SCERT TELANGANA
The Indian National Flag is the symbol of the land and people of India. Our National Flag is a tricolour panel made up of three rectangular panels or sub-panels of equal widths. The
Our National Flag
colour of the top panel is India saffron (Kesaria) and that of the bottom is India green.
The middle panel is white, bearing at its centre the design of the Ashoka Chakra in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes. The Ashoka Chakra is visible on both sides of the Flag in the centre of the white panel. The Flag is rectangular in shape with the ratio of the length to the height (width) being 3:2.
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan explained about the National Flag in the Constituent Assembly which adopted it, “Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct.
The green shows our relation to the soil, our relation to the plant life here on which all other life depends. The Ashoka Wheel is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principles of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is life in movement. India must move and go forward.”
If done properly, there is no restriction on the display of the National Flag by common people, private organizations or educational institutions. Consistent with the dignity and honour of the Flag as detailed in the Flag Code of India, anyone may hoist/ display the National Flag on all days and occasions, ceremonial or otherwise.
Where the practice is to fly the Flag on any public building, it must be flown on the building on all days including Sundays and holidays and, except as provided in the Code, it shall be flown from sunrise to sunset irrespective of weather conditions. The Flag may be flown on such a building at night also but this should be only on very special occasions.
The Flag must not be used as a drapery in any form except in State/ Military/
Central Paramilitary Forces funerals. In such cases also the Flag must not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre. The Flag must not be draped over the hood, top, sides or back of a vehicle, train or boat. It must not be used or stored in such a manner as may damage or soil it. When the Flag is in a damaged or soiled condition, it must not be cast aside or disrespectfully disposed of but be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning. The Flag must not be used as a covering for a building. Although the Flag can be used as a costume or uniform, it should not be used as undergarments or below the waist. It must not be embroidered or printed upon cushions, napkins, etc. Lettering of any kind must not be put upon the Flag. It must not be used in any form of advertisement. Showing disrespect or insult to the National Flag is a punishable offence.
The National Flag must not be flown from a single masthead simultaneously with any other flag. There must be separate mastheads for different flags. The flag mast should be in white colour. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by Government, the National Flag is flown on the right side of the car and the Flag of the foreign countries on the left side of the car.
In the event of the death of the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, the National Flag is half-masted throughout the country.
Over the last five decades, several people including members of the armed forces have laid down their lives to keep the tricolour flying in its full glory. We must
SCERT TELANGANA
gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z
dJ© - Zddr
Voc§JmZm gaH$ma Ûmao àH$merV, h¡Ðm~mX Voc§JmZm gaH$ma Ûmao àH$merV, h¡Ðm~mXVoc§JmZm gaH$ma Ûmao àH$merV, h¡Ðm~mX Voc§JmZm gaH$ma Ûmao àH$merV, h¡Ðm~mXVoc§JmZm gaH$ma Ûmao àH$merV, h¡Ðm~mX...
H$m¶ÚmMm AmXa H$am
h¸$ ‘ridm e¡j{UH$ CÞVr gmYm
{dZ‘« ìhm
lr ~r.gwYmH$a, ‘mJ©Xe©H$ (g§MmcH$) emg{H$¶ nwñVH$ {à§Q>tJ àog, h¡Ðm~mX lr. Eg. OJÞmZW aoÈ>r, ‘mJ©Xe©H$
(g§MmbH$) Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r.
Voc§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
nwñVH$mMm {dH$mg H$aUmar g§KQ>>Um g§nmXH$
g§nmXH$g§nmXH$
g§nmXH$g§nmXH$
Social Studies
Class - IX (Marathi Medium)
lr. gr. EZ.gw~«‘ʶ‘, EH$bì¶m, ^monmb, E‘.nr.
àm¡. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW, AW© emñÌ {d^mJ,
¶w{ZdagrQ>r Am°’$ h¡Ðm~mX, h¡Ðm~mX àm¡. Am¶.bú‘r, B{Vhmg {d^mJ,
Cñ‘m{Z¶m ¶w{Zgr©Q>r h¡Ðm~mX àmo. E‘. H$moX§S>am‘, amÁ¶emó {d^mJ
nr.Or H$m°boO, {gH§$Xam~mX, h¡Ðm~mX àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y, B{Vhmg {d^mJ
H$mH${V¶m ¶w{ZdguQ>r, da§Jb S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoÈ>r, AgrñQ>§Q>. àm¡.
^wJmob emñÌ {d^mJ, Amo.¶w. h¡Ðm~mX S>m°. E‘.pìh. lrZrdmgZ, AgrñQ>§Q>. àm¡.
S>r.B.©Eg.Eg., EZgrB©AmaQ>r, Zdr {X„r lr Ho$. gwaoe,
‘§Mr nwñVH$‘, h¡Ðm~mX lr Abo³g E‘. OmO©, EH$bì¶m, ^monmb E‘.nr.
àm¡. Eg. nÙOm, ^wJmob emñÌ {d^mJ, Cñ‘m{Z¶m, ¶w{Zgr©Q>r h¡Ðm~mX àm¡. Am¶.{Wê$‘„r - {g{Z¶a ’o$bmo,
Am¶.gr.Eg.Eg.Ama., ݶw {X„r lr AaqdX gaXmZm, g§MmbH$
EH$bì¶m, ^monmb, E‘.nr.
àmo. E. g˶Zmam¶U ({Zd¥Îm) B{Vhmg {d^mJ Cñ‘m{Z¶m ¶w{ddguQ>r, h¡Ðm~mX.
S>m°. Ho$.Ho$. H¡$bmg, amÁ¶emó {d^mJ EM.gr.¶y., h¡Ðm~mX
S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mbM§ÐZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob emók
~±Jbmoa
lr. E. g˶Zmam¶U aoÈ>r, g§MmbH$
EggrB©AmaQ>r, E.nr. h¡Ðm~mX S>m°. gwH$ʶm ~mog, g„mJma EZAm¶nrE’$nr, Zdr {X„r S>m°.EZ. M§Ðm¶ySy>, A.àmo’o$ga, ^yJmob {d^mJ
Eg.dr. ¶w{ZdguQ>r, {VénVr
lr.Ho$. {H«$îU ‘mohZamd àmo’o$ga , Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r.
Voc§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
Hw$. Mmé {gÝhm, Hw$. Mmé {gÝhm, Hw$. Mmé {gÝhm, Hw$. Mmé {gÝhm,
Hw$. Mmé {gÝhm, Am¶.nr.Eg, (g„mJma {bJ§ g§doXZerbVm - ~mb emofU)
g§MmbH$, A.C.B Voc§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
S>m°. EZ.C$noÝXa aoÈ>r, àmo’o$ga, gr. AÊS> Q>r, {d^mJ ‘w»¶
Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r. Voc§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
SCERT TELANGANA
© Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.
First Published 2013
New Impressions 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,2018,2019
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.
We have used some photographs which are under creative common licence. They are acknowledged at later (page vii).
This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. Maplitho, Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
Voc§JmZm emgZmÛmao ‘mo’$V {dVaU 2019-20 Voc§JmZm emgZmÛmao ‘mo’$V {dVaU 2019-20Voc§JmZm emgZmÛmao ‘mo’$V {dVaU 2019-20 Voc§JmZm emgZmÛmao ‘mo’$V {dVaU 2019-20 Voc§JmZm emgZmÛmao ‘mo’$V {dVaU 2019-20
Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press, Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
SCERT TELANGANA
lr Ho$. lr{Zdmg, OrEME‘
OoS>nrEMEg, Hw$a‘oSw>, ZcJm|S>m lr ~r {H$emoaHw$‘ma
¶wnrEg, CËHy$a, ZbJm|S>m lr nr Am§OZo¶ybw, OrAmo ‘°na grB©EgEg - S>rgrEg, h¡Ðm~mX
Writers (boIH$)
Co-ordinators (g‘Ýd¶ H$V})
lr E‘. nmnæ¶m, co³Ma, EggrB©AmaQ>r, Vob§JmZm h¡Ðm~mX.
lr Eg. {dZm¶H$, gr AÊS> Q>r {d^mJ, EggrB©AmaQ>r Vob§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX.
lr E‘. Za{gåhm aoÈ>r, OrEME‘
OoS>nrEMEg, noÈ>mO§J‘n„r, H$S>ßnm lr. Ho$. bú‘r Zmam¶U bo³Maa emg{H$¶ AܶmnH$ {dÚmb¶, A§Jbya, {H«$îUm
lr Ho$. gwaoe ~m~w, lr Ho$. gwaoe ~m~w, lr Ho$. gwaoe ~m~w, lr Ho$. gwaoe ~m~w, lr Ho$. gwaoe ~m~w, ~r.Q>oH$
‘Zm ‘oS>r¶m J«m{’$³g, h¡Ðm~mX lr H$Ýhæ¶m Xmam
lr H$Ýhæ¶m Xmam lr H$Ýhæ¶m Xmam lr H$Ýhæ¶m Xmam
lr H$Ýhæ¶m Xmam, S>rnrAmo EggrBAmaQ>r, Vob§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
n¶©doúmH$
n¶©doúmH$n¶©doúmH$
n¶©doúmH$n¶©doúmH$
gOmdQ> Am{U énaofm gOmdQ> Am{U énaofm gOmdQ> Am{U énaofm gOmdQ> Am{U énaofm gOmdQ> Am{U énaofm
‘amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r
‘amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r‘amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r
‘amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r
‘amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r
g‘Ýd¶H$:
g‘Ýd¶H$:
g‘Ýd¶H$:
g‘Ýd¶H$:
g‘Ýd¶H$: lr gaXma Y_ooÐqgJ Mhc, Eg.E.
emgH$s¶ AܶmnH$ {dÚmc¶, Am{Xcm~mX
‘amR>r AZwdmXH$:
‘amR>r AZwdmXH$:
‘amR>r AZwdmXH$:
‘amR>r AZwdmXH$:
‘amR>r AZwdmXH$:
lr. Xoe‘wI g§O¶, Eg.E. OoS>nrEMEg, VmZya,Am{Xcm~mX
gh ghgh
ghgh-g‘Ýd¶H$:g‘Ýd¶H$:g‘Ýd¶H$:g‘Ýd¶H$:g‘Ýd¶H$: lr. {edmOr H$X_, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, ~ocm
S>m°. EZ.M§Ðm¶wSw>, A.àmo.
