Department for providing rainfall data. We also express our gratitude to Department of

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Team

Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (TRAC)

Sri K. Ramakrishna Rao, IAS Director General (FAC)

Principal Secretary (Finance and Planning) Government of Telangana

Dr. G. Sreenivasa Reddy Addl. Director General Dr. M. Kavitha Scientist 'SC'

Sri. A. Kamalakar Reddy Senior Technical Officer Sri. N. Narender Technical Officer

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Acknowledgement

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to Directorate of Economics and

Statistics, Telangana State Developing Planning Society, and India Meteorological

Department for providing rainfall data. We also express our gratitude to Department of

Agriculture and Irrigation Department for sharing progress of crop sowings and

reservoir water levels data respectively for integrated seasonal condition monitoring of

the state.

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HIGHLIGHTS

INTEGRATED SEASONAL CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEM (ISMS) - TELANGANA Cumulative Report up to 15th August, 2018

 Seasonal condition is categorised as “Normal” in 223 Mandals as on date 15^thAugust 2018

 Seasonal condition is categorised as “Watch” in 247 Mandals as on date 15^th August 2018

 Seasonal condition is categorised as “Alert” in 114 Mandals as on date 15^th August 2018

Rainfall 01^st June to 15^th August, 2018

 243 Mandals out of 584 (42%) of state received Deficient rainfall. 63 Mandals (11%) of the state received Excess rainfall. 15 Mandals (03%) of the state received Large Deficient rainfall. 08 Mandals (1%) of the state received Large Excess rainfall.

 255 Mandals (44%) have received

Normal rainfall respectively.

Seasonal Condition up to 1^stfortnight of August, 2018 Rainfall from 1^st June to 15^th August 2018

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CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No

1 Background and Rationale 1

2 1. Data used, Indicators and Methodology 3

3 Present status up to 1

^st

fortnight of August 2018 7

3.1 Rainfall data 7

3.2 Reservoir Water Levels 10

3.3 Crop Sowing Progress 11

3.4 Vegetation Index 14

3.5 Surface Wetness Indicators 18

3.6 Drought situation of Mandals 22

3.7 Dry Spell 27

3.8 District Wise NDVI / NDWI / VCI Status 29

4 References 30

List of Tables

Table No. Description Page No

1 Classification of agricultural situation 3

2 Data source and indicators 3

3 Rainfall status as on 15

^th

August 2018 8

4 Reservoir water levels 10

5 District Wise Crop Sowing Area - Up to the week ending 16-08-2018 12 6 Mandals under watch and Alert categories based on ISMS criteria 23

7 District wise NDVI / NDWI / VCI Status 29

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List of Figures

Figure

No. Description Page.

No

1 Location of Automatic Weather Stations 2

2 Flow chart of drought assessment methodology 6

3 Deviation of rainfall in percent w.r.t. normal from June 01^st to August 15^th, 2018 9 4 District wise deviation from normal crop sown area as on date 16-08-2018 11 5 District wise deviation (graph) from normal crop sown area as on date 16-08-2018 13

6 NDVI - MODIS: First Fortnight of August 2018 14

7 NDVI - MODIS, Fortnightly agricultural situation from August 2018, 2017 and 2016 15 8 NDVI deviation (MODIS - 250m), First Fortnight of August 2018 w.r.t. 2013 16 9 NDVI Condition (MODIS - 250m), June 01st to August 15th 2018 17

10 NDWI - MODIS: First Fortnight of August 2018 18

11 NDWI - MODIS, Fortnightly agricultural situation from August 2018, 2017 and 2016 19 12 NDWI deviation (MODIS - 250m), First Fortnight of August 2018 w.r.t. 2013 20 13 NDWI Condition (MODIS - 250m), June 01st to August 15th 2018 21

14 Mandal wise drought assessment based on ISMS criterion 22

15 Dry spells from June 01st to August 15th, 2018 27

16 Dry spells With Rainfall Status from June 01st to August 15th, 2018 28

ANNEXURE

S. No Description Page. No

I District wise maps showing Watch and Alert Mandals 31

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 1

1. Background and Rationale

Drought is a complex natural hazard. It is defined as any deficiency of water to satisfy the normal need to agriculture, livestock, industry, or human population. Drought assessment and monitoring is essential for the agricultural sector to take appropriate mitigation measures. Drought indices derived from satellite data play a major role in assessing the health and condition of the crops/vegetation.

