vle cksjk pkoy LVkpZ vk/kkfjr lw{elaokgd df.kdkvksa ls ifjorZuh; foys;rk;qDr vkS"kf/k ds fueksZpu dk v.kqxfrd fo'ys"k.k
fuf[ky dqekj lpku] lhek iq"dj ,oa ,l- ds- ?kks"k*
fo'ofo|ky; vkS"k/k foKku laLFkku] N=kifr 'kkgw th egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj 208024 ¼m-iz-½
*Hks"kftd foKku foHkkx] fMcwzx<+ fo'ofo|ky;] fMcwzx<+ 786004 ¼vle½
lkjka'k % dksbZ Hkh vkS"kf/k 'kk;n gh dHkh vius ewy :i esa ejhtksa dks nh tkrh gks] oLrqr% bykt ds fy;s fdlh Hkh vkS"kf/k ds iz;ksxkFkZ mfpr ^vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k* ds fuekZ.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks fd nok dh mfpr ek=kk dks laxr xzkgh ekxZ ls lE;d vo'kks"k.k vFkok fØ;kUo;u gsrq ;Fks"B LFkku ij bl izdkj fueksZfpr djs fd okafNr Hks"ktk.kqxfrdh gkfly dh tk ldsA bl izdkj vkS"k/kh; fojpu gsrq vf/kdka'kr% ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd vkS"kf/k;ksa dks rFkkdfFkr vfØ; vo;oksa ds lkFk fofuf'pr izfØ;karxZr feykdj lalkf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls vo;o tks ewy vkS"kf/k ds lkFk QkWE;Zwys'ku esa mifLFkr gksrs gSa ^,Dlhfi;.V* vFkok ^lg&la?kVd dgykrs gSaA izLrqr 'kks/k esa vle cksjk pkoy dks vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.kkFkZ ,d lEHkkO; mUur vkS"k/kh; ^lg&la?kVd* Lo:i iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy;s ij[kk x;kA bl iz;kstu ls vle cksjk pkoy LVkpZ vk/kkfjr lw{elaokgd df.kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k vk;fud tSydj.k fof/k }kjk fd;k rFkk fufeZr df.kdkvksa ls laiqfVr vkS"kf/k ds fueksZpu dh v.kqxfrdh dk y{k.kkRed fo'ys"k.k bu&foVªks foltZu ds izkIr ek=kkRed vkadM+ksa dks fofHkUu O;qRin v.kqxfrt izfr:i.k ds xf.krh; lw=kksa esa izfrLFkkfir djds fd;k x;kA fufeZr laokgd df.kdk;sa yxHkx xksykdkj rFkk vkdkj esa 71-85 ± 2-74 ls 96-44 ± 0-64 fe-eh- Js.kh dh FkhaA vyx&vyx fojpu ,oa izfØ;kxr dkjdksa ds rgr rS;kj fofHkUu df.kdkvksa }kjk izFkd vkS"kf/k&rduhdh xq.k/keZ o ih,p- ewY; ds vuq:i fofo/k v.kqxfrt izfr:i.k ds lkFk ifjorZuh; lglacU/k iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u ds QyLo:i vftZr vkadM+ksa ds fu"iknu o foospu ls izkIr ifj.kke bl ckr dh vksj bafxr djrs gSa fd vle cksjk pkoy ls izkIr LVkpZ]
^'ys"eklatd fu;af=kr vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k;ksa* ds fuekZ.k gsrq izkÑfrd cgqyd ds :i esa ,d vk'kktud ns'kt fodYi ,oa vk;kr ds cnys esa vkS"k/kh;
fojpu esa m|ksxksa ds vkfFkZd egRo dk lk/ku fl) gks ldrk gSA
Characterization of release kinetics of drug with variable solubility from fabricated Assam bora rice starch based microcarriers
Nikhil K Sachan, Seema Pushkar & S.K. Ghosh*
University Institute of Pharmacy, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur 208024 (U.P.)
*Deptt. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004 (Assam)
Abstract
Any drug substance (APIs) is seldom given in its pure chemical form, rather a dosage form needs to be formulated, which carries the recommended dose of drug and deliver it to proper site of action or absorption when administered through appropriate route of administration.
The dosage forms or the ‘drug products’ are suitably prepared as ‘drug delivery systems’ those contain one or more active ingredients, generally but not necessarily, in association with supposedly inert materials called excipients. The comprised work examines Assam Bora rice as an advanced excipient for formulation of drug delivery systems of APIs. The microparticulate carriers were prepared by ionic-gelation method. Prepared microcarriers were evaluated for pharmaceutical parameters and for release kinetics of encapsulated medicament by model fitting of quantitative drug release data obtained through in vitro dissolution study. Microparticulate carriers were almost spherical with size range of 71.85 ± 2.74 to 96.44 ± 0.64 mm. These exhibited different pharmacotechnical properties for the microcarriers prepared with different set diverse processing and formulation parameters, and showed variable correlation with distinct pH environment. The results obtained through execution and interpretation of data of this study indicate the potential of Assam Bora rice starch as a promising option in fabrication of mucoadhesive controlled drug delivery systems. Its being an indigenous natural substance could be an import substitute and prove financially valuable to pharmaceutical industries.