^wJmoc {d^mJ, Eg.ìhr. {dÚm{nR>, {VénVr lr‘Vr. Ho$. grVm ‘hmbú‘r, bo³Maa
emg{H$¶ {S>J«r H$m°boO amO‘§S´>r lr E‘. Za{gåhm aoÈ>r, OrEME‘
OoS>nrEMEg, n|XmO§J‘no„r, dm¶.Eg.Ama H$S>ßnm lr. Ho$. gw~«‘ݶ‘, co³Maa
emgH$s¶ AܶmnH$ {dÚmc¶, H$Zw©c lr. Q>r. a{dÝÐa, co³Maa emgH$s¶ AܶmnH$ {dÚmc¶, da§Jc
lr. Ho$. bú‘r Zmam¶U bo³Maa emg{H$¶ AܶmnH$ {dÚmb¶, A§Jbya, {H«$îUm
lr. E‘. nmnæ¶m, bo³Maa EggrB©AmaQ>r, Vob§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
S>m°. amM©cm JUnVr, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, cmS>ocm, da§Jc S>m°. {~.pìh.EZ. ñdm‘r, Eg.E.
OrEMEg hþOwam~mX, H$ar‘ZJa lr Ho$. lr{Zdmgamd, Eg.E.
E‘nr¶wnrEg nr.Ama.nëcr, Q>o¸$mbr, lrH$mH$wc‘
lr H$g‘ Hw$‘mamñdm‘r, Eg.E PoS>nrEMEg, XdS>on„r, Am{Xbm~mX
lr Or. aW§JnmZr aoÈ>r, Eg.E PoS>nrEMEg, nmoëH$‘n„r, ‘wgmnoQ>, ‘h~y~ZJa
lr‘Vr ho‘m IÌr, (àw’$ [aqSJ) Am¶OrEZAm¶Eg, h¡Ðm~mX.
lr. Am¶. bú‘Uamd, Eg.E OrEMEg YZJadmS>r, H$ar‘ZJa
lr ¶w. AZ§Xm Hw$‘ma, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEM, gwOmVm ZJa, Iå‘‘
lr nr. lrZrdmgwcw, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, hdocr KZnwa, ‘oS>H$
lr nr. OJZ ‘mohZ aoÈ>r, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, noS>MoSw>, JOdmc, ‘oS>H$
lr E. aqdXa, Eg.E.
OrEMEg, Amoag, da§Jc lr E. E‘. lrZrdmg amd, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, H$mocmnwS>r, àH$me‘
lr Q>r. 춧H$Q>æ¶m, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, B©JwdmdoS>r, {MËVmoa lr EZ. gw~«‘ݶ‘, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, Vm§JVwé, Zo„moa, lr Q>r {dîUw‘wVu Eg.E
¶wnrEg, ‘ÞoJwS>o‘, da§Jb lr‘Vr ~§S>r ‘[a¶m amZr, Eg.E E‘nr¶wnrEg, {MbyH$mZJa, a§JmaoÈ>r lr nr.dr {H«$îUmamd, E’$Eb EME‘
nr.Eg ‘moh„m Z§. 16 ¶o„§Xÿ, Iå‘‘
lr. d§Jwé J§JraoÈ>r Eg.E PoS>nrEMEg, H$mZXþJ©, ‘h~y~ZJa
lr Q>r à^mH$a aoÈ>r Eg Eg PoS>nrEMEg-~r, em~mX, a§.aoÈ>r
lr. EZ amOnmb aoÈ>r Eg.E PoS>nrnrEgEg-~r KZnya OZJm§d
lr EZ gr OJÞmW OrEMEg, Hy$bgy‘nyam, h¡Ðm~mX
lr E.cú‘Uamd, Eg.E.
OrEMEg, YZJadmS>r, H$ar‘ZJa S>m.aMcm© JUnVr, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, cmS>o„m, da§Jc lr Ho$. Hw$‘mañdm‘r, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, X§S>on„r, Am{Xcm~mX lr ¶w. AZ§Xm Hw$‘ma, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, gwOmVm ZJa, Iå‘‘
lr nr. OJZ ‘mohZ aoÈ>r, Eg.E.
OoS>nrEMEg, noS>MoSw>, JOdmc, ‘oS>H$
lr. amOoe XmZH$m, lr. amOoe XmZH$m,lr. amOoe XmZH$m,
lr. amOoe XmZH$m,lr. amOoe XmZH$m, g§JUH$ MmcH$
(Am{X˶m {S>.Q>r.nr. g|ÝQ>a Am{Xcm~mX) lr. Ho$.gmoZoamd, Eg.E. OoS>nrEMEg, ~ocm
SCERT
TELANGANA
‘wbm§Zm nÌ
‘wbm§Zm nÌ
‘wbm§Zm nÌ
‘wbm§Zm nÌ
‘wbm§Zm nÌ
{ච{dÚm϶mªZmo emio‘ܶo...
Vwåhr Cƒ ‘mܶ{‘H$ ‘ܶo àdoe Ho$cm Amho ˶m ~Ôc A{^Z§XZ, Vwåhr ’$ma ^m½¶dmZ AmhmV H$s, Vwåhmcm B¶Îmm 9 dr À¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mVrc {df¶ dñVw {eH$md¶mg {‘iV AmhoV.
B¶Îmm 8 dr Z§Va KamVrc cmoH$m§Mr H$miOr KoʶmgmR>r Odi Odi 50% {dÚmWu ˶m§Mo Zmd emioV XmIc H$arV ZmhrV. KamVrc cmoH$m§Mr H$miOr KoʶmgmR>r ^aU nmofUmgmR>r Vo eoVmda H$m‘ H$aVmV. n¡go H$‘mdVmV. hr ˶m§À¶mgmR>r d Amnë¶mgmR>r hmZrH$maH$ ~m~ Amho.
AmnU Ooìhm gm‘m{OH$ àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aVmo Voìhm Amnë¶mcm ˶m§Mo AZw^d, {dMma ˶m§Mr
‘Vo H$iV ZmhrV. gm‘m{OH$ àíZm~Ôc {dMma H$aUo, ˶m§Mr ‘Vo OmUwZ KoUo hr Am‘Mr O~m~Xmar dmT>cr Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ {OdZ nÜXVrMm emco¶ {OdZ hm EH$ {d^mJ Amho. Amnë¶m gmR>r AZoH$
Z{dZ g§Yr {dH$mgmMr Xmao Iwcr Pmcr AmhoV. EH$m ~mOwcm Jar~r, ^wH$ Va Xþgè¶m ~mOwcm g‘¥ÜXr- {dH$mg Cƒ {eúmU KoUmao {dÚmWu ¶wdH$ åhUwZ Amåhmcm hm àíZ {dMmamdm cmJVmo H$s Ago H$m? hr n[añWrVr H$er ~XcUma? Á¶m‘wio gJù¶m§gmR>r {dH$mgmMr g§Yr CncãY hmoB©c?
¶m nwñVH$mVrc H$mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYʶmMm à¶ËZ Pmcocm Amho. AmYw{ZH$
g‘mOì¶dñWm, A{cH$S>À¶m H$mimV gmV˶mZo hmoUmam {dH$mg, ‘mZdr A{YH$mam§Mr OnUwH$
¶m Jmoï>r gmܶ H$aʶmMr ‘moR>r e³¶Vm {Z‘m©U Pmcr Amho. Va Xþgè¶m ~mOwcm Ag‘mZVm g§ndUo ¶mV Amcoco An¶e XmIdVo.
ho nwñVH$ ‘w»¶Ëdo XmoZ {d^mJmV AgwZ {d^mJ 1 ^wJmoc d AW©emó Va {d^mJ 2 B{Vhmg, gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ àíZ ¶m ~m~VMr ‘m{hVr Amho. ‘hm{dÚmc¶mV Joë¶mda Vwåhr
¶mVrc {df¶ {ZdSw>Z gm§Jmonm§J ({dñVmamZo)‘m{hVr qH$dm Aä¶mg H$amc na§Vy ¶m dJm©V ¶m {df¶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmMr AmoiI H$éZ XoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aʶmV Amcm Amho.
¶m nwñVH$m§Vrc H$m§hr àíZ gm‘m{OH$ àíZm~m~V {ddoMZ H$aUmao AgwZ ˶m ìXmao
‘hËdnwU© ‘m{hVr VgoM H$m§hr g‘ñ¶m§Mr CH$c H$aʶmV Amcr Amho. H¥$n¶m cúmmV ¿¶m H$s, H$moUVmhr nmR> g§nwU¥ ~mOwMo {ddaU H$aV Zmhr, Va Vwåhmcm Vw‘Mo ‘V R>adʶmgmR>r g§X^©J«§Wm À¶m ghmæ¶mZo MMm© H$éZ ñdV:Mo ‘V R>admdo cmJoc. Agcoë¶m ‘Vm§er nS>VmiwZ nhmdo cmJoc.
¶m nwñVH$mVrc ‘m{hVr nmR>m§Va H$éZ qH$dm dmMwZ Vwåhr H$mhrM gmܶ H$é eH$Uma Zmhr ˶mnoúmm Vwåhr {dMma H$aUo OmñV ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo AnoúmrV Amho.