National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System (NADAMS) project of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) established a remote sensing based drought assessment protocol utilizing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The Government of India has established Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) under Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi for carrying out drought assessment at national level.

The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India published a drought manual in 2016 which suggested parameters like rainfall deficiency, area under sowing, NDVI, Moisture Adequacy Index (MAI) and some other indictors to declare drought. The Government of Telangana (GoTS) recommended that drought declaration should include three indices with at least one index from each of the following two groups;

Group 1

 Rainfall deviation

 Dry spell

 MAI Group 2

 NDVI

 Area reduction under major crop (s) Supplementary indicators

These indicators are very important to provide information on drought impact on other sectors.

 Depletion in ground water level

 Fodder shortage

 Drinking water shortage

An extensive weather observation network of 855 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) is established in Telangana. Telangana State Development Planning Society (TSDPS) monitors the data and maintains the networks. Figure 1 showing the location of AWS stations in Telangana.

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Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (TRAC) has established a protocol Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (ISMS). The objectives of the ISMS are

 Concurrent monitoring of seasonal conditions using remote sensing, extensive weather network data and continuous ground truth.

 Develop an early warning (monitoring and forecasting) of drought using suite of indicators, which will help to increase drought preparedness, and identify and implement appropriate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) measures.

 Early warning to the Districts/Mandals.

ISMS uses the rainfall data provided by Directorate of Economics & Statistics (DE&S), weekly progress of crop area sowings, groundwater level and its fluctuation, command and non- command area, water releases data, reservoir levels in addition to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) based methodology of MNCFC. This output is verified through ground truth, additionally in context of the state specific drought declaration criteria. The agricultural situation is classified in three to four categories as per the NRSC i.e. Normal, Watch, Alert for June to August and Normal, Mild, Moderate and Severe for September to October. The details of the classification of agricultural situation are given in Table 1.

Figure 1: Location of automatic weather stations

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Table. 1. Classification of agricultural situation

Duration Condition Description

July - August

Normal



Agricultural situation is normal Watch



Progress of agricultural situation is slow



Ample scope for recovery



No external intervention needed

Alert



Very slow progress of agricultural situation



Need for intervention.



Develop and implement contingency plans to minimise loss

September - October

Mild

drought



Crops have suffered stress slightly Moderate

drought



Considerable loss in production.



Take measures to alleviate suffering

Severe



High risk significant reduction in crop yield



Management measures to provide relief

2. Data used, Indicators and Methodology 2.1. Data used

Details of data used under project are discussed in Table 2.

Table. 2. Data source and indicators

Data source Product Indicators

MODIS (250/500m) Surface reflectance NDVI & NDWI

AWiFS Surface reflectance NDVI & NDWI

AWS/ DES



Daily rainfall



Crop sown area



Crop cutting experiments



Rainfall deviation



Dry spells



Crop yield Agriculture

Department, GoTS Weekly sowing progress District wise sown areas deviation from normal Irrigation

Department, GoTS

Reservoir levels/ Water release data

Command area Mandals

under canal irrigation

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2.2. Indicators and Index

2.2.1. Rainfall data

In Telangana, South-West Monsoon is crucial for agriculture sector. ISMS uses integrated (AWS+DES+IMD) Mandal wise rainfall data provided by Directorate of Economics & Statistics (DES). This data is used for computation of meteorological drought situation and to derive the mandal wise spatial distribution of rainfall in the state.

2.2.2. Reservoir water levels and water release - major and medium project

A scheme having Culturable Command Area (CCA) up to 2,000 hectares individually is classified as minor irrigation scheme. A scheme having CCA more than 2,000 hectares and up to 10,000 hectares individually is a medium irrigation scheme. A scheme having CCA more than 10,000 hectares is major irrigation scheme. In Telangana, water is released during Kharif season to major and medium command areas.

2.2.3. Crop sowing progress

Weekly crop sowing progress reports are taken from 'Season and Crop Coverage Report- Kharif 2018' of Commissioner of Agriculture, Telangana. The report includes current status of Weather condition, Water level, Crop sowing and Agricultural Operations.