izLrkouk
ns'k esa miyC/k tu&dY;k.kksUeq[k tSofofo/krk gh jk"Vª ds tSfod lalk/ku gSa] rFkk ewY;of/kZr tSfod lalk/ku tSo laink dks fu:fir djrs gSaA gekjk ns'k fo'ks"kdj iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr izpqj ,oa vuqie tSo&lalk/kuksa ls le`) gSA ;gka ,slh vusd ouLifr;ka ik;h tkrh gSa tks fd lkekU;r% ns'k vFkok lalkj ds vU; fgLlksa esa ugha mxrh gSa1A vle cksjk pkoy iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa izeq[kr% vle {ks=k esa mxk;k tkus okyk ,d foo.kZ ¼oSDlh@XywfVul½ iztkfr dk pkoy gS ftls ^fLVdh jkbl* Hkh dgk tkrk gS2A pkoy ls izkIr e.M ¼LVkpZ½ dks XywfVul vFkok oSDlh LVkpZ rc dgk tkrk gS tc mlesa ik;s tkus okys ,ekbyksl dh ek=kk 3 izfr'kr ls de gks3A fofnr gks fd LVkpZ ds la?kVu esa nks vo;o gksrs gSa ,d ,ekbyksl vkSj nwljk ,ekbyksisfDVuA vr% vle cksjk pkoy dh fofo/k iztkfr;ksa esa vekbyksisfDVu dh ek=kk 97 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gksrh gS4A iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa vle cksjk pkoy dk fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd egRo gSA ikSjkf.kd /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj vle ds f'kolkxj esa loksZPp mUurka'k ij fLFkr f'ko efUnj ds fuekZ.k esa gal ds v.Ms ¼dksuh½ vkSj cksjk pkoy ds vn~Hkqr feJ.k dk bLrseky lhesUV ds :i esa fd;k x;k gS5A cksjk pkoy vle ds R;ksgkjh O;atu ihBk esa eq[; ?kVd ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gS blesa Hkh ;g ,d vkc)dkjh vo;o ds :i esa gksrk gSA {ks=kh; yksxksa] Ñ"kdksa vkSj vle Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; ds oSKkfudksa ls ifjppkZ }kjk vftZr lwpukvksa ,oa iqjklkaLÑfrd rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k fd dnkfpr cksjk pkoy esa vkc)dkjh vfHky{k.k fo|eku gS ftldk bLrseky 'ys'eklatd vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA mijksDr reke rF;ijd foospu dk laKku ysrs gq, vle cksjk pkoy dh vkS"k/kh; la?kVd Lo:i iz;ksT;rk ds mfpr oSKkfud izfØ;k ls fu/kkZj.k gsrq bUVjus'kuy QkekZL;wfVdy ,Dlhfi;UV dakmfly ds fn'kk funsZ'kksa ds vkyksd esa bl v/;;u dk chM+k mBk;k x;kA
ledkfyd iz;kstu ds n`f"Vxr vkt ds vR;Ur izfrLi/kkZRed o tfVy oSf'od vkS"k/kh; cktkj esa ;FkklEHko vYi&ykxr ls u;s mRiknksa dks 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz foØ; gsrq ctkj esa ykus ds tcjtLr ncko ds pyrs vkS"kf/k m|ksxksa ds fy;s fdlh nok ds 'kks/k ,oa fodkl dh vof/k dks de fd;s tkus dh egrh vko';drk gS6 8A ,sls esa 'kks/k iz;klksa dks mUur cuk;s tkus rFkk ijh{k.k dky o vuqeksnu vof/k ds U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s laLÑfr o jhfr&fjoktksa esa fufgr tkudkjh uohu 'kks/k esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA bl rjg miyC/k rdZlaxr oSKkfud Kku fjlpZ esa 'kkVZ&dV dk dke djrk gS ftlesa yxkrkj iz;ksx fd;s tkus ds dhfrZeku ls blesa dnkfpr fufgr oSKkfud foHko dh izkf;drk vf/kd gksrh gS vkSj bl izdkj ,sls 'kks/k esa
'kh?kzre lQyrk dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS9A Rofjr vuqla/kku gsrq mi;ksxh 'kks/k dh ;g izfØ;k ^izR;{kokfnrk* vFkok ^ikWftfVfoTe*
dgykrh gS ftlesa fl)kUr] ifjdYiuk] iz;ksx] izs{k.k] iqujko`fÙk;ksa dh fu;r oSKkfud fof/k ls yf{kr rRo rd igqapus ds ctk;
vftZr lwpukvksa o vfHkys[kksa ds ek/;e ls lh/ks izs{k.k ls vkjEHk dj iz;ksfxd izek.khdj.k dh izfØ;k viukrs gSa10A bl Øe esa vle cksjk pkoy dk 'ys'eklatd vkS"kf/k ifjnku iz.kkfy;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vkS"k/kh; lgla?kVd Lo:i bLrseky dkQh vk'kktud Fkk] lkFk gh
;g ,d lkekU; [kk|kUu gksus ds ukrs ,Q-Mh-,- }kjk th-vkj-,- ,l- }kjk ¼lkekU;r% lqjf{kr½ Js.kh esa vuqoxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk ftlls vkS"k/kh; iz;ksx gsrq okafNr vuqeksnu esa yxus okys le;
o [kpZ dh cpr dh tk ldrh tks fd vU;Fkk ,d Hkkjh ykxr okyh nh?kkZof/k izfØ;k gS11A
vktdy uohu vkS"k/kh; lg&la?kVdksa ds mi;ksx ls fojfpr mRiknksa ds ek/;e ls foLrkfjr foØ; vU;rk vftZr djuk vFkok ,dLo ekeyksa esa xSj&vfrya?kudkjh vuqdwyd ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tkuk vkS"kf/k m|ksx ds fy;s dkjksckjh ykHk gsrq fo'ks"k ljksdj dk eqík gS6 8A yxHkx leLr ekuo ,oa i'kqvksa dh nokb;ksa esa lg&la?kVdksa dk bLrseky gksrk gS & cfYd vf/kdka'kr% lg&la?kVdksa dh ek=kk ewy vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk ls dgha vf/kd gksrh gSA vr,o lg&la?kVd vFkok ,Dlhfi;UV vkS"k/kh; fojpu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djrs gSa rFkk ;s mRikn ds okafNr izHkko ,oa dk;Zlk/kdrk dks izHkkfor o fu;fU=kr dj ldrs gSa12A vkS"k/k oSKkfud fojpu lg&la?kVdksa ls lacfU/kr vius izk;ksfxd Kku ds vkSfpR;ijd bLrseky ls csgrj b"BrehÑr uqL[ks o laxr mRiknu izØe dk fodkl djrs gSaA gky ds o"kks± esa vkS"k/kh; fojpu vkSj uohu vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k;ksa ds fodkl esa fo'ks"k vfHk#fp jgh gSA vkS"k/kh;