Vwåhr Ooìhm EImÚm gm‘m{OH$ àíZm§{df¶r ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$amc Voìhm Iyn {dñV¥V ñdénmV ‘m{hVr CncãY hmoB©c. ¶mVrc H$moUVr ‘m{hVr Cn¶wº$ Amho hoo AmnU Vr dmnam¶Mr H$s Zmhr? ¶mVrc Iao /ImoQ>o nUm nS>VmiwZ nmhUo? ¶m gd© ~m~r R>adVm§Zm AܶmnZ kmZ {‘idUmè¶m hþema {dÚm϶mª g‘moa ho ‘moR>o AmìhmZ AgVo. gd©àW‘ ‘m{hVr Hw$Rw>Z {‘iUma?
hr ‘m{hVr {dídmgmh© Amho H$m? H$moUVm Ñï>rH$moZ g‘moa R>odwZ {chcocr Amho? EImXm nwd©J«h
‘ZmV R>odwZ {chcocr Amho H$m? ¶mMm Vnmg ¿¶mdm cmJVmo. ˶mZ§Va Amnë¶m {ZU©¶mda ¶mdo cmJVo.
nwñVH$ Ho$di Xþgè¶m§Mo {dMma d H¥$Vr ¶m ~Ôc gm§JVmV. gdmªV eodQ>r VwåhmcmM R>admdo cmJVo H$s, Á¶m gm‘{OH$ àíZm§Mm Vwåhr Aä¶mg H$arV AmhmV ˶mMr Vwåhmcm {H$Vr CH$c Pmcr Amho? ˶mda Vwåhmcm H$m¶ Cnm¶¶moOZm H$amdr Ago dmQ>Vo? gm‘m{OH$ àíZ g‘OwZ Vo gwYmaʶmgmR>r ˶mda A‘c~OmdUr H$aUo Aer Xþhoar O~m~Xmar AgVo. ‘cm Amem Amho H$s, ho nwñVH$ Vwåhmcm ghmæ¶ ^wV R>aoc.
g§nmXH$
g§nmXH$g§nmXH$
g§nmXH$
g§nmXH$
SCERT
TELANGANA
nwñVH$m~Ôc nwñVH$m~Ôc nwñVH$m~Ôc nwñVH$m~Ôc nwñVH$m~Ôc
ho nwñVH$ gm‘mOrH$ Aܶm¶U nmR>çH«$‘mMm EH$ ^mJ Amho doJdoJù¶m, àH$maÀ¶m g‘mOmVrb KR>UmMm Aä¶mg ¶mV Ho$bm OmVmo. H$mhr Agmo nU hm EH$ bhmZ nmR>çH«$‘mVrb ^mJ Amho.
gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ¶m {df¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aVm§Zm Vwåhmcm AmnAmngmV {dMma {d{Z‘¶ H$aUo ˶mMo {ddoMZ H$aʶmMr úm‘Vm {dH${gV hmoUo AnoúmrV Amho. ˶mMr Adí¶H$Vm nmR>mÀ¶m àíUmVwU ‘mhrV hmoVo. Vwåhmg d Vw‘À¶m {‘ÌmZm ¶mMr nU Adí¶H$Vm Amho Vwåhr dJm©VwU ~mhoa
~mOmamV Om n§Mm¶V ZJanmbrH$m, JmdmVrb eoVmV, ‘§{Xa, MM©, ‘ñOrX d doJdoJù¶m {R>H$mUr Vw‘À¶m {ZX}eUmg H$m¶ ¶oVo Vo ‘mhrV H$am Vwåhr doJdoJù¶m bmoH$m§Zm ^oQ> Úm Á¶mV eoVH$ar, XþH$mZXma, Am’$sgmVrb, d nwîH$i bmoH$m§er doJdoJù¶m A§emda MMm© H$am.
ho nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm n¥Ïdr Am{U {VÀ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ {d^mJ eoVr Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg VgoM H$m¶m©b¶rZ godm, bmoH$ H$go AW© ì¶dñWm Am{U O‘m ¶m~Ôb OmUyZ KoVmV, gaH$ma A§XmOnÌH$
H$go V¶ma H$aVo Am{U H$a bmdVo - øm gJù¶m Jmoï>tMm ‘mZd OrdZmda H$m¶ n[aUm‘ hmoVmo, øm~Ôb {eH$Vm ¶oB©b.
ho nwñVH$ Vwåhmg g‘mOmVrb doJdoJù¶m nÕVrMr ‘mhrVr XoVo, Á¶mV O‘rU, bmoH$m§Mr
¶mV H$go bmoH$ ˶mMo OrdU OJVmV. Vo ˶mÀ¶m ‘wb^wV JaOm H$em ^mJdVmV? H$go bmoH$
g‘mOmV {d^mJUr H$er Pmcr Amho. d g‘mZVm gmR>r H$m¶ à¶ËZ Ho$ë¶m OmV Amho H$em àH$mao doJdoJù¶m Xodm§Zm Vo ^OV AgVmV d eodQ>r H$go EH$ Xþgè¶mer ñZohmUo dmJUo AgVmV d g§ñH¥$Vr {Z©‘mU H$aʶmV ˶m§Mm ‘hËdmMm dmQ>m AgVmo.
øm nwñVH$mV, Vwåhmbm eoH$S>mo dfm© nwdu H$m¶ KS>bo Agob ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. ¶wamonmVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xb, H«$m§Vr Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm Am{U g‘mOmda hmoUmè¶m ~Xbm§Mo n[aUm‘, {d{dY I§S>mVrb dgmhVr, àemgZmMo n[a‘mU, øm gJù¶m ~m~tMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo, Vwåhmbm øm Jmoï>rVrb ~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘iob - bmoH$emhr Am{U {VMm {dñVma, ‘mZdm g§~§Yr h¸$ Img H$éZ
‘wbm§Mo Am{U ‘{hbm g§ajU H$m¶Xo Am{U ho Amnë¶m gܶmÀ¶m OrdZmg H$go à^mdrV H$aVmV, Vo g‘OyZ KoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am.
Oa Vwåhr ho nwñVH$mMo dJm©V dmMU Ho$bo Va Vw‘À¶m g‘moa nwîH$i àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmV ˶mMr CÎmao XoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am qH$dm ˶m ~m~VMo H¥$˶ H$am, ’$³V nmR> bdH$a g§ndUo
‘hËdmMo Zmhr ˶m àíZmda MMm© H$am d ˶mda H¥$˶o H$aUo ‘hËdmMo Amho.
nwîH$i nmR>mV àH$ën H$m¶© XoʶmV Ambo Amho Vo nwU© H$aʶmg WmoS>m doi bmJVmo Vo àH$ënm Üdmao Vw‘À¶mV gm‘϶© {dH$mg d gm‘mOrH$ Aܶ¶U ho ¶mMm {dH$mg hmoVmo d Vmo ‘hËdmMm AgVmo ˶mVwU nmR>mV H$m¶ Amho Vo ‘mhrV hmoVo.
H¥$n¶m AmR>dU H$am Vwåhmg nmR>mV H$m¶ Pmbo Vo bjmV ¶oV Zmhr nU ˶m ~m~V {dMma H$am d ˶mda Vw‘Mm ñdV…Mm {Z©U¶mMm C$„oI H$am.
g§MmcH$,
amÁ¶ nmR>ç nwñVH$ g§emoYZ {d^mJ Voc§JmZm, h¡Ðm~mX
SCERT
TELANGANA
nwñVH$mMm D$n¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚm϶mªgmR>r {Q>n nwñVH$mMm D$n¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚm϶mªgmR>r {Q>nnwñVH$mMm D$n¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚm϶mªgmR>r {Q>n nwñVH$mMm D$n¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚm϶mªgmR>r {Q>nnwñVH$mMm D$n¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚm϶mªgmR>r {Q>n
¶m nwñVH$mV gm‘mOrH$ Aܶm¶UmÀ¶m g‘J« g§H$ënZm nmohM{dʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$ë¶m Jobm Amho. ho amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrb VgoM amï´>r¶ d amÁ¶mMm nmR>çH«$‘mMr ê$naoIm ‘mܶ{‘H$ nmR>emim nmVir da AܶmnZmMr JaO bjmV R>oD$U {eñV~Õ nmohM{dʶmMm n«¶ËZ H$aʶmV Ambm. Vwåhr doJdoJù¶m naånamJV {dMma loUrV B{Vhmg, AW© emñÌ, ^wJmob emñÌ ho H$em àH$mao {ddrY gH$ënZoV EH$Ì Ho$ë¶m Jobo AmhoV. ho nwñVH$ 6 {df¶mZm EH$Ì AmZʶmMm n«¶ËZ Ho$bm Oo AmnU ¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m AUwH«$‘{ZH$m nmZmda nmhþ eH$Vmo.
