. Use security-focused, rather than aesthetically pleasing, lighting that enables pedestrians to see clearly and to identify potential threats at night. For example, high or low pressure sodium vapor lights can provide evenly distributed lighting that reduces patches of darkness at the ground level and enables the human eye to pick up details, with reduced energy consumption.

viii. Make parking areas visible from windows and doors.

ix. Ensure signs in the front windows of businesses and commercial storefronts do not cover the windows or block necessary views of the exterior space.

x. Position restrooms in office buildings to be visible from nearby offices.

xi. Keep dumpsters visible and avoid creating blind spots or hiding places, or place them in secured corrals or garages.

4.2. Natural Access Control

i. Use signs to direct visitors or patrons to building entrances and parking.

ii. In a business or institution, require visitors to pass through a "checkpoint"

attended by those in authority; e.g., receptionist, guard.

iii. Locate check-out counters at the front of the store, clearly visible from the outside.

iv. Provide clearly marked transitional zones that indicate movement from public to semipublic to private spaces.

v. Install paving treatments, plantings, and architectural design features, such as columned gateways, to direct visitors to the proper entrance and away from private areas.

vi. Design streets to discourage cut-through or high-speed traffic.

vii. Install walkways in locations safe for pedestrians, and keep them unobstructed.

viii. Keep balcony railings and patio enclosures less than 42 inches high and avoid using opaque materials.

ix. Block off dead-end spaces with fences or gates.

x. Prevent easy access to the roof or fire escape from the ground.

4.3. Territorial Reinforcement

i. Use front stoops or porches in homes to create a transitional area between the street and the home.

ii. Define property lines and private areas with plantings, pavement treatments, or partially see-through fences. Make private areas distinguishable from public areas.

iii. Use signage to identify and define areas.

iv. Separate employee parking from visitor parking and shipping and receiving areas.

4.4. Maintenance & Management

i. Keep trees and shrubs trimmed back from windows, doors and walkways.

Keep shrubs trimmed to 3 feet and prune lower branches of trees up to 7 feet to maintain clear visibility.

ii. Use exterior lighting at night and keep it in working order.

iii. Enforce deed restrictions and covenants, in addition to all county codes.

Disregard of these issues make a site appear uncared for and less secure.

iv. Maintain signs and fencing and remove graffiti promptly.

v. Maintain parking areas to high standards without potholes or trash.

Milieu/Management

vi. Interaction between neighbors is vital to the awareness of persons and activities in the area. Management may need to create opportunities for neighbors to get to know one another.

vii. If security systems are utilized, ensure all employees and other authorized persons are familiar with the security system to avoid false alarms.

viii. Set operating hours to coincide with those of neighboring businesses.

ix. Avoid shifts and situations where only one employee is present.

x. Fully illuminate interior spaces.

xi. Business associations should work together to promote shopper and business safety and the appearance of safety.

5. General Stages in CPTED Design and Planning Process

The following is a generic process that reflects key considerations in designing (Krehnke, 2009).

5.1. Pre-Design

Pre-Application Meeting: A pre-application meeting is required to discuss and review the expected land use before the design process begins.

5.2. Design

This stage is very significant one, as it is foundation for any effective CPTED efforts. This design stage has two processes; one is preparing schematic design and developing the design.

5.2.1. Schematic Design: This process of the design presents a list of the requirements regarding the intended uses of the property. This document includes the general site organization, including the building location, parking location, site entrances and exits, and building entrances and exits. The schematic design focuses on the decisions regarding access control measures, surveillance opportunities from various locations on and adjacent to the site, design details, and policies regarding use.

5.2.2. Design Development: This process of design lists the size and shape of buildings, parking, and other site features. Building structural features defined at this time include plumbing, lighting, and communications systems; and door and window types and locations. Here , the concerns of CPTED would have to be as like, What are the design influences with regard to opportunities for crime?. Other features that have to be considered are the placement of fences, walls, dumpsters, signs and graphics, and lighting.

5.3. Plan Submission and Plan Review

5.3.1. Plan Review: Relevant agencies such as law enforcement, traffic engineer, government approved building engineer, or CPTED-reviewer, urban development corporation, etc., review the plans with respect to compliance of pertinent ordinances or policies, and forward the plan for officials approval.

5.3.2. Plan Approval: Generally, the approval is a permit for proceed with the construction process. This step is very much required for large projects, such as

5.4. Construction Documentation

It includes the construction drawings and a manual of materials and product specifications. These documents are used to solicit bids for construction services and building materials and products, and to guide the site and building construction and installation of related materials. Here the CPTED concerns are: This documentation is beneficial in assessing the ability of a site and its buildings to reduce crime. The specifications manual can be useful in identifying problems that could result from the use of certain materials with regard to life expectancy and required maintenance.