2.2.4. Vegetation index

The crop/vegetation reflects high energy in the near infrared band due its canopy geometry and health of the standing crops/vegetation and absorbs high in the red band due to its biomass and photosynthesis. Uses of these contrast characteristics of vegetation in near infrared and red bands indicate both the health and condition of the crops/vegetation. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely used for operational drought assessment because of its simplicity in calculation, easy to interpret and its ability to partially compensate for the effects of atmosphere, illumination geometry etc., (Malingreau 1986, Tucker and Chowdhary 1987, Kogan 1995).

NDVI is derived by the difference of these measurements and divided by their sum.

The vegetation index is generated from each of the available satellite data irrespective of the cloud cover present. To minimize the cloud, monthly time composite vegetation index is generated.

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2.2.5. Surface wetness indicator

Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) band is sensitive to moisture available in soil as well as in crop canopy. In the beginning of the cropping season, soil background is dominant hence SWIR is sensitive to soil moisture in the top 1-2 cm. As the crop progresses, SWIR becomes sensitive to leaf moisture content. SWIR band provides only surface wetness information. When the crop is grown-up, SWIR response is only from canopy and not from the underlying soil. NDWI using SWIR can complement NDVI for drought assessment particularly in the beginning of the cropping season. NDWI is derived as under;

Higher values of NDWI signify more surface wetness. The wetness index is generated from each of the available satellite data irrespective of the cloud cover present. To minimize the cloud, monthly time composite wetness index is generated.

2.2.6. Vegetation condition index

Kogan (1995) developed Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) using the range of NDVI as under,

The current drought assessment expressed as percentage of deviation of NDVI and NDWI based on 10 year NDVI and NDWI index values. The minimum and maximum value of NDVI and NDWI, the VCI discriminated between the weather components.

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2.3 Methodology

Figure 2: Flow chart of drought assessment methodology

NDVI & NDWI NDVI & NDWI

Satellite Data

MODIS AWiFS

VCI Deviation w.r.t.

Normal year

% Rainfall Dev.

Command and Non command areas

Dry Spell

June to Aug

Sept to Oct

June to Aug Sept to Oct Normal

watch Alert Normal

Mild Moderate

Severe

Normal Watch

Alert Normal

Mild Moderate

Severe

Composite Fortnightly Report Ground

Truth

Weekly Sowing Progress

Reservoir Level

voir level Water Release Sampling Plan based on:

 Meteorological drought

 Command/Non command area

 Drought Prone border line areas

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The methodology to assess and monitor the agricultural conditions and situation in the state at district and Mandal level uses IRS Resourcesat-2 AWiFS data. Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) Resourcesat-2 having Advanced Wide Imaging Field Sensor (AWiFS) payload collects data in two spectral bands 0.62-0.68 µm (red) and 0.77-0.86 µm (near infrared) with spatial resolution of 56 m and ground swath of 740 km with a revisit period of 5 days. Along with this MODIS 250/500 m satellite data provide spectra, radiometric and spatial resolutions products for better monitoring of the agriculture. The combination of AWiFS and MODIS is useful to increase the frequency of images.

The different activities carried out through ISMS commence with acquisition of MODIS (250 m) and AWiFS (56 m) satellite data. The satellite data being processed and NDVI and NDWI indices are developed. Based on these indices deviation with respect to normal year (2013) is calculated and Mandal wise statistics are derived. The agricultural situation is assessed incorporating rainfall deviation, command and non command areas, dry spell, drought prone border line areas, crop sown area progress and ground truth along with satellite derived indices.

The flow chart of methodology is shown in Figure 2.

3. Present status up to 1^st fortnight of August 2018

3.1. Rainfall data

The status of rainfall as on 15^thAugust 2018 is shown in Table.3.

 08 Mandals (1%) of the state received Large Excess (+60% and above) rainfall.

 63 Mandals (11%) of the state received Excess (+20% to +59%) rainfall.

 255 Mandals (44%) have received Normal (+19% to -19%) rainfall.

 243 Mandals out of 584 (42%) of state received Deficient (-20% to -59%) rainfall.

 15 Mandals (3%) of the state received Large Deficient (-60% to -99%) rainfall.

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Table. 3. Rainfall status as on 15^th August 2018

Sl.