¶m nwñVH$mMm AmIUr {ejH$ d {dÚm϶m©Zm gm‘mOrH$ Aܶm¶ZmVrb H$ënZm ˶m§Zm dJm©V Aܶm¶U AܶmnZmV D$n¶moJr nS>VmV. ˶m H$[aVm nwñVH$ dmMU H$ê$U ˶mda dJm©V MMm© H$aUo
‘hËdmMo Amho.
nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…- nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…-nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…-
nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…-nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…- ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm gai gmܶm gmo߶m ^mfoV ‘wbm§Zm g‘Oʶm gmaIr Amho. H$mhr Agmo AMmZH$ ^mfoVrb ~Xbmda {díboeU ñnï>Vm Úmdr bmJVo. AmnU nwñVH$mVrb boIZm nmgwU Xþa OmD$ d ‘mhrVr {‘idy nwñVH$mUo hoem D$XmhaUo XoʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho d Vr g§H$ënZm gmR>r bmJw hmoD$ eH$Vo d ˶mVwU MMm© hmoVo. à˶oH$ nmR>mV Ho$ÝÐrH¥$V H$ënZm AmhoV. ˶m§da AmnU dJm©V àH$me Q>mH$ʶmMm à¶ËZ H$amdm. Vwåhr 2 Vo 3 ‘w»¶ H$ënZm dJm©V nwZamd¥V H$am.
ho nwñVH$ doJdoJù¶m nÕVrUo boIU H$aʶmV D$n¶moJr nS>Vo H$m§hr doiog Vo dZ©U H$aʶm à‘mUoM H$m¶© H$aVo Ogo Am‘U d g[aVm nmR>-Zddm Vo h‘oem H$m¶©aV AgVo nU Vo dmñVd Ñî¶mMo {díbofU H$aVo. qH$dm EH$mÚm n¡goOda gwú‘ Aܶm¶U (Ho$g ñQ>S>r) Ogo qgJmaoUr H$moigm, nmR> - 6, VgoM nwñVH$mV Q>o~b Á¶mV VwbZmË‘H$ àmW{‘H$VmZm EH$Ì H$aʶmg H$m¶Xm ~ZdʶmMr e{³V nmR> - 14 Mr g§H$ënZm {díbofU ^mfmMr ñQ>mBb.
nmR>mÀ¶m ‘ܶ§Var àíZ Am{U eodQ>À¶m àíZmMm dmna…- nmR>mÀ¶m ‘ܶ§Var àíZ Am{U eodQ>À¶m àíZmMm dmna…-nmR>mÀ¶m ‘ܶ§Var àíZ Am{U eodQ>À¶m àíZmMm dmna…-
nmR>mÀ¶m ‘ܶ§Var àíZ Am{U eodQ>À¶m àíZmMm dmna…-nmR>mÀ¶m ‘ܶ§Var àíZ Am{U eodQ>À¶m àíZmMm dmna…- Vwåhmbm bjmV ¶oB©b H$s nmR>mÀ¶m
‘ܶ§Var H$m§hr àíZ {dMmabo AgVrb, ˶m àíZm§Mm VgoM gmoSy>Z ZH$m. Vo Aܶ¶Z Am{U AܶmnZmV g‘J« ê$n KoVmV. ˶m àíZmMo ñdê$n AdKS> AgVo. ˶m n¡H$s H$m§hr ‘wë¶m§H$ZmV D$n¶moJr nS>VmV, qH$dm Vo nwîH$i ‘mhrVr O‘m H$aVmV Vo g§H$ënZmg JwS>mibobr AgVmV ˶mMr MMm© AmnU nwduÀ¶m
‘w»¶ D$n‘w»¶ ^mJmV Ho$br Amho. àíZmMo D$Îma gm§JʶmMm à¶ËZ H$ê$ ZH$m, ‘wbm§Zm D$Îmao emoYʶm gmR>r nadmZJr Úm, ˶m§Zm EH$‘oH$mV MMm© H$aʶmMr g§Yr Úm Á¶mVwZ AW© {ZKw eH$Vo d e³¶ ˶m D$ÎmamgmR>r MMm© H$am.
doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr àíZo ¶m nwñVH$mV AmhoV. 1) ‘wbm§Zm ˶m§Mm AZw^d {bhʶmg gm§JUo.
2) ˶m§À¶m AZw^dmMr VwbZm nwñVH$mV {Xboë¶m D$XmhaUmgr H$am. 3) doJdoJù¶m XmoZ-{VZ nwñVH$mV {Xboë¶m n[añWrVrMm VwbZm H$am. 4) ‘wbm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$U ˶mMo ‘ZmoJV ˶m n[añWrVr
~m~V H$go Amho Vo ‘mhrV H$am qH$dm gyú‘ Aܶ¶U H$am (Ooìhm gd© ‘wbmMo ‘ZmoJV EH$ gmaIo Zgob Va ˶m§Zm ^md àH$Q> H$aʶmMr g§Yr Úmdr. 5) nmR>mV {Xboë¶m à˶oH$ n[añWrVrZwgma àíZ VnmgUo.
{ejH$mZo dJm©V doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZo níU {dMmamdoV, H$m§hr àíZ ˶m§À¶m ZmoQ>~wH$ ‘ܶo {bhʶmg gm§Jmdo, H$mhr àíZ ˶m§Mm bhmU JQ> V¶ma H$ê$U MMm© H$aʶmg gm§Jmdo. d VgoM H$m§hr àíZ ˶m§Zm d¡¶º$sH$
{bhʶmg ÚmdoV. Aem àH$maMo gd© àíU ‘wbm§Zm, àm¡ËgmhrV H$aʶm gmaIo d ñdVmÀ¶m {dMma H$ê$U {bhʶm gmaIr n[añWrVr {Z©‘mU H$amdr, gd© ‘wbmMo EH$ gmaIoM D$Îmao ¶oVrb Ago hmoD$ XoD$ Z¶o.
SCERT
TELANGANA
à˶oH$ nmR>mV H$m§hr S>ã~o boxes XoʶmV Ambr AmhoV. g§H$ënZoZwgma A{V[a³V ‘mhrVrMr MMm© nmR>mV H$aʶmV Ambr Amho. ˶mg ˶mMr dJm©M MMm© H$aUo ‘hËdmMo Amho. d ˶mda ‘wbmV Activity H¥$Vr H$ê$U ¿¶mʶmV nU ˶m Vnmgw Z¶oV.
{MÌm qH$dm n«{VH¥$VtMm nmÌ nwñVH$mV dmna…- Owʶm na§namJV nwñVH$mV Z¸$b XoʶmV Ambr Amho.
H$m§hr Agmo Z¸$b D$n¶moJ nwñVH$mV H$aUo ho nwñVH$ aMZoÀ¶m ‘mZmUo ‘hËdmMo Amho. AmnU H$m¶Xm d ݶm¶ ¶mMo {MÌm§V Vm|S>r dU©Z H$aʶm nojm Z¸$b Ho$br Va Vr Á¶mñV D$n¶moJr nS>Vo. qH$dm AmnU H$mhr gm‘mOrH$ d amO{H$¶ Zo˶mMr Z¸$b H$ê$ eH$VmoV ¶m gd© BVa g§X^m©V Z¸$b hr ’$ma ‘hËd nwU© R>aVo. ˶m ìXmao ‘wbm§Zm g§H$ënZm g‘OwU gm§Jå¶mg, g‘OwU Koʶmg gmono nS>Vo, d nwñVH$mV dmnaboë¶m H$ënZm ‘mhrV hmoVmV. VgoM AmnU doJdoJù¶m nÕVrUo Z¸$b àXe©U H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$amdm, Ogo, ’$moQ>moJ«m’$a, {MÌH$ma, 춧J{MÌo, nmoñQ>a B˶mXr AemM àH$mao doJdoJù¶m E¡{VhmgrH$
KQ>Zm AZwgma doJdoJù¶m nÕVrUo Z¸$b H$aʶmMm n¶©ËU H$amdm.
ZH$mem, Q>o~b d J«m’$…- ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ZH$mem Üdmao AmnUmg aoIm{MÌ, AmWuH$, amO{H$¶ Am{U E¡{VhmgrH$ ê$naoIoMr ‘mhrVr ‘riVo. ˶mMm dmna ‘Zmoa§OZmË‘H$VoVwU ‘mhrVr {‘iʶm gmR>r Ho$bm Amho. Vwåhr nU V³Vm d ê$naoIm emoYʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am. Q>o~b d ê$naoIoMm Aä¶mg H$aUo gm‘m{OH$
Aܶm¶ZmV Adí¶H$ Amho. ˶m ìXmao g§H$ënZm g‘OwU Koʶmg ñnï>Vm ¶oVo.
àH$ën (project) …- ¶m nwñVH$mV doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr àH$ënmMm D$n¶moJ Ho$bm Amho. ˶m gd©
àH$ënmMm D$n¶moJ H$aUo e³¶ Zmhr. ‘hËdmMo d AmR>dU R>odʶmMo Ago H$s AmnU gd© ê$naoIm dmMZm ìXmao nwñVH$mVrb gm§Jw eH$V ZmhrV, àH$ënmVwZ ‘wbm§Zm g‘mOmV bmoH$m§gr H$go g§~§Y AgmdoV ¶mMo kmU hmoVo, VgoM ZdrU ‘mhrVr d Vr ˶mÀ¶m nÕVrUo ‘m§S>ʶmMr g§Yr {‘iVo. ‘wbmIV gmR>r àíZ V¶ma H$aUo, ~¢H$bm ^oQ> XoʶmMo {Z¶moOU H$aUo, V³Ë¶m, J«m’$ AZwgma nmÌ àXe©U d Z¸$b hr
‘mhrVr {‘idʶm gmR>r àXe©Z H$aUo h¡ nU gm‘mOrH$ Aܶm¶ZmV ‘hËdmMo Amho. ¶m Üdmao ‘wbm§V JQ>
V¶ma H$ê$U H$m‘ H$aʶmg àm¡ËgmhU {‘iVo d VgoM H$ënZmMr EH$‘oH$m§Zm XodmZKodmZ H$aVm ¶oVo.
nmR>ç nwñVH$m EodOr, Aä¶mg Am{U ‘wë¶m§H$Z H$aʶmgmR>r AmnU {df¶m g§~§Yr ZH$meo, Vºo$ Am{U AmboIm§Mm Cn¶moJ H$é eH$Vmo.
