• No results found

(iii)It helps us to solve the problems of the present day world

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "(iii)It helps us to solve the problems of the present day world"

Copied!
29
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

History Chapter -1

What, Where, How and When

Short Notes

HISTORY: History is the study of past- specifically the people, societies, events etc.

WHY SHOULD WE STUDY HISTORY:

(i)We should study history as it tells us about our past.

(ii)It gives us understanding about our ancient culture and lifestyle.

(iii)It helps us to solve the problems of the present day world.

TIME FRAMES OF HISTORY:

(i)Historians use chronological sequence for a better understanding.

(ii)Any event before the birth of Christ is called Before christ(BC) and any event after the birth of Jesus is called Anno Domini(AD) i.e., ’ in the year of Our Lord’.

BC is also known as BCE(Before Common Era) and AD is also known as CE(Common Era) (iii)Timeline of history is divided into three stages –Prehistory, Protohistory and History.

(2)

WHERE DID PEOPLE LIVE:

(I)people lived near river valleys.This was because rivers provided water for all purposes.

(ii)Traces of life were found near Sulaiman and Kirtar hills in north west.

(iii)Traces of life even existed along Ganga. Mahajanapadas like Magadha ,kashi ,vajji etc flourished 2500 years ago.

(iv)The Himalayan mountain has acted as natural barrier between India and central Asia since ages.

NAMES OF THE LAND:

(I)Our country is called India and Bharat.

(ii)Bharat was used by the people of North India in the Sanskrit composition Rigveda.

(iii)The word Indus traces its roots from the river Indus which is called Sindhu in Sanskrit.

HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE PAST:

(I)Archaeologist and historians study several sources to tell us about the past. There are two sources – archaeological and literary.

Archaeology: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of physical remains.

(iii)Archaeologists use sources like monuments ,artefacts ,inscriptions and coins.

(iv)Handwritten or any other written record of the past is known as a literary source.

(v)Literary source include two types of literature- religious literature and secular literature STUDIED SOURCES OF HISTORY:

(i)There were two groups of people who studied history. One was called Archaeologist and the other group was called historians.

(ii)Archaeologist studied remains of buildings made of stones ,bricks ,paintings and sculptures.

(iii)The other group called historians were the people who studied the past and used information found in inscriptions, seals and scripts.

SOME IMPORTANT WORDS:

(I)Manuscripts- A document written by hand.

(ii)Inscriptions- An inscription is writing carved into something made of stone or metal.

(iii) Archaeology- The study of physical remains of human life in the past.

(3)

(iii) Archaeologist- A person who studies and analyses physical remains.

(iv)Excavation- The action of excavating something , especially an archaeological site.

(V)Decipherment- Discovery of the meaning of texts written in ancient or obscure languages or scripts.

EXERCISE(NCERT) Q1: Match the following.

(I) Narmada Valley Hunting and gathering (II) Magadha The first big kingdom (III) Garo hills Early agriculture (IV) Indus and its Tributaries The first cities

(V) Ganga Valley cities about 2500 years ago Q2: List one major difference between Manuscripts and Inscriptions.

Ans:One major difference between manuscripts and inscriptions is that:

Manuscripts are handwritten books/records of the past.They were usually found on palm leaves or barks of trees.

Inscriptions are writings engraved on hard surfaces such as stone or metal.

Q3: Return to Rasheeda’s question.Can you think of some answers to it.

Ans: One can know what had happened so many years ago through these ways:

Manuscript, Inscriptions, Old objects recovered from excavations.

Q4: Make a list of all the objects that archaeologists may find.Which of these could be made of stone?

Ans: The list of objects may include the remains of buildings, paintings ,Inscriptions, sculpture , Old manuscripts, Tools, Weapons, Pots, Ornaments, Coins, Bones etc.Out of the items mentioned, the following can be made up of stone:

The remains of buildings, sculpture ,tools, weapons ,pots etc

Q5: Why do you think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did?

Ans: Ordinary men and women did not keep a record of what they did because:

(i)They were unaware of the art of writing. Also, most of the literary works were written in Sanskrit which was not known to the common people.

(ii)They did not consider their simple lives of such importance that it had to be recorded.

(4)

(iii)Also, hiring a person to keep a record of one’s daily events would have been expensive.

Q6:Describe at least two ways in which you think the lives of kings would have been different from those of farmers.

Ans:Some ways in which the lives of kings would have been different from those of farmers are:

(i)The kings lived in palaces while the farmers lived in huts.

(ii)The kings fought battles to secure the lives of its subjects while the farmers produced food for their kings and the others.

(iii)The kings wore flashy clothes while the farmers could not afford these and hence wore simple clothes.

Q7:Find the word crafts persons on page1.List atleast five different crafts that you know about today.Are the crafts persons-(a)men (b)women (c) Both men and women?

Ans:Students will answer this question.

Q8:What were the subjects on which books were written in the past?Which of these would you like to read?

Ans:The subjects on which books were written in the past were as;

(i)Religious beliefs and practices.