No. District Name Large

Deficient Deficient Normal Excess Large Excess

No. of Mandals

1 Adilabad 9 9 18

2 Komaram Bheem 1 11 3 15

3 Mancherial 2 15 1 18

4 Nirmal 7 11 1 19

5 Nizamabad 9 16 2 27

6 Jagtial 15 3 18

7 Peddapalli 6 1 2 5 14

8 Jayashankar 13 6 1 20

9 Bhadradri 1 7 14 1 23

10 Mahabubabad 5 11 16

11 Warangal Rural 6 9 15

12 Warangal Urban 10 1 11

13 Karimnagar 1 11 4 16

14 Rajanna 6 7 13

15 Kamareddy 14 8 22

16 Sangareddy 1 23 2 26

17 Medak 1 19 20

18 Siddipet 1 17 4 22

19 Jangaon 8 4 1 13

20 Yadadri 3 10 3 16

21 Medchal Malkajg 10 4 14

22 Hyderabad 15 1 16

23 Rangareddy 15 8 3 1 27

24 Vikarabad 10 8 18

25 Mahabubnagar 6 17 3 26

26 Jogulamba 6 5 1 12

27 Wanaparthy 11 3 14

28 Nagarkurnool 10 9 1 20

29 Nalgonda 3 14 12 2 31

30 Suryapet 16 7 23

31 Khammam 15 6 21

Total 15 243 255 63 8 584

SOURCE: DE&S, AWS and IMD. HYDERABAD

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 9 The % deviation of Actual & Normal rainfall received up to 15^th August 2018 is shown in Fig. 3 respectively.

Figure 3: Deviation of rainfall in percent w.r.t. normal from June 01^st to August 15^th, 2018

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3.2. Reservoir water levels

All the major reservoirs are holding 745 TMC as on 15-08-2018, and as on date last year the level had stood at 534 TMC. The details of water levels of all major reservoirs as on 15-08-2018 are furnished hereunder in Table.4.

Table.4. Reservoir Water Levels

PARTICULARS OF MAJOR RESERVOIRS AS ON 15/August /2018

Sl No Reservoir Name Time

FRL Gross Capacity

THIS YEAR LAST YEAR

As on 15 / August / 2018 As on 15 / August / 2017

(feet) (TMC)

Level Gross

Storage Inflow Outflow Level Gross Storage (in

feet) (TMC) (Cusecs) (Cusecs) (in feet) (TMC) Krishna Basin

1 Almatti 10:35 1705 129.721 1704.66 127.83 95136 100020 1704.72 128.19 2 Jurala 09:05 1045 9.657 1043.44 8.69 38263 44802 1039.57 6.492 3 Nagarjunasagar 09:06 590 312.045 523.4 155.55 37723 9752 500.4 115.943 4 Narayanapur 10:35 1615 37.646 1614.04 36.88 99160 106475 1609.28 30.08 5 Srisailam 09:06 885 215.807 872.2 151.14 80009 47638 778.9 9.96 6 Tungabhadra 09:23 1633 100.86 1631.34 95.64 125753 148242 1616.98 50.44 7 Ujjaini 09:04 1630 117.24 1619.46 83.97 28936 4432 1620.75 87.54

Godavari Basin

8 Jaikwad 10:36 1522 102.732 1505.34 47.48 0 3655 1511.64 65.06

9 Kaddam 09:09 700 7.6 698.45 7.201 2389 794 685.33 4.37

10 Lower Manair

Dam 09:09 920 24.074 881.4 3.41 0 99 893.5 7.333

11 Nizam sagar 09:08 1405 17.803 1384.4 2.25 0 44 1380.3 1.352 12 Singur

09:07 1717.

93 29.91 1696.52 7.36 0 170 1708.73 17.63

13 Sri Ram Sagar 09:08 1091 90.313 1063 17.322 5296 246 1055 9.29 Source: Irrigation Department, Hyderabad

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3.3. Crop Sowing Progress

For the end of 16^th August, 2018 all districts of the state are showing more than 25 % deviation w.r.t. season normal sowings. The total area sown in the state is 3629800 ha as against the normal sown area of 4329057 ha as on date. The details are shown in Figure 4 and the deviation graph is shown in 5.