lalfDr ds mUu;u o vU; fofo/k fpfdRldh; fgrykHk gsrq vusd izdkj dh fu;fU=kr vkS"kf/k ifjnku izfof/k;ksa dk fojpu fd;k x;kA ftlls fd vkS"kf/k dh mfpr ek=kk dks laxr xzkgh ekxZ ls lE;d vo'kks"k.k vFkok fØ;kUo;u gsrq ;Fks"B LFkku ij la;r rjhds ls fueksZfpr fd;k tk ldsA uqL[ks esa lfUufgr iz.kkyh }kjk okafNr ek=kkRed fu;eu ds lkFk nok ds bLrseky ds ekeys esa vkS"kf/k ifjnku ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ,oa vfHkuo izØe gS tks fd vkS"kf/k;ksa ds Rofjr vFkok fu;fU=kr fueksZpu esa lg;ksxdkjh gSA vkS"kf/k;ksa ds okafNr vo'kks"k.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u gsrq vifjofrZr vFkok fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij yf{kr fueksZpu] dk;kZRed lgla?kVdksa ds iz;ksx ls fu;fU=kr fd;k tkrk gSA tks fd muesa fufgr vfHkyk{kf.kd izo`fÙk ds ek/;e ls okafNr fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh gsrq mUur f'kYioSKkfud fuekZ.k jpuk izLrqr djrs gSaA lekfo"B 'kks/k
esa ifjorZuh; foys;rk;qDr izfrn'kZ vkS"kf/k ^¶ychZizksQsu* ;qDr lw{elaokgd df.kdkvksa ls vkS"kf/k fueksZpu izkys[k izksQkby dh iM+rky dh x;h gS ftlls okafNr Hks"ktk.kqfxfrdh gkfly fd;s tkus gsrq vko';d ifjdyu fd;k tk ldsA
lkexzh ,oa fof/k
• vkS"kf/k;k¡ o jlk;u % % % % % cksjk pkoy fMczwx<+ ds LFkkuh; cktkj ls [kjhnk x;k rFkk ;g vle ds lqizfl) mRlo fcgw ds R;ksgkjh O;atu ihBk esa iz;qDr fd;s tkus okyk lqifjfpr pkoy gksus ds dkj.k blds izek.khdj.k o uewuk nLrkost laxzg.k dh vko';drk u FkhA
¶ychZizksQsu] ,f'kdk QkekZL;wfVdYl] ukFkZ gEcjyS.M ¼;w-ds-½ }kjk 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq eq¶r HksaVLo:i iznku dh x;hA lksfM;e ,fYtusV
¼yksck dsfedYl] izk- fy- eqEcbZ½] dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM ¼DoSyhtsUl Qkbu dsfedYl] izk-fy-eqEcbZ½] ,lhVksu ¼edZ] dsfedYl] izk-fy- eqEcbZ½ {ks=kh; vkiwfrZdrkZ ;wfud VsDuksykWth] dkuiqj ds ek/;e ls [kjhns x;sA leLr fo'ys"k.kkRed vfHkdeZd dksfV ds iz;ksx'kkyk jlk;u iz;ksx esa yk, x,A
•lw{e df.kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k % ifjof/kZr vk;fud tsydj.k fof/k ls lw{e df.kdkvksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq iwoZ&ftysfVuhÑr cksjk pkoy o lksfM;e ,fYtusV ds fefJr tsy dks laiqVhdj.k esa tSocgqydh;
vk/kkj ds :i esa iz;ksx esa yk;k x;kA cksjk pkoy dk ftysfVuhdj.k Hkêkpk;Z vkfn ¼1979½ }kjk of.kZr m$"eh; fof/k ls Økafrd rki ds m$ij xeZ djds fd;k x;k rFkk Økafrd rki dk fu/kkZj.k fMizs$fulvy
fp=k 1 — lw{elaokgd df.kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k fp=k 2 —¶ychZizksQsu dk ifjek.kkRed ekud vo'kks"kdrk xzkQ
LdSfuax dSyksjhehVªh }kjk djus ls 64°C ik;k x;k Fkk13A oLrqr%
lw{edf.kdkvksa ds fuekZ.k ls iwoZ pkoy ds pw.kZ ds ftysfVuhdj.k gsrq blds Kkr 'kfDr okys tyh; fuyacu dks 30 feuV rd 121°Cij vkVksDyso fd;k x;kA bl izdkj izkIr tsy esa lksfM;e ,fYtusV dh ifjdfyr ek=kk] ifj.kkeh feJ.k dh okafNr 'kfDr izkIr djus ds vuq:i] feykdj ewy vkS"kf/k ds lkFk ,d:i djus ds i'pkr ijk/ofur ¼:i VsyhlksfuDl vYVªklksfuDl] fy- Hkkjr½ fd;k x;kA bl vkS"kf/k;qDr cgqydh; feJ.k dks flfjatuqek ;FkkFkZ lw{efNfnzr&;qfDr }kjk 'kuS%&'kuS% fo|qr pfyr vkafdd foyksM+d ls fu;af=kr xfr esa foyksfM+r n`<+dkjh foy;u ds fofHkUu lkUnz.kksa esa Vidk;k x;k rFkk izkIr tSy cwanksa dks i;kZIr n`<+ gksus ds mijkUr i`Fkd dj /kks;k x;k o igys pØh; fuokZr 'kq"dd ¼esfMdk baLVªwesaV~l fy- Hkkjr½ esa fQj m$".k&ok;q vksou ¼,u-,l-MCY;w- Hkkjr½ esa 40°C ls fuEu rki ij lq[kkdj ewY;kadu gsrq lajf{kr fd;k x;k ¼fp=k 1½A n`<+dkjh foy;u esa dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM ds 5 izfr'kr rFkk 12 izfr'kr lkanz.k tyh; foy;u esa iz;qDr fd;s x;s rFkk cksjk pkoy o lksfM;e ,YthusV dk vuqikr 4%1] 3%1 ,oa 2%1 ds vuq:i ifjofrZr dj ,d izfØ;kxr dkjd Lo:i v/;;u fd;k x;k lkFk gh cgqydh; feJ.k o vkS"kf/k ds vuqikr ds izHkko dh iM+rky 1%1] 1%2] 1%3 pj jkf'k ds lkFk fojpu dkjd ds :i esa dh x;h14A
• izfrn'kZ vkS"kf/k dk vkadyu o izek=khdj.k % vkS|ksfxd lzksrksa ls izkIr ¶ychZizksQsu dks xyu fcUnq] vf/kdre vo'kks"k.k dh rjaxnS?;Z (λmax)o vojDr o.kZØe ¼vkbZ-vkj- liSDVªe½ vkfn ds }kjk ij[kk x;k rFkk ek=kkRed vkdyu gsrq ;w-oh- LiSDVªksQksVksehVj
¼f'kekn`T>w QkekZ&Lisd&1700½ ds mi;ksx ls ijkcSaxuh LisDVªksxzkQh }kjk 247 uSuksehVj rjaxnS?;Z ¼λ½ ij izkIr vo'kks"kdrk ls ekud xzkQ ¼fp=k 2½ ds ek/;e ls lkanz.k dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k15A
• laiqVhdj.k n{krk dk fu/kkZj.k % yxHkx 50 xzke vkS"kf/k;qDr lw{e df.kdkvksa dks 'kq)rkiwoZd rkSydj mUgsa dkap ds vks[ky esa pwf.kZr dj 50 fe-yh- QkWLQsV cQj foy;u] ih,p- eku 8-0] ds lkFk 24 ?kaVs rd ;kaf=kd izdEid ¼jseh eksVlZ eqEcbZ] Hkkjr½ esa rhoz daiu }kjk fu"df"kZr fd;k x;kA rnksijkar izkIr foy;u dks Nkudj blds 1 fe-yh- dks f}vklfor ty ls leqfpr ruq djds mijksDr of.kZr fof/k }kjk fufgr vkS"kf/k dk ek=kkRed vkdyu fd;k x;kA df.kdkvksa dh laiqVhdj.k n{krk fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk bLrseky dj ifjdfyr dh x;h16 %&