MMm©, ‘wbmIVr Am¶mo{OV H$aUo, dmX-{ddmX Am{U àH$ën H$m¶© - ho nmR>m‘ܶo Am{U Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am - øm Z§Va nU XoʶmV Ambo AmhoV. ¶mMm CÚoe åhUOo ‘wbm§‘ܶo gm‘m{OH$ OmUrd, g§doXZerbVm Am{U gH$mamË‘H$ X¥ï>rH$moZ {dH${gV ìhmdm, ¶m CÔoemZo nmR>çnwñVH$m§V XoʶmV Amco AmhoV.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Sri K. Joshi, State Coordinator, AP Human Rights Education, Dr. Ramani Atkuri, Medical Practitioner, Bhopal, Sri Velina Murari, Bangalore, Smt K. Bhagya Lakshmi, Manchi Pustakam, Hyderabad, Prof. M.S.S Pandian, JNU, New Delhi, Prof. E. Shiva Nagi Reddy, Stapathi, Dept. of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of A.P, Director State Central Library and reference section staff A.P and others who directly or indirectly participated in our workshops and contributed in improving the quality of specific chapters in the textbook. Some of the photographs used in the book are taken from flickr or other internet sources, under creative commons license.
SCERT
TELANGANA
ACADEMIC STANDARDS
{eH${dboë`m nmR>çm§embm g‘OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwaogm doi CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdm Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY àíZ, MMm© ‘hÎdmÀ`m hr àíZo, MMm©, g§H$ënZm J«hUeº$s, {díbofU, d¡Mm[aH$ nmVir VWm H$ënZobm dmd XoUmar AgmdrV. à˶oH$ nmR>mV ‘hËdmMo eãX CXm. g{hV XoʶmV Ambo Amho.
1) g§H$ënZm§Mr g‘O
{d{dY g§H$ënZm§À`m g‘O `oÊ`mgmR>r {díbofU, MMm©, CXmhaUo, ì`º$s¨Mm Aä`mg `m§Mr JaO AgVo {ZarjUmcm ‘hÎd Úmdo.
2) nmR>`m§e VWm nmR>çm§eoVa MMm©
`m nmR>mVrb {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mo {díbofU WoQ> Z H$aVm, ZH$meo d BVa gh ‘m{hVrÛmao H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho Ë`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwaogm H$mbmdYr CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdm.
3) ‘m{hVr H$m¡eë`
nmR>ç-nwñVH$mVyZ ñnï> H$aZo e³¶ Zmhr. CXm. ehar ^mJmVrb ‘wbo {ZdS>UyH$sVrb Amnë¶m Amnë¶m à{V{ZYr ~Ôb ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$é eH$VmVg, qH$dm J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb
‘wbo qgMZ qH$dm Vù¶m~Ôb ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$é eH$VmV. hr ‘m{hVr nwñVH$mVrb
‘m{hVrer V§VmoV§V OwiV Zmhr. åhUyZ ¶m e§H$m Xÿa H$amì¶mV.
àH$ën H$m¶mªÛmao {dÚmWu ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV, Á¶mMo g§H$bZ Zm|XUr ¶m ~m~r ‘m{hVr H$m¡eë¶mÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r ¶moJXmZ XoVmV. CXm. Oa H$m ‘wbm§Zr Vù¶m~Ôb ‘m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br Va Vr Vo ZH$memÛmao qH$dm {MÌmÛmao XmIdy eH$VmV. øm ‘m{hVr H$m¡eë¶m‘ܶo
¶oUmè¶m Jmoï>r åhUOo - ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aZo, ˶mMr Zm|X H$aZo Am{U {díbofU H$aZo øm Jmoï>tMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
4) H$maUH$maH$ g§~§Y
Amnë`m OrdZmVrc KQ>Zm§Mo OJmVrb BVa KQ>Zm§er VwbZm H$aÊ`mMo H$g~ {dÚmWmªV AdJV H$amdo, VgoM AZoH$ KQ>Zm§Mr ‘r‘m§gm H$ê$Z {dMma H$aÊ`mg, g§emoYZmg àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
5) ZH$memdmMZ VWm ZH$memMr g‘O
`m nwñVH$mV {d{dY àH$maMo ZH$meo VWm aoImQ>Zo {Xbr AmhoV `m§À`m gmømZo {d{dY àm§V , KQ>Zm `m§À`m ~ÔbMo {díbofU H$m¡eë` {dH$mg H$aUo, hm `m ‘mJMm CÔoe ZH$mem dmMZmMm gamd emionmgyZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMr ì`már dmT>dmdr ZH$mem V`ma H$aUo dmMZ H$aUo, ZH$memVrb ñWio, KQ>Zm, AmoiIUo, hr H$m¡eë¶o dmT>dmdr ZH$memMo Zm‘H$aU VWm AmoiIÊ`mMo H$g~ dmT>dmdo.
6) àe§gm VWm àmoËgmhZ
Amnë`m XoemV {d{dY ^mfm , AmMma-{dMma,ì`dhma, AÞnXmW© nwîH$i AmhoV gm‘m{OH$
Aܶ¶Z emómÛmao `mMo g§JmonZ H$amdo ghmì`m d gmVì`m dJm©V {Xboë`m {ejH$m§gmR>rÀ`m
"nwñVH$m{df`r' Oê$a dmMmdo.
SCERT
TELANGANA
S.No Name of the Chapter Page No
Contents
Month
^mJ 1 : n¥Ïdrdarc Z¡g{J©H$ àm§V Am{U AW©ì¶dñWm
^mJ 1 : n¥Ïdrdarc Z¡g{J©H$ àm§V Am{U AW©ì¶dñWm^mJ 1 : n¥Ïdrdarc Z¡g{J©H$ àm§V Am{U AW©ì¶dñWm
^mJ 1 : n¥Ïdrdarc Z¡g{J©H$ àm§V Am{U AW©ì¶dñWm
^mJ 1 : n¥Ïdrdarc Z¡g{J©H$ àm§V Am{U AW©ì¶dñWm
1 Amncr n¥Ïdr 1-13 June
2 n¥ÏdrMo Z¡g{J©H$ {d^mJ-{ecmdaU 14-26 July
3 OcmdaU 27-35 July
4 dmVmdaU 36-50 August
5 OrdmdaU 51-58 September
6 ^maVmVrb eoVr 59-74 September
7 ^maVmVrc CÚmoJ Y§Xo 75-95 November
8 ^maVXoemVrc H$m¶m©c¶rZ godm 96-104 December
9 AW©ì¶dñWm Am{U O‘m 105-117 December
10 qH$‘Vr Am{U {OdZmdí`H$ IM© 118-129 February
11 emgZmMo A§XmOnÌH$ Am{U H$a 130-145 February
^mJ 2 : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªVMo OJ
^mJ 2 : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªVMo OJ^mJ 2 : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªVMo OJ
^mJ 2 : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªVMo OJ^mJ 2 : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn¶ªVMo OJ
12 17, 18 d 19 ì¶m eVH$mVrc cmoH$emhr
Am{U amï´>r` CR>md July
13 Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Am{U gm‘m{OH$ ~Xc 167-180 August
14 gm‘m{OH$ {ZfoY Midir 181-188 August
15 c°Q>rZ A‘oarH$m,Am{e¶m Am{U Am{’«$Ho$Vrc dgmhVr àemgZ 189-203 September
16 ^maVmda dgmhVdmXmMm à^md 204-217 October
17 cmoH$emhrMm {dñVma 218-228 November
18 cmoH$emhr - {dMmaloUrMr ^mdZm 229-239 November
19 ‘mZdr A{YH$ma Am{U ‘wc^wV A[YH$ma 240-252 December
20 _{hcm g§ajU H$m¶Xo 253-261 January
21 {dnÎmr ì¶dñWmnZ 262-270 January
22 ahXmarMo {eúmU 271-277 February
Revision - Annual Examinations March
146-166
SCERT
TELANGANA
Amnco amï´>JrV
- aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa - aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa- aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa - aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa- aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa
OZ JU ‘Z A{YZm`H$ O` ho
^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &
n§Om~, qgYy, JwOamV, ‘amR>m Ðm{dS> CËH$b ~§J &&
qdÜ` {h‘mMb `‘wZm, J§Jm CÀN>b Ob{YVa§J &
Vd ew^ Zm‘o OmJo &
Vd ew^ Am{ef ‘mJo &
Jmho Vd O` JmWm OZ JU ԤJbXm`H$ O` ho
^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &
O` ho, O` ho, O` ho O` O` O` O` ho &
à{Vkm à{Vkm à{Vkm à{Vkm à{Vkm
- n¡[S>_au ì`§H$Q>m gwã~mamdw
^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho. gmao ^maVr` ‘mPo ~m§Yd AmhoV. ‘mÂ`m Xoemda
‘mPo ào‘ Amho. ‘mÂ`m XoemVë`m g‘¥X²Y Am{U {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m na§nam§Mm ‘bm A{^‘mZ Amho. Ë`m na§nam§Mm nmB©H$ hmoÊ`mMr nmÌVm ‘mÂ`m A§Jr `mdr, åhUyZ ‘r gX¡d à`ËZ H$arZ.‘r ‘mÂ`m nmbH$m§Mm, JwéOZm§Mm Am{U dS>rbYmè`m ‘mUgm§Mm
‘mZ R>odrZ Am{U àË`oH$mer gm¡OÝ`mZo dmJoZ. àmUr ‘mÌmda X¶m XmI{dU.
‘mPm Xoe Am{U ‘mPo Xoe~m§Yd `m§À`mer {Zð>m amIÊ`mMr ‘r à{Vkm H$arV Amho. Ë`m§Mo H$ë`mU Am{U Ë`m§Mr g‘¥X²Yr øm§VM ‘mPo gm¡»` gm‘mdbo Amho.
SCERT TELANGANA
YS>m
1
Amncr n¥Ïdr Amncr n¥Ïdr Amncr n¥Ïdr Amncr n¥Ïdr Amncr n¥Ïdr
AmnU ¶m n¥Ïdrda cm§Imo BVa àmʶm§
à‘mUoM amhV AmhmoV. VgoM ¶oWo PmS>o PwSnoo nU AmhoV. ‘mZd hm ¶m n¥Ïdrda EH$ cmI dfm©nwdu nmgwZ amhV Amho.