Figure 4: District wise deviation from normal crop sown area as on date 16-08-2018

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Table 5: District Wise Crop Sowing Area - Up to the week ending 16-08-2018

S. No District Name Normal (ha) Actual (ha) Deviation%

1 Suryapet 152413 85536 -43.88

2 Medak 95843 64047 -33.18

3 Khammam 232315 156161 -32.78

4 Wanaparthy 79546 56670 -28.76

5 Mahabubabad 121322 88942 -26.69

6 Rangareddy 164236 120692 -26.51

7 Jayashankar Bhupalpally 139511 104997 -24.74

8 Warangal Rural 158812 122595 -22.80

9 Jagtial 120602 94227 -21.87

10 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri 114608 90222 -21.28

11 Sangareddy 221614 174595 -21.22

12 Medchal Malkajgiri 6885 5442 -20.96

13 Jogulamba Gadwal 127449 102396 -19.66

14 Bhadradri Kothagudem 125063 101355 -18.96

15 Mancherial 82187 67769 -17.54

16 Jangaon 115388 95447 -17.28

17 Vikarabad 171824 142979 -16.79

18 Nagarkurnool 217191 184350 -15.12

19 Nalgonda 314398 271313 -13.70

20 Karimnagar 113839 100023 -12.14

21 Peddapalle 86491 76028 -12.10

22 Kumarambheem Asifabad 126015 112173 -10.98

23 Rajanna Sircilla 78986 73093 -7.46

24 Nirmal 150337 139843 -6.98

25 Siddipet 202772 189323 -6.63

26 Kamareddy 146770 140089 -4.55

27 Nizamabad 172448 169871 -1.49

28 Hyderabad 0 0 0.00

29 Adilabad 192626 194122 0.78

30 Mahabubnagar 242508 247858 2.21

31 Warangal Urban 55058 57642 4.69

Total 4329057 3629800

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 13 Figure5: District wise deviation (graph) from normal crop sown area as on date 16-08-2018

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3.4. Vegetation index

The Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 1^st fortnight of August 2018 is shown in the figures and also compared with 2017 and 2016. The year 2013 is treated as a normal year. Mandal wise NDVI, monthly agricultural situation for the year 2018, 2017 and 2016, deviation of NDVI w.r.t. 2013 are shown in the Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively. As per rainfall distribution the progress of agricultural situation is likely to improve and the vegetation condition in the state is likely to further improve in coming fortnight.

Figure 6: NDVI - MODIS: First Fortnight of August 2018

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 15 Figure 7: NDVI - MODIS, Fortnightly agricultural situation from August 2018, 2017 and 2016

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Figure 8: NDVI deviation (MODIS - 250m), First Fortnight of August 2018 w.r.t. 2013

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Figure 9: NDVI Condition (MODIS - 250m), June 01^st to August 15^th 2018

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3.5. Surface wetness indicator

The map indicates status of moisture availability in soil as well as in crop canopy for 1^st fortnight of August 2018. The year 2013 is treated as a normal year. Mandal wise Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) situation from the year 2018, 2017 & 2016, Fortnightly agricultural situation deviation of NDWI w.r.t. 2013 are shown in the Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 respectively. As per rainfall distribution progresses, the agricultural situation and the soil moisture condition in the state is likely to further improve in next fortnight.

Figure 10: NDWI - MODIS: First Fortnight of August 2018

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 19 Figure 11: NDWI - MODIS, Fortnightly agricultural situation from August 2018, 2017 and 2016

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Figure 12: NDWI deviation (MODIS - 250m), First Fortnight of August 2018 w.r.t. 2013

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Figure 13: NDWI Condition (MODIS - 250m), June 01^st to August 15^th 2018

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3.6. Drought situation of Mandals 3.6.1 Composite criteria

The drought situation in the state is assessed using different indicators viz., NDVI, NDWI and rainfall deviation of mandals. Compositing all indicators, mandals were categorised into Normal, Watch and Alert. Mandal-wise analysis for the 1^st fortnight of August 2018 indicated “Normal”

agricultural situation in 223 Mandals. The agricultural situation is categorized as “Watch” in 247 and "Alert" in 114 Mandals. The Mandals under Normal and Watch categories are given in the Table.5. and their spatial distribution is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14: Mandal wise drought assessment based on ISMS criterion

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Integrated Seasonal Condition Monitoring System (First Fortnight of August, 2018) 23 Table.6. Mandals under Watch and Alert category based on ISMS criteria

District Name Watch(247) Alert(114)

Adilabad

Total: 15

Adilabad Rural, Adilabad Urban, Bazarhathnoor, Bela, Boath, Gadiguda, Gudihathnur, Ichoda, Inderavelly, Mavala, Narnoor, Sirikonda,Talamadugu, Tamsi, Utnur.