• lw{e df.kdkvksa dk vkS"k/k rduhdh fo'ys"k.k % fufeZr lw{e&df.kdkvksa dk ewY;kadu vkS"kf/k Hkkj.k] vkÑfr ,oa vkdkj]
ty ok"i vo'kks"k.k 'ys'eklatu] LQhr] eSdsfudy xq.k/keZ] fo?kVu izfrjks/kdrk ,oa lg&la?kVd laxfr rFkk ljQsl VksiksxzkQh vkfn ekinUMksa ds varxZr fd;k x;kA
• ;kfU=kd foltZu ijh{k.k % bu foVªks vkS"k/kh; fueksZpu dk ewY;kadu bf.M;u QkekZdksfi;k esa of.kZr fof/k }kjk Vkbi&2 ¼?kwf.kZr ckLdsV Vkbi½ midj.k ¼ohxks] oh-Mh-,-&8Mh] Hkkjr½ }kjk tyh;
ek/;e esa fd;k x;kA laiqfVr vkS"kf/k ds fueksZpu izksQkby ,oa Hks"ktk.kqxfrd izfr:i.k dk v/;;u dsUnzh; vkS"k/kh; ekud fu;U=k.k laLFkk] Hkkjr ds tSorqY;rk lacU/kh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa o ,Q-Mh-,- dh ,l-;w-ih-,-lh-&,e-vkj- xkbMykbUl ds vuq:i rhu i`Fkd foyk;dksa esa vyx&vyx vk;fud okroj.k esa lEikfnr fd;k x;kA bl gsrq f}vklfor ty] 0-1 eksyj lkUnzrk;qDr uked dk vEy rFkk 6-8 ih,p- eku okys cQj foy;u dks fuekZspu ek/;e Lo:i iz;ksx esa yk;k x;kA iwoZfu/kkZfjr le;karjky ij fu;r ek=kk esa uewuk ysdj fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dk izek=khdj.k ijkcSxuh o.kZØeekih }kjk mij of.kZr fof/k }kjk fd;k x;kA bl izdkj vkxf.kr vkS"k/
kh; lkUnz.k dh la'kqf) fudkys x;s uewuksa dh ek=kk ds lkis{k fuEukafdr lw=k ds ek/;e ls djds dkykuq:i fueksZpu xfrdh dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k17A
tgka Cn = nth uewus ds izkDdfyr lkUnz.k esa vko';d la'kks/ku
Mn =nth uewus dk izkDdfyr lkUnz.k
VT = fueksZpu ek/;e ¼foy;u½ dk vk;ru
Vs = fudkys x;s uewus dh ek=kk ¼feyh-½
Cn-1 = lanfHkZr uewus ds Bhd igys okys uewus dk la'kksf/kr lkanz.k rFkk Mn-1 lanfHkZr uewus ds Bhd igys okys uewus ds ekfir lkanz.k dks fu:fir djrk gS
ekspu v.kqxfrdh dk izfr:i.k rFkk vk¡dyu
;kfU=kd fueksZpu ijh{k.k ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dks fufeZr lw{e&df.kdkvksa ls laiqfVr vkS"kf/k dh ekspu v.kqxfrdh ds izfr:i.k
(modelling) gsrq fofo/k O;qf=kr izfrekuksa] tSls fd tksjks vkMZj]
QLVZ vkMZj] fgxqph ekMy] dkslZes;sj&isikl ekWMy vkfn] ds xf.krh;
lehdj.kksa esa izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k ,oa izkIr lg&lacU/k xq.kkad ds vf/kdre eku ds vk/kkj ij fuekZspu v.kqxfrdh dh fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k18A
• thjks vkMZj ekspu v.kqxfrdh % thjks vkMZj fjyht dkbusfVDl iznf'kZr djus okys vkS"k/kh; mRikn yxkrkj leku :i ls fufgr vkS"kf/k dk fueksZpu djrs gSa rFkk vkS"kf/k fueksZpu dh nj le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr ugha gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh ekspu v.kqxfrdh dks vuojr ,oa izof/kZr vkS"k/kh; izHkko vftZr fd;s tkus gsrq loksZÙke ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh dks lk/kkj.kr%
fuEukafdr xf.krh; lacU/k }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
bl lehdj.k esaQ
t ,d fuf'pr le;karjky 't'esa fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk] vkSj Q
0 lacfU/kr fueksZpu xq.kkad gSA
• QLVZ vkMZj ekspu v.kqxfrdh % bl izdkj dh fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh dk izn'kZu iz/kkur% ,sls vkS"k/kh; mRiknksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa lkekU;r% dksbZ ty&foys; vkS"kf/k ,d iksjl eSfVªDl esa vkO;wfgr gksrh gSA blesa ,d fuf'pr dkyka'k esa fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk le; ds lkFk vuqikfrd <ax ls ?kVrh tkrh gSA bl ekWMy dks xf.krh; vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj vfHkO;Dr dj ldrs gSa&
tgka Q
t, ,d fuf'pr dkyka'k ‘t’ esa fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk dks fu:fir djrk gS rFkk Q
0 ijh{k.k foy;u esa vkS"kf/k dk vkjfEHkd (t=0) lkUnz.k rFkk K
1 QLVZ vkMZj fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh fu;rkad gSA
• fgxqph ekWMy ekspu v.kqxfrdh % fgxqph ¼1963½ us Bksl ,oa vFkZ&Bksl eSfVªDlsl ¼vkO;wg½ ls ty esa foys; o vYi&foys;
⎭⎬
⎫
⎩⎨
⎧
⎭⎬
⎫
⎩⎨
⎧
−
× −
= −
1 n
1 n s
T T n
n M
C V V M V C
[
Qt =Qo +Kot]
[
InQt =InQo −K1.t]
vkxf.kr izfr'kr vkS"kf/k Hkkj.k laiqVhdj.k n{krk =
lS)kafrd izfr'kr vkS"kf/k Hkkj.k x 100
df.kdkvksa esa vkS"kf/k dh ek=k
izfr'kr vkS"kf/k Hkkj.k = df.kdkvksa dh ek=k x 100
vkS"kf/k;ksa ds fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh; v/;;u gsrq fofHkUu lS)kfUrd ekWMy fodflr fd;s19A folj.k ek/;e ds :i esa vkpj.k'khy nzO;
esa leku :i ls vkO;wfgr vkS"k/kh; d.kksa ds fy;s xf.krh; in O;qRiUu fd;s x;s FksA ,d leku vkO;wfgr lery izcU/k ls vkS"kf/k foltZu ds v/;;u gsrq izkIr xf.krh; lEcU/k dks fuEu izdkj izdV fd;k tk ldrk gS&