VgoM {H$˶oH$ BVa àmUr nU amhVmV.
‘mZd hm CÎm‘ {OdZ OJʶmgmR>r à¶ËZ H$é cmJcm. ‘mZd n[apñWVrZwgma Amnë¶mV ˶mMm ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVrZwgma
~Xcw cmJcm. øm à{H«$¶o‘ܶo ‘mZdmMm n¥Ïdrda amhUmè¶m BVa Ordm§er Am{U ñdV…er g§Kf© gwé Pmbm.
darc ‘m{hVr cú¶mV KoVcr Va AmnU n¥Ïdr {df¶r A{YH$ ‘m{hVr KoD$Z Mm§Jco {OdZ OJʶmMm n«¶ËZ Ho$coco {XgwZ ¶oVo. Iwn H$mimnmgwZ AmnU n¥ÏdrH$S>o “g§gmYZoMo ^§S>ma” åhUyZ ~KV Ambmo AmhmoV. Á¶mMm AmnU ‘ZmgmaIm dmna H$é eH$Vmo.
hiw hiw ¶m n¥Ïdrdarc ZÚm, O§Jco, nd©V, àmUr ‘mZd B˶mXrMm Zme H$é bmJbm. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ n¶m©daUmV Pmcocm ~Xc {XgwZ ¶oVmo. Ogo n¥Ïdr darc CîUVm Am{U ‘mVr, nmUr d hdoMo àXþfU. gܶm AmnUmg n¥Ïdr {df¶r Z{dZ ‘m{hVr KoʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. Vo H$er H$m‘ H$aVo d AmnU EH$
Xþgè¶mgmR>r H$m¶ H$amdo.
6 ì¶m Vo 8 ì¶m dJm©V, Vwåhr {d{dY H$mimVrb, {d{dY {R>H$mUr amhUmè¶m {d{dY bmoH$m§~Ôb {eH$bmV. ˶mbmoH$m§Zr n¥Ïdrdarb O§Jb, ‘mVr, nmUr Am{U I{ZO nXmWm©Mm H$gm dmna Ho$bm ho nU {eH$bmV. ¶m nmR>mV AmnU n¥Ïdr{df¶r A§Va g§~Y H$gm OmoS>cm OmVmo. VgoM AmnU IS>H$, ‘mVr, I{ZO g§nÎmr, nmUr, hdm, gw¶©n«H$me, O§Jco, àmUr, ‘mZd, EH$ Xþgè¶mer H$gm g§~§Y AgVmo ¶m {df¶r ‘m[hVr KoD$ ¶m.
{MÌ 1.1 H$mc©© g°JZ `m g§emoYH$mZo AmH$memVwZ n¥ÏdrMm KoVcocm \$moQ>mo. `m chmZ JmocmVM g§nwU©
_mZd OmVrMm B{Vhmg KS>cm. `m N>m`m{MÌmg {ndim {Zim {R>nH$m Ago åhUVmV.
SCERT TELANGANA
Amnco {díd- gw¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr Amnco {díd- gw¶© Am{U n¥ÏdrAmnco {díd- gw¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr Amnco {díd- gw¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr Amnco {díd- gw¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr
hOmamo dfm©nwdr ‘mZd hm AmH$memH$S>o nmhV Ago d ˶m {df¶r ‘m{hVr KoʶmMm n«¶ËZ H$aV Ago. Vmao M‘H$Uo d gw¶© d M§ÐmÀ¶m hcMmcr d J«hm§À¶m {H«$¶m Á¶m AmH$memV ~Xc KS>dwZ AmUV AgVmV. Vo H$m¶ AmhoV d ˶m§Mm d Amncm H$m¶ g§~§Y Amho? ˶mMm Amnë¶mda H$m¶ n[aUm‘ homVmo? AZoH$ cmoH$m§Zr ¶m {df¶r Aä¶mg Ho$cm.
AmH$memV hmoUmè¶m ˶m§À¶m hmbMmbr Am{U {H«$¶m§{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhÿZ R>odbr. ˶m§Zr øm dñVw H$moU˶m, ˶m H$em hmbMmb H$aVmV Am{U H$em H$m‘ H$aVmV? øm{df¶r
‘m{hVr {‘i{dʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. gwédmVrg, bmoH$m§Mm A§XmO Agm hmoVm H$s, n¥Ïdr pñWa Amho Am{U gJio n¥Ïdr ^modVr {’$aVmV. hOmamo dfm©nmgwZ n¥Ïdr, Vmao, gw¶©, M§Ð
¶m§À¶m {H«$¶m AemM AmhoV Am{U Zoh‘rgmR>r AemM amhVrb Ago ‘mZdmbm dmQ>bo.
ptolemy Zr ¶m {gÕm§Vmg ^y-H|${ÐV {gÕm§V (Geocentric Theory) Ago gm§{JVbo Á¶mV H$m§hr ~Xb Zmhr. àmMrZ ^maVr¶m§Zr 3500 dfm©nwdu {c{hcocr nwñVHo$ Ogo doXm§J Á¶mo{Vf, gy¶© {gÜXm§V Am{U ^mJdV nwamU {dídmg§~Yr ~arM ‘m{hVr XoVmV. {dídmVrc J«hUo, nmaJ‘Zo (Transist) A³cQ>oeÝg (Occultaions) Am{U A‘¶m©XrV àH¥$VrMm C„oI ˶m§À¶m coIZmV CÎm‘ àH$mao AmT>iwZ ¶oVmo, Or Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV ˶m§À¶m ñdV:À¶m emoY H$m¶m©V ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËd R>aco.nmM hOma dfm©nwdu emñÌk Z{dZ {dMmamZo nwT>| ¶oD$ cmJco H$s, n¥Ïdr gdmªÀ¶m ‘ܶ ^mJr Zmhr Va, gw¶m©^modVr {’$aV AgVo d gw¶©nU ñdVm^modVr {’$aVmo d Á¶m {H$˶oH$ Vmao AmH$memV AmhoV Vo nU gw¶©M AmhoV.
Z§Va H$m°naZrH$g Zr ¶mg gw¶© H|${ÐV {gÕm§V (Heliocentric System) Ago àñVm{dV Ho$bo. Z§Va eoH$S>mo dfm©Zr Vmao OÝ‘VmV Ago ‘mZdm§Zm dmQw> cmJco. OwZo OmVmV d Z{dZ
¶oVmV Agm {dMma H$é cmJco.
emókm§Zm Ago dmQw> cmJco H$s, Vmao Ia Va EImÚm ‘moR>çm Vmè¶m§À¶m g‘whmMo ^mJ Amho Aem AmH$me-J§Jm (Galaxy){Z‘m©U Pmë¶m Á¶mVwZ J«h, Vmao, CnJ«h Am{X {Z‘m©U Pmco. AmVm Vo ¶m ‘VmMo AmhoV H$s, ho {díd ñdV… 13.7 AãO dfmªnydu q~J ~±J {gÕm§Vm (Big Bang) ‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo Am{U Vo hOmamo AãO dfm©Z§Va g§nob.
Aem àH$maÀ¶m KQ>Zm ¶m Vmè¶m§À¶m EH$
g‘whmVwZ Xþgè¶m Vmè¶m§À¶m g‘whmV A§VJ©V KS>V AgVmV. d Vo J¥hm^modVr {’$aVmV. ¶m gd© {H«$¶mMm Amnë¶m {OdZmda Vrd«
à^md nS>V AgVmo d ˶mVwZ à˶oH$ g§oH§$XmV ~Xc Pmcocm {XgwZ ¶oVmo.
AemàH$mao Vmao d J«hmV
~Xb gVV hOmam| Vo bmImo df© Mmby AgVo Ago IJmob emñÌkmMo ‘V Amho.
Vwåhmbm Ago H$m dmQ>Vo H$s, bmoH$ gܶm Xÿa Agbobo Vmao Am{U AmH$me J§JmÀ¶m ahñ¶m~Ôb Am{U {dídmÀ¶m gwédmVr ~Ôb OmUyZ KoʶmgmR>r H$m CËgwH$ AmhoV?
gwédmVrg bmoH$m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm H$s, n¥Ïdr {dídmÀ¶m
‘ܶ^mJr Amho Am{U ‘mZd-hr {VMr ‘hËdmMr {Z{‘©Vr Amho. AmnU {demb {dídmMo ew„H$ H$U AmhmoV. ho Amnë¶mbm ho ‘m{hV H$éZ KoʶmgmR>r H$m¶ ’$aH$ nS>ob?
gm¡aeº$s ~Ôc Aä¶mg H$am Am{U J«h ho gw¶m©^modVr {’$aVmV. 10 ì¶m nmR>mV Vmao d gw¶©‘mcm ¶m {df¶r Amnë¶m 8 drÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$emñÌ nwñVH$mV A{YH$ ‘m{hVr Amho.
SCERT
TELANGANA
AmO ‘mZd hm g§emoYZ gVV H$arV Amho d AH$memV hmoV Agcoë¶m ~XcmMm Aä¶mg H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$arV Amho. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ AdH$memV ‘mZd {Z{‘©V A§Vami ¶mZ nmR>dë¶m OmV AmhoV.