Bhadradri Kothagudem

Total: 01 Karakagudem

Jagtial

Total: 09

Beerpur, Buggaram, Ibrahimpatnam, Kathlapur, Koratla, Mallapur, Metpalle, Raikal, Velgatoor.

Jangaon

Total: 07

Bachannapeta, Chilpur, Ganpur_stn, Kodakandla, Narmetta, Raghunathpalle, Zaffergadh.

Total: 06

Devaruppala, Gundala, Jangaon, Lingalaghanpur, Palakurthi, Tharigoppula.

Jayashankar Bhupalpally

Total: 10

Bhupalpalle, Chityal, Mangapet, Mogullapalle, Mulug, Palmela, Regonda, Tadvai, Tekumatla, Venkatapur.

Total: 02

Malharrao, Mutharam Mahadevpur.

Jogulamba

Total: 05

Aiza, Gadwal, Ghattu, Kaloor Timmanadoddi, Undavelli.

Total: 03

Dharur, Maldakal, Waddepalle

Kamareddy

Total: 11

Banswada, Bhiknur, Birkoor, Domakonda, Kamareddy, Lingampet, Naga Reddipet, Nizamsagar, Pitlam, Rajampet, Yellareddy.

Total: 01 Tadwai

Karimnagar Total: 04

Gannervaram, Karimnagar, Kothapalle, Shankarapatnam.

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District Name Watch(247) Alert(114) Khammam

Total: 08

Enkuru, Khammam_Rural, Konijerla, Madhira, Raghunadhapalem, Singareni, Vemsoor, Wyra.

Total: 01 Thirumalayapalem

Total: 07

Asifabad, Jainoor, Kerameri, Lingapur, Rebbana, Sirpur U, Tiryani.

Mahabubabad

Total: 10

Bayyaram, Chinnagudur, Dornakal, Garla, Gudur, Kothaguda, Kuravi, Mahabubabad, Maripeda, Thorrur.

Total: 05

Danthalapalle, Kesamudram, Narsimhulapet, Nellikudur, Peddavangara.

Mahabubnagar

Total: 13

Balanagar, Chinna_Chintha_Kunta, Gandeed, Hanwada, Jadcherla, Krishna, Maganoor, Mahabubnagar_Rural, Mahabubnagar_Urban, Makthal, Marikal, Nawabpet, Rajapur.

Total: 02

Bhoothpur, Musapet

Mancherial Total: 07

Bhimaram, Dandepalle, Hajipur, Jannaram, Kannepalli, Mancherial, Naspur.

Medak

Total: 17

Alladurg, Chilipched, Havelighanpur, Kowdipalle, Manoharabad, Medak, Narsapur, Narsingi, Nizampet, Papannapet, Ramayampet, Shankarampet_A, Shankarampet_R, Shivampet, Tekmal, Tupran, Yeldurthy.

Total: 02

Chegunta, Kulcharam.

Nagarkurnool

Total: 06

Balmoor, Kodair, Tadoor, Telkapalle, Urkonda, Veldanda.

Total: 08 Bijinapalle, Charakonda, Kalwakurthy,

Nagar_Kurnool, Padra, Peddakothapalle, Thimmajipeta, Vangoor.

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Nalgonda

Total: 13

Chandur, Chinthapalle, Chityala, Devarakonda, Kethepalle, Marriguda, Nakrekal, Nalgonda, Nampalle, Neredugommu, Saligouraram, Thipparthi, Thripuraram.

Total: 11 Adavi devula palli, Anumula_Haliya, Chandampet, Damaracherla, Kattangoor, Kondamallapally, Madugulapally, Miryalaguda, Narketpalle, Peddavura, Tirumalagiri_Sagar.

Nirmal Total: 04

Dastuarabad, Mamda, Narsapur_G, Soan,

Total: 04 Khanpur, Laxmanchanda, Nirmal, Nirmal_Rural.

Nizamabad Total: 12

Armur, Balkonda, Dharpalle, Indalwai, Jakranpalle, Kammarpalle, Makloor, Mugpal, Nizamabad_Rural, Ranjal, Rudrur, Vailpur.