(ii)Lives of Kings (III)Medicine (iv)Science (v) Poetry (vi)Drama (vii)Epics etc

The next part of the question has to be completed by students.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

HISTORY Chapter-Two

On The Trial Of The Earliest People

Short Notes

*Human life has evolved over millions of years.In early stages, men were hunters and food gatherers.

*They hunted wild animals ,fishes and gathered fruits ,nuts and seeds

*WHY DID THE EARLIEST PEOPLE LEAD A NOMADIC LIFE:

(I)If they stayed at one place, resources like plants and animal would finish.

(ii)Plants bear different fruits in different seasons.So, man too had to move in search of these ,as per seasons.

(iii)People had to move wherever water was available.

*HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT EARLY PEOPLE:

(I)Archaeologist have found some of the things, hunter-gatherers made and used.It is likely that people made and used tools of stone ,wood and bone,of which stone tools have servived best.

WHERE DID EARLY MAN LIVE:

(I)Early man lived near sources of water.

(ii)They lived in places where stones were found and people made tools.The place was called factory sites.

(iii)The factory sites were found near discarded blocks of stone.These were known as habitation- cum-factory sites.

*STONE AGE:

(I)The period when mostly stone tools were made is known as stone age.

(ii)It is divided into three parts:

(a)Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age.

(b)Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age.

(c)Neolithic or New Stone Age.

(16)

‘Palaeo’ means ‘old’ , ‘Meso’ means ‘middle’ , ‘Neo’ means ‘new’ while the term ‘Lithic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘lithos’ meaning ‘stone’.

*MAKING STONE TOOLS:

Stone tools were made using two techniques.

(i)Stone on stone.

(ii)Pressure flaking.

*MAN DISCOVERS FIRE:

(I)Accidently one of the biggest discoveries made by man was fire.

(ii)Over a period of time man learnt several uses of fire.

(iii)It was used in winters to keep warm and use it in the art of cooking food.

*EARLY ROCK PAINTINGS:

(I)Early man had paintings on the walls of the caves.

(ii)These were found in Madhya Pradesh and Southern UP.

(III)These paintings show wild animals,drawn with great accuracy and skill.

*HUNSGI(IN KARNATAKA):

A number of early palaeolithic sites were found here.

EXERCISE(NCERT)

Q1:Complete the sentences:

(a)They wanted to protect themselves from wild animals and bad weather.

(b)12,000 (c)walls (d)limestone

Ans2:Bhimbetka-Madhya Pradesh Hunsgi-Karnataka

Kurnool-Andhra Pradesh

(17)

Tushar’s train would have passed near Bhimbetka, hunsgi and Kurnool, since they all lie on possible train route from Delhi to Chennai.

Ans3:Hunter-gatherers travelled from place to place for four basic reasons which are as follows.

(i)If they stayed at one place for a long time, they would have eaten up all the available plant and animal resources.Therefore ,they went to another place for more food.

(ii)Animals move from place to place.Humans followed them as they hunted them.

(iii)Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons.So when season changed people moved to another place.

(iv)In search of water people travelled from place to place.

However, nowadays we travel for different purposes like education,work,business,entertainment etc.

Ans4:Today,for cutting fruit we would use modern tools like knives,which are made of iron and steel.

Ans5:Hunter-gatherers used fire for purposes like:

*A source of light.

*A resource of cook meat.

*A way to scare away wild animals.

*To keep themselves warm.

Nowadays we use fire for:

*cooking

*To keep ourselves warm

Ans6: column1 column2 food eaten by early man food eaten by modern man

Fruits,roots,nuts,seeds,leaves, processed food like bread,pizza,ice cream etc.

eggs,meat etc along with unprocessed food like fruit.

Difference between the two eating habits:Today, we largely eat processed and cooked food,whereas the early people did not cook their food.They ate everything raw.

Ans7:Students will answer this question.

Ans8:Two tasks that are performed by both men and women:

(a)Teaching (b)Office job Two tasks that are performed by only men:

(18)

(a)Mining (b)Working in a shipyard Two tasks that are perfomed by only women:

(a)Nursing (b)Looking after home and hearth Compare your list yourself.

(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

References

Related documents

Percentage of countries with DRR integrated in climate change adaptation frameworks, mechanisms and processes Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of

The Congo has ratified CITES and other international conventions relevant to shark conservation and management, notably the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory

SaLt MaRSheS The latest data indicates salt marshes may be unable to keep pace with sea-level rise and drown, transforming the coastal landscape and depriv- ing us of a

In a slightly advanced 2.04 mm stage although the gut remains tubular,.the yent has shifted anteriorly and opens below the 11th myomere (Kuthalingam, 1959). In leptocephali of

These gains in crop production are unprecedented which is why 5 million small farmers in India in 2008 elected to plant 7.6 million hectares of Bt cotton which

INDEPENDENT MONITORING BOARD | RECOMMENDED ACTION.. Rationale: Repeatedly, in field surveys, from front-line polio workers, and in meeting after meeting, it has become clear that

To break the impasse, the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), in collaboration with Loughborough University and in consultation with multiple

Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Lesotho