tgka] ‘Q’ ,d fuf'pr dkyka'k ‘t’ esa bdkbZ {ks=kQy ls fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk] ‘C’ dqy vkS"k/kh; lkUnz.k rFkk Cs eSfVªDl esa vkS"kf/k dh foys;rk dks fu:fir djrk gS] vkSj ‘D’
fufgr vkS"kf/k dh folj.k'khyrk ¼folj.k xq.kkad½ gSA
lkekU; :i ls fgxqph ekWMy dks fuEukafdr :i esa la{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls ljyhÑr fgxqph ekWMy Hkh dgrs gSaA
tgka Kh foltZu nj fu;krkad gSA bl lehdj.k dks fofHkUu izdkj ds ifjof/kZr vkS"kf/k fueksZpu gsrq fojfpr mRiknksa ls vkS"k/kh;
foltZu dh O;k[;k gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• fgDlu&Økosy ekWMy ekspu v.kqxfrdh % fgDlu rFkk ØkWosy
¼1931½ us d.kksa ds fu;r {ks=kQy o buds vk;ru ds ?ku ewy esa lekuqikfrd lEcU/k dk laKku ysrs gq;s fuEukafdr lehdj.k izkIr fd;k ftls vkS"k/kh; foltZu fo"k;d O;k[;k gsrq iz;qDr dj ldrs gSa20&
tgka K
e ?kuewy vkS"kf/k foltZu nj fu;rkad] vkSj M
0 ,oa M Øe'k% vkjEHk esa rFkk fuf'pr dkyka'k ‘t’ esa QkE;Zwys'ku esa 'ks"k vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk dks fu:fir djrs gSaA
• dkslZes;sj & isikl ekWMy ekspu v.kqxfrdh % dkslZes;j vkSj muds vU; lg;ksfx;ksa us o"kZ 1983 esa chrs gq;s le; ,oa vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ds ikjLifjd pj?kkrkadh lacU/k vk/kkfjr ,d lgt o vYiiz;ksxkfJr izfr:i.k fodflr fd;k21A
bl izfr:i.k dks fuEu izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tgk¡ Mt/M,d fuf'pr le;karj ‘t’ esa fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk] rFkk ‘k’ fof'k"V fueksZpu dksfV ¼jsV dkalVsUV½ ,oa ‘n’
fueksZpu ?kkrkad dks fu:fir djrk gSA ?kkrkad ‘n’ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq
fueksZpu vkys[k ¼fjyht IykWV½ ds flQZ ml va'k dks iz;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tgka] Mt/M dk eku 0-6 ls de gks ¼Mt/M<0.6½A isikl ¼1985½ us ‘n’ ds bl eku dk iz;ksx lkj.kh 1 esa bafxr ekun.Mksa ds vuq:i fueksZpu fØ;kfof/k ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd;kA bl ekWMy dk bLrseky vkS"k/kh; mRiknksa ls nok ds fueksZpu dk fo'ys"k.k fd;s tkus gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gS] fo'ks"kr;% ,slh fLFkfr esa tcfd fueksZpu fØ;kfof/k mfpr :i ls Kkr u gks vFkok tc ,dlkFk fofHkUu fØ;kfof/k;ksa ds lekos'k gksus dh lEHkkouk gks18A
;kfU=kd foltZu ls izkIr vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ds vkadM+kas dks xf.krh; foospu gsrq fofo/k izfrekuksa ds vuq:i lEcfU/kr lehdj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij vkysf[kr fd;k x;k] ;Fkk & thjks vkMZj ¼izfr'kr dqy vkS"kf/k fueksZpu cuke le;½] QLVZ vkMZj ¼izfr'kr dqy vkS"kf/k fueksZpu cuke le; dk oxZewy½] fgDlu&ØkWosy ?kuewy ekWMy
¼izfr'kr dqy vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ds ?kuewy cuke le; dk y?kqx.kd½ dkslZes;j ekWMy ¼izfr'kr dqy vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ds y?kqx.kd cuke le; dk y?kqx.kd½ vkfnA ftlls fd fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh dk
;FkkFkZ fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj izkIr xzkQ esa ls lokZf/kd lg&lacU/k iznf'kZr djus okys ekWMy dks fufeZr lw{e&df.kdkvksa }kjk iznf'kZr fueksZpu v.kqxfrdh dk fu/kkZj.k ekuk x;kA
lka[;dh; fo'ys"k.k o vk¡dM+ksa dk fuoZpu
• fuekZspu v.kqxfrdh ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq ;kfU=kd foltZu ds fVªIyhdsV vkadM+ksa dk e/;eku xf.krh; vkdyu esa iz;qDr fd;k x;kA
• leLr lka[;dh; rqyuk,a vkbZ-ch-,e-&,l-ih-,l-,l- 19 lkW¶Vos;j dh enn ls dh x;haA
• eYVh&IokbaV efYViy ¼vioZR;½ ;kaf=kd foltZu ls izkIr fueksZpu izksQkbyksa dh rqyukRed Lohdk;Zrk dk fu/kkZj.k dsUnzh; vkS"k/kh;
ekud fu;U=k.k laLFkk] Hkkjr rFkk vkS"kf/k ewY;kadu ,oa 'kks/k dsUnz ;w-,l- ,Q-Mh-,- ds fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds vkyksd esa fuEu izdkj vkxf.kr le:irk dkjd (F) ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k17 %
tgka ‘n’ ;kfU=kd foltZu esa v/;;u fcUnqvksa dh ckjEckjrk ,oa RJ rFkk TJ ,d fuf'pr le;kUrj ‘t’ ij nks ;qfXer foltZu izksQkbyksa ¼fjQjsUl o VsLV½ ds fueksZpu ewY; dks fu:fir djrk gSA bl izdkj ;fn le:irk dkjd dk eku 50 ls 100 ds e/; izkIr gksrk gS rks iz'uxr nks fueksZpu
[
D(2C Cs)Cst]
0.5Q= −
2 / 1 ht K Q=
t K M
( ) M
( 1/3 = 0)1/3 − e
n
t M kt
M / =
[ ]
⎪⎭
⎪⎬
× ⎫
⎩⎨
⎧ ⎥
⎦
⎢ ⎤
⎣
⎡ + −
×
=
−
∑= R T 100
) n / 1 ( 1 log 50 F
5 . 2 0 n
1 j
J J
izksQkbyksa lknz'k ekus tkrs gSaA vU;Fkk le:irk dkjd dk eku 50 ls de izkIr gksus dh n'kk esa nksuksa iz'uxr fueksZpu izksQkbyksa esa vlekurk dks bafxr djrk gSA
• lw{edf.kdkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa izfØ;kxr rFkk lafojpu ekun.Mksa dk b"Vrehdj.k ^jsLikWUl ljQsl& fgLVksfjd MkVk fMtkbu* ls vkÑ"V fuoZpu ds vuq:i LVSV&bZt fMtkbu ,DliVZ 8-0-4- lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;kA