Aem n«H$maMo A§Vami ¶mZ M§Ðmda ‘mZd CVa{dV Amho d Vmo ‘§Ji J«hmOdi gmoS>ë¶m OmV Amho. H$m§hr OU n¥ÏdrnmgwZ gw¶©‘mboÀ¶m eodQ>n¶ªV Jobo AmhoV. WmoS>³¶mV gm§Jm¶Mo åBUOo gw¶© d n¥Ïdr ho EH$m {demb Aem ~«åhm§SmMo ^mJ Amho Oo gVV hmbMmb H$arV Amho Am{U ~XbV Amho. n¥Ïdr Am{U ˶mÀ¶mdarb Ord ho ¶m ~XbmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. Am{U
˶m‘wio à^mdrV hmoV AmhoV.
n¥Ïdr EH$ J«hmMm Jmoim n¥Ïdr EH$ J«hmMm Jmoim n¥Ïdr EH$ J«hmMm Jmoim n¥Ïdr EH$ J«hmMm Jmoim n¥Ïdr EH$ J«hmMm Jmoim
Ogo gd© J«h, J«h‘mboV {’$aV AgVmV, ˶mMà‘mUo n¥Ïdr hr ñdV…^modVr {’$aV AgVo. d Vr {’$aV AgVm§Zm gw¶m©^modVr gd© J«hm§Zm nma H$aV {’$aV AgVo. Vr EH$m {ZpíMV H$j‘ܶo {’$aV AgVo. hr H$jm åhUOo n¥ÏdrMm gw¶m©^modVr {’$aʶmMm ‘mJ©, hr H$jm g‘mZ AgVo Á¶mbm ßboZ Am°’$ Xr Am°~uQ> Ago åhUVmV. g‘moarc AmH¥$Vr H$S>o nhm. gw¶©, n¥Ïdr d ˶mÀ¶m H$úmmMm ‘mJ© AmnUmg AmR>dVmo H$m¶
Vwåhmg Vo {MÌ ~amo~a Amho Ago dmQ>Vo H$m?
A. dVw©i AmH$ma ^mJ A circular path B. {XK©H$mi AmH$ma ^mJ An elongated oval path
C. chmZ JmocmH$ma ^mJ A scaled oval path(¶mV gw¶© ‘ܶ^mJr Am{U 1.4 go.‘r. EH$sH$S>rc ^mJ Am{U 1.5 go.‘r. Xþgam ^mJ) Iao Va n¥Ïdr J«hmMm ‘mJ© hm H$ ¶m AmH¥$Vr à‘mUo AgVmo. gw¶m©nmgwZ bm§~Mm A§Va 152 H$moQ>r {H$.‘r. Amho. d hm 147 {H$.‘r. BVH$m Odi ¶oD$ eH$Vmoo. n¥Ïdr hr gw¶m©^modVr {’$aV AgVo. d ˶mMm Vmer doJ 1,07,200 {H$.‘r. EdT>m Amho. d hm doJ EH$ df© nwU©
n¥Ïdrda h§Jm‘ H$go hmoV AgVo ˶m KQ>H$m§Zm aoIm§H$sV H$am.
- n¥ÏdrMo ñdV:À¶m Ajm^modVrMo n[a^«‘U
- M§ÐmMr ‘{hʶmMr {H«$¶m Or n¥Ïdr ^modVr {’$aVo ˶mMm à^md
- gw¶m©Mm ñdV… ^modVr {’$aʶmMr JVr
- n¥ÏdrMm gw¶m©^modVr {’$aʶmMm ~Xcm‘wio
- n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[a^«‘UmÀ¶mdoir AjmMo Am°~uQ>b ßboZ nmer {Vano hmoVo
- n¥ÏdrÀ¶m JmobmH$ma AmH$mam‘wio
- n¥ÏdrMm gw¶m©nmgwZMm A§Va ¶m ‘wio dfm©V ~Xc KS>Vo.
n¥Ïdr hm eãX n¥Ïdr hm eãX n¥Ïdr hm eãX n¥Ïdr hm eãX n¥Ïdr hm eãX
A
~
H$
B§J«Or ^mfoV EORTHE åhUOo
‘¡XmZo, ‘mVr, nR>mao B˶mXr.
(dictionaryonline.com)
¶mg ^maVr¶ ^mfoV n¶m©¶ eãX Amho. ^maVr¶ ^mfoV n¥ÏdrgmR>r AZoH$ eãX AmhoV. g§ñH¥$V‘ܶo
EARTH Mo n¶m©¶r eãX - ^y‘r, n¥Ïdr, YaUr, AdUr B. AZoH$
^maVr¶ ^mfoV Aem g§ñH¥$V eãXm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
{MÌ 1.2 n¥ÏdrMr H$úmm
SCERT TELANGANA
hmoʶmg 365 1/4 EodT>m {Xdg cmJVmo. AmnU ¶mg EH$ df© åhUVmo. Vwåhr 8 ì¶m dJm©V Aä¶mg Ho$cmM Amho. gw¶m©nmgwZ gm¡ae³º$r H$er n¥Ïdrdarb doJdoJù¶m àm§VmV {‘iVo. d n¥ÏdrÀ¶m gw¶m©^modVrÀ¶m Aem hmbMmbr‘wio CÝhmim Am{U {hdmim h§Jm‘
hmoV AgVmV.
n¥ÏdrMr CËH«$m§Vr n¥ÏdrMr CËH«$m§Vr n¥ÏdrMr CËH«$m§Vr n¥ÏdrMr CËH«$m§Vr n¥ÏdrMr CËH«$m§Vr
emók gVV à¶ËZ H$arV AmhoV H$s, n¥Ïdr H$er {Z‘m©U Pmcr. ~è¶mM emókmMo Ago ‘V Amho H$s, gmS>oMma AãO dfm©nwdu n¥Ïdr {Z‘m©U Pmcr Agmdr. AmVm n¶ªV n¥Ïdr doJdoJù¶m Q>ß߶mVwZ Amcr Amho d Vr M|Sw> gmaIr YwirZo ngacocr Amho d Vr gܶmÀ¶m
‘m°ëQ>Z ñQ>oO‘ܶo Amho. nwdu n¥Ïdr Iwn CîU hmoVr d ˶m‘wio ñ’$moQ>H$ IS>H$ d BVa CîU YmVw O{‘ZrV AgV. ˶m‘wio n¥ÏdrMm AmH$ma dmT>bm. n¥Ïdr hr IwnM CîU Ðd énmV hmoVr. ˶mÀ¶mM à^mdm‘wio Vwåhr Oa EImXr dñVw Ðd CH$iV Agmc Va ˶mMm Ja‘
hcH$m ^mJ da ¶oVmo. OmS> ^mJ Imcr Agë¶mMo AmnUmg {XgwZ ¶oVo. Ogo ho hëHo$ H$U da W§S> hmoVm Am{U darb Wa hmoVmo. (XþYmdaMr gm¶) AemMàH$mao O|ìhm OS> nXmW©
‘m°ëQ>moZ H$moaMm ^mJ ~ZVmo, hëHo$ nXmW© n¥ð>^mJmda ¶oVmV Am{U W§S> hmoVmV hiyhiw da hb³¶m Am{U W§S> nXmWm©Mm Wa O‘m hmoVmo
Am{U ˶mÀ¶m Imbr ‘m°ëQ>Z nXmW© AgVmo.
n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ W§S> d Vmo {eIa, nd©V am§Jm ¶m§Zr ~Zcocm Amho. d ImcÀ¶m
^mJmV g‘wÐ ngacocm Amho.
n¥Ïdarb dmVmdaUmV AZoH$ àH$maMo dm¶w hmoVo. ˶mV p³cï> hmoVr ˶mn¡H$s Ago H$m§hr dm¶w hmoVo Á¶m‘wio Ord-O§Vy OJy eH$bo ZgVo.
Amnë¶mbm Amdí¶H$ Agm àmU dm¶w ˶mV ZìhVm. AmnU ídmg KoUmè¶m hdoMo {Z‘m©U hmoʶmg Iwn H$mi bmJbm.
nmdgm‘wio n¥Ïdrdarb ZÚm-Imoè¶mV nmUr gmMVo. Am{U AemàH$mao ‘hmgmJam§Mr [Z{‘©Vr Pmbr.
Z§Va H$Xm{MV, n¥Ïdr˶m B{VhmgmVrb Aܶm© H$mbmdYrV, n¥Ïdr ZmnrH$ Am{U {ZOud hmoVr Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo. ‘hmgmJamV Ord-O§Vy {Z‘m©U Pmbo. hiwhiw {d{dY PmS>o àmUr Am{U ‘mUgm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoʶmg H$moQ>çmdYr dfmªMm H$mbmdYr bmJbm.
n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ
AmVm AmnU Á¶m n¥Ïdrda amhVmo ˶m n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJ H$gm Amho Vo nmhþ ¶m.
AmnUmg ‘m{hVM Amho H$s, {Xdg ¶oVmo d OmVmo. Va AmVm AmnU n¥ÏdrMm A§VJ©V ^mJm {df¶r nmhþ ¶m. {H$˶oH$ emókmÀ¶m g§emoYZm‘wio d ˶m§À¶m VH$m©‘wio AmnUmg n¥ÏdrMo
n¥Ïdr hr AMmZH$ V¶ma Pmcr Amho Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m? qH$dm hr V¶ma hmoʶmgmR>r ~amM H$mi cmJcm d ˶mgmR>r ˶mg ~è¶mM g§p³cï>
n[apñWVwZ nwT>o ¶mdo cmJco H$m?
H$mhr cmoH$ n¥Ïdr g¥ï>r {Z‘m©U H$aUmam Xod Amho d ˶m X¡dr e³VrZoM AmnU OJV AmhmoV. Vr X¡dr eº$s ZgVr Va
¶m n¥Ïdrda H$mhrM amhrco ZgVo. ¶m
‘Vmer Vwåhr gh‘V AmhmV H$m?
SCERT
TELANGANA
{MÌ 1.3: n¥Ïdrdarc doJdoJio Wa
A§VJ©V ^mJmMr ‘m{hVr {‘iʶmg e³¶ Pmco Amho.
AmnU EImÚm ImUrV ImoXH$m‘ Ho$co Var Vo H$mhr {H$cmo {‘Q>g© n¶ªV Va O{‘ZrV Imocda 6000 {H$.‘r. A§Va Imoc ImoXë¶mg O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmVrc {ÌÁ¶m qH$dm {d{dY ^mJmMr ‘mhrVr {‘iw eH$Vo.
n¥ÏdrMr {d^mJUr {VZ
^mJmV H$aVm ¶oVo.