Total: 02 Mendora, Mupkal

Peddapalli

Total: 06

Elgaid, Kamanpur, Odela, Peddapalle, Ramagiri, Srirampur.

Total: 05 Antargoan, Dharmaram, Julapalle,Palakurthy, Ramagundam.

Rajanna Sirsilla Total: 04

Chandurthi, Veernapalle, Vemulawada, Yellareddypeta.

Total: 01 Gambhiraopeta

Rangareddy

Total: 14

Abdullapurmet, Balapur, Chevella, Kandukur, Madgul, Maheshwaram, Manchal, Moinabad, Rajendranagar, Saroornagar, Serilingampally, Shabad, Shamshabad, Talakondapalle.

Total: 07 Farooqnagar, Gandipet, Keshampeta, Kothur, Nandigam, Shankarpalle, Yacharam.

Sangareddy

Total: 17

Ameenapur, Andhole, Hathanoora, Jharasangam, Kalher,Kohir, Kondapur, Manoor, Mogdampalle, Munipalli, Narayankhed, Naykal, Patancheruvu, Ramachandrapuram, Sangareddy, Watpalle, Zahirabad.

Total: 06 Jinnaram, Kandi, Nagalgidda, Pulkal, Sadasivpet, Sirgapoor.

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Siddipet

Total: 08

Doultabad, Dubbak, Husnabad, Koheda, Maddur, Mirdoddi, Mulug, Siddipet_Urban.

Total: 11 Anthakkapeta, Chinnakodur, Gajwel, Jagadevpur, omaravelly, Kondapak, Markook, Nanganur, Rayapole, Thoguta, Wargal.

Suryapet

Total: 09

Atmakur_S, Maddirala, Mothey, Munagala, Nadigudem, Nagaram, Noothankal, Suryapet, Thungathurthi.

Total: 14 Ananthagiri, Chilkur, Chinthala palem, Chivvemla, Garidepalle, Huzur nagar, Jajireddigudem, Kodad, Mattampalle, Mellachervu, Neredcherla,

Palakeedu,Penpahad, Thirumalagiri.

Vikarabad

Total: 08

Kotepally, Kulkacharla, Marpalle, Mominpet, Nawabpet, Tandur, Vikarabad, Yelal.

Total: 02 Bantwaram, Pudur.

Wanaparthy Total: 03

Ghanpur, Kothakota, Madanapur.

Total: 04 Gopalpeta, Peddamandadi, Revelly, Srirangapur.

Warangal Rural Total: 09

Chennaraopeta, Geesugonda, Nallabelly, Nekkonda, Parkal, Parvathagiri,Raiparthy, Sangem, Shayampet.

Total:03 Atmakur, Damera, Duggondi.

Warangal Urban Total: 07

Elkathurthi, Hanamkonda, Hasanparthy, Kamalapur, Khazipet, Khilla_Warangal, Warangal.

Total:01 Inole

Yadadri Bhongir

Total: 04

Choutuppal, Narayanapur, Pochampalle, Ramannapeta.

Total: 12 Addagudur, Alair, Atmakur_M, Bhongiri, Bibinagar, Bommalaramaram, Mootakondur, Mothkur, Rajapet, Turkapalle_M, Valigonda, Yadagirigutta.

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3.7. Dry Spell

In State 259 Mandals experienced dry spells up to firstf fortnight of August, 2018. The distribution of the Mandals under dry spell category is shown in Figure:15. 30 Mandals in the state have recorded two dry spells. Mandals with both deficient rainfall and dry spell situation in the state are shown in Figure:16.

Figure 15: Dry spells from June 01^st to August 15^th, 2018

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Figure 16: Dry spells with Rainfall Status from June 01^st to August 15^th, 2018

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3.8. District Wise NDVI / NDWI / VCI Status

Table.7 District wise NDVI / NDWI / VCI Status

*Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) Value - Current year NDVI

*Normalized Difference Wetness Index (NDWI) Value - Current year NDWI

*Average NDVI - Average of previous 16 years NDVI *Average NDWI - Average of previous 16 years NDWI

*VCI (NDVI) - Vegetation Condition Index based on NDVI *VCI (NDWI) - Vegetation Condition Index based on NDWI