• ;kfU=kd foltZu ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ds iz;ksx ls [khaps x;s vkS"kf/k fueksZpu vkys[kksa ds lejSf[kd va'k dh izo.krk rFkk lg&lacU/k xq.kkad dk vkdyu ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsy lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;kA
ifj.kke ,oa foospuk
vkS"kf/k;qDr lw{e df.kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k nks tSo&cgqydksa ;Fkk cksjk pkoy vkSj lksfM;e ,fYtusV ds ifjdfyr vuqikr esa lfEeJ.k ls dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM ds n`<+dkjh ?kksy esa lw{e fNfnzr ;qfDr ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;kA bl izdkj fufeZr lw{e&laokgd df.kdk;sa yxHkx xksykdkj rFkk vkdkj esa 71-85 ± 2-74 ls 96-44 ± 0-64 fe-eh- Js.kh dh FkhaA vyx&vyx cSp ¼izp;½ esa rS;kj df.kdkvksa ds vkdkj&foLrkj esa ekewyh varj Fkk tks fd rduhdh :i ls Lohdkj ;ksX; FkkA ;g ik;k x;k fd cgqydh; lfEeJ.k dk tSy&lkaUnz.k c<+k;s tkus ij df.kdkvksa ds vkdkj esa o`f) ifjyf{kr gksrh gS tks fd lEHkor% feJ.k dh ifj.kkeh ';kurk esa c<+ksÙkjh ds dkj.k nh?khZÑr cawnksa ds QyLo:i gqvk gksxkA [kqyh gok esa lq[kkbZ x;h df.kdkvksa dk vkdkj rqyukRed :i ls m".k&ok;q vksou esa lq[kkbZ x;h df.kdkvksa ls vf/kd Fkk tks fd 'kk;n ok;q 'kq"du izfØ;k esa df.kdkvksa ds vkaf'kd futZyhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i iznf'kZr gksrk gSA df.kdkvksa ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku laiqVhÑr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk esa vuqikfrd o`f) fd;s tkus ij vFkok n`<+dkjh ?kksy dk lkanz.k vf/kd gksus ij Hkh ;g laokgd df.kdkvksa ds vkdkj dks izHkkfor djrk gSA lS)kfUrd :i ls ;g cgqydh; vkO;wg esa vf/kdkf/kd vladqpuh; Bksl inkFkks± ds lekos'k ds ifj.kr gqvk
gksxkA ¶ychZizksQsu ;qDr df.kdkvksa esa mRÑ"V vkS"kf/k Hkkj.k ik;k x;k tks fd fofHkUu izp;ksa esa ;ksftr izfØ;kxr o fojpu dkjdksa ds vuq:i 68-85 ± 2-14 ls 91-64 ± 0-67 izfr'kr dh dksfV esa FkkA
vkS"k/kh; fojpu ,oa fodkl dh izfØ;k esa ;kfU=kd foltZu iM+rky ,d egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSA fdafpr gkyr esa bls tSo&rqY;rk v/;;u ds izfrLFkkiu Lo:i iz;qDr djrs gSaA bl v/;;u dh
;kfU=kd foltZu v/;;u dk bLrseky vle cksjk pkoy vk/kkfjr vkO;wg;qDr lw{e&laokgd df.kdkvksa ds laoguh; vkS"kf/k fueksZpu foHko ds vUos"k.k rFkk vkS"kf/k ekspu ds Hks"ktk.kqxfrd izfr:i.k gsrq fd;k x;k FkkA vle cksjk pkoy ,d vfHkuo vkS"k/kh; la?kVd gksus ds dkj.k bl izdkj fufeZr df.kdkvksa ls vkS"kf/k fueksZpu gsrq
;kfU=kd foltZu v/;;u dsUnzh; vkS"k/kh; ekud fu;U=k.k laLFkk]
Hkkjr ds tSorqY;rk lacU/kh fn'kkfunsZ'kksa os ,Q-Mh-,- dh ,l-;w-ih- lh-&,e-vkj- xkbMykbUl ds vuq:i rhu i`Fkd foyk;dksa ;Fkk f}vklfor ty] 0-1 eksyj lkUnzrk;qDr ued dk vEy rFkk 6-8 ih,p-eku okys cQj foy;u esa vyx&vyx vk;fud okrkoj.k esa lEikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA lkFk&lkFk fd;s fVªIyhdsV v/;;u ls tfur foltZu izksQkbyksa dh ijLij lerqY;rk le:irk dkjd ds ek/;e ls fd;s tkus ij muesa ;Fks"V lkn`'; Kkr gqvk (F>50) izkIr vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ds vkadM+ksa dks xf.krh; foospu gsrq fofo/k izfrekuksa ds vuq:i lEcfU/kr lehdj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij vkysf[kr fd;s tkus ij lacfU/kr v.kqxfrd ekWMy ds izfr vkdfyr lg&lEcU/k ds eku lkj.kh 1 ,oa 2 esa la{ksfir fd;s x;s gSaA
rnuq:i i`Fkd&i`Fkd fueksZpu n'kkvksa esa fofHkUu v.kqxfrd ekWMYl ds izfr fHkUu&fHkUu lg&lEcU/k ifjyf{kr gksrk gS tks fd lw{e&df.kdkvksa ls ih,p- eku rFkk vk;fud okrkoj.k ds vuq:i ifjorhZ ekspu v.kqxfrdh dks bafxr djrk gSA lw{e&df.kdkvksa }kjk
¶ychZizksQsu dk ckbQsftd ¼pj.kc)½ fueksZpu iznf'kZr fd;k x;k izFke pj.k esa vYi ek=kk esa vkS"kf/k ;dk;d eksfpr gks tkrh gSA
;g lEHkor% lrgh la'kDr vkS"kf/k ds rkRdkfyd fueksZpu ls
lkj.kh 1 — ;kfU=kd foltZu ds vkad.kksa ls fueksZpu fØ;kfof/k dk fo'ys"k.k
fueksZpu ?kkrkad ^n* vkS"kf/k LFkkukarj.k fØ;kfof/k le;kuq:i nj
0-5 fQfd;u fM¶;wtu t-0.5
0-5 < n< 1-0 vfu;fer tn–1
1-0 dsl & II LFkukarj.k 'kwU; dksfV fueksZpu
1-0 ls vf/kd lqij dsl & II LFkkukarj.k tn–1
lEHko gqvk gksxk lkFk gh df.kdkvksa ds 'kq"du esa dnkfpr mRiUu njkjsa Hkh nzqr izkjfEHkd fueksZpu dks izsfjr djrh gSaA lEHkor%
¶ychZizksQsu] df.kdkvksa ds /kkou esa iz;qDr {kkyd nzo esa vYi foys; gksus ds dkj.k vfrlar`Irrk dh fLFkfr esa lrg ij la'kDr jg tkrh gS rFkk ;gh izFke pj.k esa nzqr fueksZpu gsrq fufeÙk gksrh gS tks fd df.kdkvksa ds bysDVªkWu lw{en'kZdh; izs{k.k esa Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ¼fp=k 2½A vEyh; ek/;e esa ¶ychZizksQsu }kjk vR;Ur gh U;wu vkS"kf/k fueksZpu iznf'kZr fd;k x;k ftlds fy;s nks izeq[k dkjd ftEesnkj izrhr gksrs gSa] izFke & de ih,p- eku ij