5.5. Bidding and Negotiation

During Bidding and Negotiation the contractors may request material or product substitutions to reduce cost. Here, the CPTED concern shall be as,

„though the substitutions suggested by contractors "appear" to be beneficial to

the client, but it should not significantly reduce the ability of the resulting environment to reduce crime‟.

5.6. Construction

Observation of the construction activities throughout the construction process is vital to the success of the design to ensure that the design is true to the plan and the specified materials are used in the construction process.

5.7. Site Use-After Construction

The way that the property will be used when it is completed is as vital to the prevention of crime as its design, including the hours of activity and scheduling, assignment of space, property maintenance, and disciplinary code for violators.

CPTED concerns are: The implementation of CPTED principles by property owners, managers, and residents is necessary to the deterrence of crime and the sense of safety for the residents.

6. Community Benefits of CPTED

There are definite benefits to the utilization of CPTED principles in a community for urban/ city corporation, law enforcement and community residents. Largely, community residents are beneficiaries either directly or in other ways .Some of those listed in the Design Safer Communities Handbook are listed below(Krehnke, 2009):

6.1. Benefits to the Urban /City Corporation

a) Improved perception of safety and livability in public areas and neighborhoods

b) More revenue from safer and busier business districts

c) Increased use of public parks and recreation facilities by residents, etc.

6.2. Benefits to the Law Enforcement/Police

a) Increased opportunities to develop crime prevention partnerships with residents

b) Identification of potential crime problems in the community before they become serious

c) Recognition that crime prevention is everyone's responsibility, etc.

6.3. Benefits to the Residents/Public

a) Improved sense of security and quality of life through reduced fear of crime Increased interaction among residents and stronger neighborhood bonds b) New crime prevention and problem-solving skills

c) Enhanced knowledge of city government agencies and other resource, etc.

The implementation of CPTED principles can help support community crime prevention goals. The implementation of the principles, when considered early in the design process for a community, does not increase the costs to residents or business owners. The decision process for the review and acceptance of a CPTED project will generally not be lengthened. If CPTED principles conflict with local building and fire codes, then a trained CPTED professional should be consulted to identify suitable alternatives. In some circumstances in different countries , the community design groups have worked to modify the local codes for future projects, to incorporate the CPTED principles and further enhance the safety and use of environments in that community.

7. Practical Implication of CPTED

CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being implemented on a global scale. Additionally, individual components such as territoriality, surveillance, maintenance, access control, activity support and target‐hardening are being widely deployed. However, the evidence currently available is inconclusive and much criticized, which effectively prevents widespread intervention and investment by the governments (Cozens, Saville, & Hillier, 2005).

But an environment with CPTED design principles does not guarantee an absence of crime and vandalism. To be effective and truly implement the CPTED principles, the design (industrial) factors must be blended with the social (human) factors of the environment.

8. Summary

Although the concept -CPTED continues to evolve, traditional CPTED can be defined with the following concepts: natural surveillance, territoriality, access control, activity support, maintenance and management and target hardening which were discussed above. The one who influenced by the concept of natural surveillance would have a strong feeling that the safest urban place is one that is continuously watched by

human beings. Studies by Newman on American housing projects found that buildings and community designs that encouraged natural surveillance, especially by their own residents, were important for deterring crime. In keeping with CPTED, „a place with a close-knit social network can develop voluntary community guardianship.‟ A place that is continuously controlled by its own residents, who share a sense of community, can be more effective than police enforcement. Territorial attitude could act as an effective deterrent to potential crimes and that a semi-public community space surrounded by residential buildings would be important for developing territoriality. Activity support can be achieved by designing a built environment or signage in a way that promotes the intended use of a public space through so-called “safe activities”. The basic assumption of activity support is that crime can be deterred in spaces where a variety of activities continuously take place and attract people.

Both natural surveillance and territoriality can be achieved by promoting more activities in public spaces (Lee, Park &Jung, 2016). While effective design is an important part of good crime prevention, following through with consistent maintenance and management practices ensures that the designed-in elements keep their effectiveness. For CPTED principles to accomplish the goals of enhanced livability and better natural safety, each principle must work together with the others.

Balanced application of the CPTED principles is vital by taking in to account the nature and dimensions of the specific environment that needs crime prevention. Also, previous experience (Queensland Government 2007; NZ Ministry of Justice 2003) has shown that CPTED needs to be integrated as part of a broader crime prevention strategy targeting other risk factors and neighbourhood problems, which requires community involvement, partnerships and the coordination of activities; CPTED should be focused at both the macro and micro level, and should also be applied to both public initiatives and private developments, and involves careful management of the relationship between public and private space.

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