*NDVI/NDWI Condition - VCI>=60 (Normal), VCI>=40 (Mild), VCI>=20 (Moderate), VCI<20 (Severe)

NDVI/NDWI/VCI status as on 15-08-2018

S.No District NDVI

Value

Average NDVI

VCI (NDVI)

NDWI Value

Average NDWI

VCI (NDWI)

VCI Condition

1 ^Adilabad ^0.236 ^0.365 ^34.36 ^0.188 ^0.283 35.28 Moderate

2 Bhadradri-Kothagudem 0.274 0.335 47.24 0.209 0.273 40.18 Mild

3 ^Hyderabad ^0.023 ^0.104 ^6.84 ^0.018 ^0.065 9.00 Severe

4 Jagtial 0.491 0.422 52.71 0.430 0.335 60.77 Normal

5 Jangaon 0.255 0.401 63.29 0.166 0.278 53.10 Normal

6 Jayashankar-Bhupalpally 0.265 0.262 55.29 0.220 0.226 47.15 Mild

7 Jogulamba-Gadwal 0.159 0.189 34.53 0.058 0.079 25.18 Moderate

8 ^Kamareddy ^0.111 ^0.365 ^9.19 ^0.096 ^0.291 9.85 Severe

9 Karimnagar 0.259 0.389 32.07 0.218 0.309 36.74 Moderate

10 ^Khammam ^0.452 ^0.425 ^69.24 ^0.337 ^0.305 64.87 Normal

11 Komaram Bheem-Asifabad 0.210 0.275 37.91 0.159 0.224 36.15 Moderate

12 Mahabubabad 0.422 0.422 67.56 0.293 0.325 56.22 Normal

13 Mahabubnagar 0.161 0.186 37.78 0.107 0.112 39.60 Moderate

14 Mancherial 0.281 0.266 54.05 0.232 0.210 59.61 Mild

15 ^Medak ^0.095 ^0.308 ^14.07 ^0.078 ^0.241 13.72 Severe

16 Medchal-Malkajgiri 0.185 0.233 35.23 0.154 0.160 43.91 Mild

17 Nagarkurnool 0.207 0.195 45.41 0.110 0.099 44.20 Mild

18 Nalgonda 0.335 0.306 62.62 0.186 0.179 50.53 Normal

19 ^Nirmal ^0.145 ^0.294 ^23.18 ^0.122 ^0.228 25.34 Moderate

20 ^Nizamabad ^0.201 ^0.367 ^28.78 ^0.174 ^0.303 29.98 Moderate

21 Peddapalli 0.274 0.357 43.80 0.254 0.295 54.12 Mild

22 Rajanna-Siricilla 0.372 0.418 56.05 0.274 0.300 57.69 Mild

23 Rangareddy 0.235 0.229 47.81 0.162 0.149 49.63 Mild

24 Sangareddy 0.167 0.276 27.89 0.134 0.212 27.65 Moderate

25 Siddipet 0.357 0.369 57.82 0.260 0.257 56.32 Mild

26 Suryapet 0.394 0.411 57.10 0.244 0.289 48.37 Mild

27 Vikarabad 0.178 0.240 35.08 0.133 0.177 37.20 Moderate

28 Wanaparthy 0.167 0.189 38.74 0.112 0.118 36.58 Moderate

29 Warangal Rural 0.362 0.362 64.11 0.268 0.281 56.02 Normal

30 Warangal Urban 0.317 0.383 50.49 0.245 0.283 50.39 Mild

31 Yadadri-Bhongir 0.373 0.355 62.10 0.263 0.238 58.72 Normal

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References

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2009, Manual for Drought Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

http://drought.unl.edu/portals/0/docs/international/GovtIndiaDroughtManual.pdf

Department of Agriculture, 2017, Season and Crop Coverage Report, Kharif - 2017, Govt. of Telangana

Kogan FN, 1995, Droughts of late 1980s in the USA as derived from NOAA polar orbiting satellite data, Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 76: 655-668

Malingreau JP, 1986, Global vegetation dynamics: Satellite observations over Asia, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7: 1121-1146.

Tucker CJ and Chowdhary BJ, 1987, Satellite remote sensing of drought conditions, Remote Sensing of Environment, 23: 243-251

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ANNEXURE I

District Wise Maps Showing Watch and Alert Mandals

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