¶ychZizksQsu dh vR;Ur gh de foys;rk ,oa nwljk & ;g fd cksjk pkoy vkO;wg dk vEyh; ek/;e esa U;wure LQhr iznf'kZr fd;k tkukA okLro esa izksQsu vkS"kf/k;ksa dh vEyh; ek/;e esa fueksZpu izfrjks/kdrk fpfdRldh; n`f"Vdks.k ls okafNr Hkh gS D;ksafd ;s vkS"kf/k;ka eq[;r% th-vkbZ-Vh- ds fMvksM~ue o ttue [k.M ls vo'kksf"kr dh tkrh gS rFkk isV ds m$ijh Hkkx esa fueksZfpr gksus dh n'kk esa dnkfpr vYlj tSls vokafNr izHkko iSnk fd;s tkus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA vr% vle cksjk pkoy vk/kkfjr df.kdk;sa izksQsu vkS"kf/k;ksa ;Fkk ¶ychZizksQsu ds yf{kr fueksZpu o tSoizkI;rk ds lao/kZu esa mi;ksxh gSaA fofHkUu vktkekb'kh fojpuksa ds mijkar ,Q&2 QkE;Zwys'ku dks varr% vkS"k/k rduhdh ekun.Mksa ds fy, mi;qDr ikrs gq;s bls Hks"k.kqxfrd pfj=k&fp=k.k gsrq pquk x;k FkkA df.kdkvksa ds ;kfU=kd foltZu v/;;u ds iwoZ o i'pkr bysDVªkWu lw{e n'kZdh; izs{k.k ;g iznf'kZr djrs gSa fd {kkjh; ek/;e cgqydh;
vkO;wg esa vf/kdkf/kd cyk?kkr Mkyrs gq;s cgqydh; Ja`[kyk dks f'kfFkyrk iznku djrk gS tks fd lS)kafrd :i ls foys;rk rFkk foyk;d izokg ij fuHkZj gksxkA
QkWLQsV cQj ek/;e esa ¶ychZizksQsu dk fueksZpu izk;% leku ,oa yxHkx 10&11 ?k.Vksa rd lrr ik;k x;k ftls ,p-ih-,e-lh- ds }kjk ysfir fd;s tkus ls vkSj vf/kd fu;fU=kr fd;k tk ldkA
,slk ik;k x;k fd ¶ychZizksQsu ds HkkSfrd&jlk;fud xq.k/keZ vle cksjk pkoy ds vkO;wg }kjk fufeZr lw{e df.kdkvksa ls vyx&vyx vk;fud okrkoj.k esa okafNr vkS"k/kh; fueksZpu gsrq vko';d lkE;
iznf'kZr djrh gSA ¶ychZizksQsu vkS"kf/k }kjk fueksZpu okrkoj.k ds ih-,p- ewY; ds vuq:i ifjorZuh; foys;rk iznf'kZr dh x;h
¼fp=k 3½ rFkk izklafxd vkS"k/kh; foys;rk esa c<+rs gq;s ih,p- eku ds lkFk mÙkjksÙkj c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA lkFk gh vf/kd ih,p- eku okys cQj foy;u esa fufeZr df.kdkvksa ds vle cksjk pkoy vk/kkfjr vkO;wg esa cgqydh; J`a[kyk&f'kfFkyu gksus ls varr% df.kdkvksa dk {kj.k gksus yxrk gSA ftlds vka=k uyh ds nwjorhZ fgLls dks vk;fud okrkoj.k esa vf/kdkf/kd vkS"k/kh; fueksZpu iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA gkykafd lksfM;e ,fYtusV vkO;wg dks QkWLQsV cQj ek/;e esa fu;fU=kr vkS"kf/k fueksZpu gsrq mi;qDr djkj ugha fn;k x;k gS fdUrq iz'uxr vkS"kf/k ¼¶ychZizsQsu½ dk izfrxkfer ¼fjVªksxzsMsM½ XywfVul jkbl LVkpZ xzSU;wYl esa laiqfVr gksus ds pyrs rR{k.k fueksZpu vkifjorZudkjh tSo&cgqydh; tSy dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks fd lrr vkS"kf/k fueksZpu esa enn djrk gSA dksjl vkfn ¼2003½
lkj.kh 1 —lafojfpr lw{e df.kdkvksa ls vkS"kf/k ekspu v.kqxfrdh dk izfr:i.k
vkS"kf/k fueksZpu ek/;e thjks vkMZj QLVZ vkMZj fgxqph ekWMy dkslZes;sj&isikl fgDlu&Økosy lokZf/kd ;Fks"B ekspu [R2] ekspu [R2] ekspu [R2] ekWMy ekspu [R2] ekWMy ekspu [R2] v.kqxfrdh ekWMy
f}vklfor ty 0-6890 0-1670 0-8911 0-4057 0-3346 fgxqph ekWMy
0-1 eksyj 0-3070 0-1779 0-5471 0-2064 0-1787 vfu;fer
gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
cQj foy;u 0-9905 0-0291 0-9325 0-5782 0-5538 thjks vkMZj
¼6-8 ih,p- eku½ QkE;Zwys'ku ¼,Q vkbZ th ,e½
fp=k 3 — ¶ychZizksQsu dh ih,p- eku ds vuq:i ifjorZuh; foys;rk
ds vuqlkj LVkpZ xzSU;wYl Lo;a gh vfrfFk v.kqvksa dks Lo;a esa lkek;ksftr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa22A LVkpZ ikWyhlSdsjkbM df.kdkvksa esa fofo/k jlk;fud vo;oksa dk vkRelek;kstu djds fofHkUu mikxeksa ds ek/;e ls laiqVhÑr fd;s tkus dks vusd oSKkfudksa }kjk izfrosfnr fd;k x;k gS23&27A orZeku v/;;u esa lw{e df.kdkvksa eas vkO;wfgr vkS"kf/k dk lrr fueksZpu dnkfpr] blds izfrxkfer pkoy }kjk] rR{k.k fufeZr df.kdk ds [kks[kys gkbye esa lek;ksftr gksus ls lEHko gqvk gksxkA tgka ls vkS"kf/k vuqorhZ tSy vojks/k ls folfjr gksdj /khjs&/khjs fu;fU=kr :i ls fueksZfpr gksrh gSA foax vkfn ¼1988½ dh jk; ls df.kdkor LVkpZ dh vfrfFk v.kqvksa gsrq laiqVhdj.k {kerk mlesa mifLFkr vekbyksl dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrh gS28A vrSo mijksDr o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij cgqydh; 'kdZjk J`a[kykvksa esa jsVªksxzSMs'ku }kjk lek;ksftr vkS"kf/k dk laiqVhdj.k fufeZr lw{e df.kdkvksa ls lrr fueksZpu dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
¶ychZizksQsu }kjk iznf'kZr ;kfU=kd foltZu ds vkadM+s vkS"kf/k dh ih,p- eku ds lkFk ifjorZuh; foys;rk rFkk mDr Øe esa cksjk pkoy vkO;wg esa J`a[kyk&f'kfFkyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i cgqydh;
vkO;wg esa {kj.k ls izsfjr rhozrj vkisf{kr fueksZpu ds vuq:i gSaA fdUrq tSls&tSls {kj.k }kjk df.kdkvksa dk izHkkoh lrgh {ks=kQy de gksrk tkrk gS foyk;d ¶yDl }kjk izo`r fueksZpu dh nj esa lkis{k deh vkrh gS ftlls vU;ksU;kfJr :i ls vkS"k/kh; ifjnku fu;fU=kr cuk jgrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
;kfU=kd foltZu ls izkIr vkadM+ksa dk laoxhZ; xf.krh; lehdj.kksa ds ek/;e ls lqlk/;Ñr ifjek.kkRed vkadyu o fuoZpu vkS"k/kh;
fueksZpu vkys[k ds dfir; ekin.Mksa ds Qyu ij vk/kkfjr gS tks fd fu;fU=kd vkS"kf/k ifjnku esa nzO;kRed LFkkukarj.k dh fØ;kfof/k o le; ds lkFk fueksZfpr vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk dk vkdyu fd;s tkus gsrq mi;qDr Kkuk/kkj izLrqr djrk gSA ;fn fdlh fof'k"V mRikn gsrq fueksZpu fØ;kfof/k ds lkis{k ,d laxr lS)kfUrd xf.krh;
laca/k vfHkKkr gks tkrk gS rks bls vkS"k/kh; fojpu ds nkSjku xf.krh; vuqdkj esa iz;qDr dj ldrs gSaA rFkk bl izdkj fojfpr mRikn ls fuf'pr dkykarj esa fueksZpu vkS"kf/k dh ek=kk dk Hkh vkdyu dj ldrs gSa ,oa fueksZpu Hks"k.kqxfrdh dk iwokZuqeku gksus ij okafNr fpfdRldh; izHkko vuq:i mi;qDr b"Vrehdj.k esa lqyHkrk gksrh gS o miyC/k fodYiksa esa ls mfpr mRikn dk p;u lqxe gksrk gSA
vkHkkj
'kks/k dk;Z gsrq fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk vfHk;kaf=kdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ;kstukUrxZr Hks"kth esa dfu"d 'kks/k v/;srko`fÙk
vf/kfu.khZr djus ds fy, vkHkkjA
lUnHkZ
1- dqaoj ch ds] izkWLisDV~l vkWQ oSY;w ,Mh'ku Vw ck;ks&fjlkslsZl vkWQ ck;ksVsDuksykWth] izkslhfMaXl vkWQ us'kuy lsfeukj vkWu oSY;w ,Mh'ku Vw ck;ks&fjlkslsZl vkWQ ukFkZ&bZLV bf.M;k % iksLV gkosZLV VsDuksykWth ,.M dksYM psu] xqokgkVh fo'ofo|ky;] xqokgkVh] vle] ebZ 19&21
¼2006½ 15&31A
2- ikBd ih ds] vgen Vh] 'kekZ ds ds ,oa ikBd , ds] vksjkbtk] 32
¼1995½ 48&50-
3- tqfy;kuks ch vks] ,ekbyksl ,ukykbfll bu jkbl] bu % izkslhfMaXl vkWQ odZ'kki vkWu dsfedy vkWLisDV~l vkWQ jkbl xzsu DokfyVh]
b.Vjus'kuy jkbl fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV] fi$yhihUl ¼1979½ 251&256- 4- loHkkX; lh ,e ,oa HkV~Vkpk;Z ds vkj] LVkdsZ] 31 ¼1979½ 159&163- 5- lpku ,u ds] iS$czhds'ku ,aM ck;ksQkekZL;wfVdy dSjsDVjkbts'ku vkWQ ekbØksikfVZdqysV daVªksYM Mªx fMyhojh flLVe daiksTM vkWQ vle cksjk jkbl ,t ikflcy E;wdks,M~gsflo cSdcksu] ih,p Mh Fkhfll ¼Hkkjr % fMczwx<+ fo'ofo|ky;] vle½ o"kZ 2011-
6- cSpoky , vkj ,oa usokbys Mh ,] Mªx fMosyiesUV ,.M fMyhojh] 1¼1½ vDrwcj 2001-
7- vks,Ydj th ,oa ,Yls ch] , ch , lh tuZy] 23 ¼2003½ 34&60- 8- 'ksuks; izseukFk ds vkj] , LVSªVsftd bulkbV] bu % QkekZ VsDuksykWth
& ,Dlizsl QkekZ iYl Lis'ky Qhpj] ebZ 29] 2003- osclkbV irk%
www.expresspharmaonline.com/pharmatech.pdf ¼vfHkxfer fnukad & 29 ebZ 2011½-
9- lpku ,u ds] dUVªhC;w'ku vkWQ bf.M;u VsªMh'kuy ,.M gksfyfLVd flLVe vkWQ esfMflu bu U;w Mªx fMosyiesUV ¼lEiknd % dqekj , ,oa nkl th½ ck;ksMkboflZVh] ck;ksVsDuksykWth ,.M VsªMh'kuy ukWyst]
laLdj.k&1] ujks'kk ifCyf'kax gkm$l] ubZ fnYyh & Hkkjr½ ¼2010½ 175&190-
10- lpku ,u ds] vkfjQ ,e] tek¡ ds ,e ,oa dqekj okbZ] Hkkjrh;
oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk] 19 ¼2011½ 211&218- 11- fiQsjh th ,oa jsLrkuh ih] vkbZ ,y QkeSdks] 58 ¼2003½ 541&550- 12- lpku ,u ds ,oa Hkêkpk;Z ,] tuZy vkWQ vle lkbal lkslk;Vh]
47 ¼3½ ¼2006½ 34&41-
13- Hkêkpk;Z ds vkj] ftysfVukbts'ku VsEizspj vkWQ jkbl LVkpZ ,aM bV~l fMVfeZus'ku bu % izkslhfMaXl vkWQ odZ'kki vkWu dsfedy vkWLisDV~l vkWQ jkbl xzsu DokfyVh ¼fQyhihUl % varjkZ"Vªh; pkoy 'kks/k laLFkku½ ¼1979½ 231&250-
14- lpku ,u ds ,oa Hkêkpk;Z ,] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWQ gsYFk fjlpZ]
02 ¼1½ ¼2009½ bZ 2112 ih 113&119-
15- Hkkjrh; QkekZdksfi;k] LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] izdk'ku fu;U=kd] ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjr ¼2007½ fMftVy laLdj.k- 16- ow ,p] >kax tsM ,Dl] >kvksg ,p ih] ow Mh lh] ow ch ,y ,oa dkWx
vkj] tuZy vkWQ ekbØks,udSIL;wys'ku] 21 ¼2004½ 889&903- 17- vkS"kf/k ewY;kadu ,oa 'kks/k dsUnz] ;w ,l & ,Q Mh ,] xkbMykbUl
QkWj bUMLVªh % Ldsy vi ,.M iksLV vizwvy psUtst QkWj ekWMhQkbM fjyht lkWfyM vksjy Mkslst QkElZ] flrEcj 1997-
18- dksLVk ih ,oa ykscks ts ,e ,l] ;wjksfi;u tuZy vkWQ QkekZL;wfVdy lkbUlsl] 13 ¼2001½ 123&133-
19- f g x q p h V h ] t u Z y v k W Q Q k e k Z L ; w f V d y l k b U l s l ] 52 ¼1963½ 1145&1149-
20- fgDlu , MCY;w ,oa ØkWosy ts ,p] b.MfLVª;y bUthfu;fjax ,.M dsfeLVªh] 23 ¼1931½ 923&931-
21- dkslZes;j vkj MCY;w] xquhZ vkj] Mks,Ydj bZ ,e] cqjh ih ,oa iksikl ,u ,] bUVjus'kuy tuZy vkWQ QkekZL;wfVDl] 15 ¼1983½ 25&35- 2 2 - d k s j l t s ] r k s e u f l d i h , o a y h l h o k b Z ] t u Z y v k W Q
ekbØks,udSIL;wys'ku] 20 ¼2003½ 47&56-
23- 'kqYts MCY;w bZ] ;w nh Vh ,oa eSDlkLVj ,e ,e] LVkpZ@MkbZ LVdsZ]
16 ¼1964½ 41&48-
24- Mksvus MCY;w ,e] eSrh ,l ,oa foax vkj bZ] dsfedy ,CLVªSDV]
109 ¼1990½ 185496 ch-
25- dkj ,e bZ] foUx vkj bZ ,oa Mksvus MCY;w ,p] lhfj;y dSfeLVªh]
86 ¼1999½ 262&266-
26- 'kkgk ch ,l] fVªEusy Mh ,oa vksVs ,Q ,p] tuZy vkWQ ikWyhej lkbal ¼ikWyhej dSfeLVªh½] 19 ¼1981½ 1891&1899-
27- fVªEusy Mh ,oa 'kkgk ch ,l] tuZy vkWQ dUVªksYM fjyht] 7 ¼1988½ 25&31-
28- foax vkj bZ] eSrh ,l ,oa Mksvus MCY;w ,e] tuZy vkWQ dUVªksYM fjyht] 7 ¼1988½ 33&37-