1. darc Wa Crust
2. ‘ܶ Wa Mantle
3. AmVrc Wa Core
1. darc Wadarc Wadarc Wadarc Wadarc Wa: AmnU n¥ÏdrÀ¶m daÀ¶m Wamda amhV AgVmo. ¶mcmM n¥ÏdrMm daMm Wa Ago åhUVmV. hm Wa H$gm V¶ma hmoVmo Vo AmnU nwdu nm{hco Amho. 30-100 {H$.‘r. OmS> nUm AgVmo. ¶m daÀ¶m ^mJmV {d{dY àH$maMo XJS>, JmoQ>o AgVmV.
2. ‘ܶWa‘ܶWa‘ܶWa‘ܶWa‘ܶWa: n¥ÏdrÀ¶m AmV 100 {H$.‘r. ^mJm nmgwZ 2900 {H$.‘r. n¶©V hm ^mJ AgwZ eH$Vmo. ‘ܶ^mJmVrc daMm Wa bd{MH$ AgVmo, Á¶mda darb Wa Va§JV AgVmo.
‘ܶ ^mJmV ‘w»¶Vm {gcrHo$Q> ZmdmMo amgm¶{ZH$ nXmW© AgVo.
3. Am{Vc WaAm{Vc WaAm{Vc WaAm{Vc WaAm{Vc Wa: hm ^mJ 2900 {H$.‘r. Vo 6376 {H$.‘r. n¶ªV AgVo. ¶m ^mJmV
‘w»¶Vm cmoI§S> d {ZHo$c gmnS>Vo. ¶m ^mJmMo nwÝhm XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr hmoVo.
darc ‘ܶ ^mJ darc ‘ܶ ^mJdarc ‘ܶ ^mJ darc ‘ܶ ^mJ
darc ‘ܶ ^mJ: 2900 {H$.‘r. Vo 5100 {H$.‘r. n¶ªV AgUmè¶m ¶m ^mJmV ‘w»¶Vm cmoI§S> {ZHo$c, cmoh, ho Ðì¶ énmV gmnS>VmV.
AmVrc ^mJ:
AmVrc ^mJ:AmVrc ^mJ:
AmVrc ^mJ:
AmVrc ^mJ: KZénmV Agcocm Am{Vc Wa 5100 {H$.‘r. nmgwZ 6376 n¶ªV Agw eH$Vmo. ¶mV cmoI§S>, cmoh, gmoZo, Ðì¶ énmV gmnS>VmV.
AmVrc WamV AgUmar g§nÎmr A¾r nd©VmnmgwZ {ZKwZ g‘wÐm OdiwZ W§S> hmoD$Z Vmo Wa da AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
AmnUmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m EH$§XarV ^mJmV darc Wa ’$º$
1% d ‘ܶWa 16% d Am{Vc Wa hm 83%
AgVmo.
n¥Ïdr EH$m H$m|~S>rÀ¶m A§S>çm EdT>r Amho Va n¥ÏdrMm daMm Wa A§S>çmÀ¶m daÀ¶m Q>nam EdT>m Amho Ago åhUVm ¶oB©c.
‘ܶWamMm Aä¶mg H$aʶmgmR>r AmnU ˶m n¶ªV nmohMw eH$V ZmhrV. Va
‘ܶWamÀ¶m AmVrc dñVwMm nXmWm©Mm Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oVmo. Va ho nXmW©
H$moUVo? Vo H$go àmá H$aVm ¶oVo?
2 Mantle
3.a Outer
Core 1
Crust
3.b Inner
Core
SCERT TELANGANA
¶oD$Z n¥ÏdrMm Wa V¶ma homVmo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ~è¶mM ^mJmV darc Wa nwÝhm Am{Vc WamV àdoe H$éZ Ðì¶ énmV énm§Va hmoVo.
Aem àH$mao n¥ÏdrMm darc Wa ~Zcocm AgVmo. d ˶m‘wio n¥Ïdr hr g{H«$¶ AmhoAgo AmnUmg dmQ>Vo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§VJ©V WamV hmoUmè¶m ~Xcm‘wio hmoUmè¶m ^w§H$n, Ádmcm‘wIr nd©V ¶m‘wio AmnU amhV Agcoë¶m n¥ÏdrÀ¶m daÀ¶m WamV ~Xcmd ¶oV AgVmo.
n¥Ïdrdarc Wam§Mr {H«$¶m n¥Ïdrdarc Wam§Mr {H«$¶m n¥Ïdrdarc Wam§Mr {H«$¶m n¥Ïdrdarc Wam§Mr {H«$¶m n¥Ïdrdarc Wam§Mr {H«$¶m
‘mZdmÀ¶m AZw^dmZwgma nm{hco AgVm I§S {ñWa énmV AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo. nU n¥ÏdrMm gw{XK© B{Vhmg nm{hcmV Va I§S>mV hmcMmc Pmcocr {XgwZ ¶oVo. Vo EH$‘oH$m§da AmXiVmV. d Vo EH$‘oH$mV {‘giwZ nU
OmVmV. VgoM nwÝhm doJio hmoVmV.
VgoM C§M nd©Vo hmoD$Z nwÝhm Zï>
Pmcoco {XgwZ ¶oVo.
VgoM ‘hmgw‘ÐmV V¶ma homD$Z nwÝhm Zï> Pmcoco {XgwZ ¶oVo n¥Ïdr M[aÌmV Aem àH$maÀ¶m
^¶§H$a KQ>Zm KS>ë¶mZo AmT>iwZ ¶oVo.
I § S > m À ¶ m
‘hmg‘wÐmÀ¶m gܶmÀ¶m n[a[ñWVrMr ‘m{hVr XoʶmgmR>r 20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrg O‘©ZrMm CëH$mnmV
OJmÀ¶m ZH$memV cúm XoD$Z nhm {OJgm n{Pc ‘ܶo XmoZ ^mJmV H$mhr I§S>o {XgwZ ¶oVmV H$m? Vr I§S>o H$moUVr?
{MÌ 1.4: I§S>mMr Q>ßno
SCERT TELANGANA
^wemók (Meteorologist) A’«$oS> dmJoZoa I§S>mMo {H«$¶m ho {gÜXm§V ‘mS>cm. 22 H$amoS>
dfm©nwdu$ noZJ§Jm (J«rH$ eãX gd© OJ gd© ^wàXoe) hm ‘hmI§S> Amho Ago 220 {‘cr¶Z dfm©nwdu {gÜX Ho$co d ˶mZ§Va ¶mMo ~è¶mM ‘moR> ‘moR>çm I§S>mV {d^mJUr Pmcr hr I§S>o EH$‘oH$m§nmgwZ Xþa Pmco.
H$amoS>mo dfm©À¶m H$mimV H$mhr I§S>o EH$‘oH$m§da AmXicr Ago AmT>iwZ Amco. hr qH«$¶m MmcwM AmhoV.
nm§{O¶m(Pangaea) ZmdmMm à{VnmXrV ‘hmI§S> q‘gmoOm¶H$ ¶wJmnmgwZ AmVmn¶ªV KSw>Z Amcoë¶m {H«$¶m‘wio gܶm ¶m I§S>mMr {Z‘uVr Pmcr Amho. nm{O¶m ‘hmI§S> Imcrc XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo doJdoJù¶m ^mJmV {d^mJUr Pmcr Ago dmJoZoa ¶m§Mo åhUUo Amho.
1.cm°ao{g¶m (gܶmMr CÎma A‘oarH$m, {J«Zc±S>,
^mVa CnI§S>mÀ¶m CÎmaog AgUmao ¶wamo{g¶m nwU©) 2. Jm|S>dmZm O{‘Z (gܶmMr X{úmU A‘o[aH$m, Am{’«$H$m, ‘S>Jm°ñH$a, ^maV,
Amao{~¶m, ‘co{e¶m, nwd© B§{S>O, AmñQ´>o{c¶m, Am§Q>m{Q>©H$m)
darb XmoZ I§S> EH$m bm§~ CWi Aem Q>oWrg g‘wÐ (Tethys)‘wio doJio Pmbo.
n¥Ïdrcm gܶmMo én àmá hmoʶmgmR>r I§S>mZm hOmamo df© doi cmJcm. AmVm nU H$mhr I§S>o EH$‘oH$m§cm T>H$cV hiw hiw gaH$VM AmhoV. ¶m ~m~V nwT>À¶m YS>çmV g{dñVa Aä¶mg H$é ¶m.
n¥Ïdr {’$aʶmMr nÜXV n¥Ïdr {’$aʶmMr nÜXV n¥Ïdr {’$aʶmMr nÜXV n¥Ïdr {’$aʶmMr nÜXV n¥Ïdr {’$aʶmMr nÜXV
AmVm n¶ªV AmnU n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V {Z{‘©Vr d Vr V¶ma homʶmÀ¶m nÜXVr ~Ôc nm{hco. AmVm ZH$memV Am{U ½bmo~da n¥Ïdr H$er XmIdVmV Vo nmhþ ¶m.
AQ>cmgZo {ZdS>coë¶m EH$m àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoIm§e {df¶r nmhþ ¶m AQ>cmgZo {ZdS>coë¶m EH$m àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoIm§e {df¶r nmhþ ¶mAQ>cmgZo {ZdS>coë¶m EH$m àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoIm§e {df¶r nmhþ ¶m AQ>cmgZo {ZdS>coë¶m EH$m àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoIm§e {df¶r nmhþ ¶mAQ>cmgZo {ZdS>coë¶m EH$m àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoIm§e {df¶r nmhþ ¶m EH$m Mm§Jë¶m AQ>cmg ìXmao qH$dm JwJc ¶oWoMm dmna H$éZ A§V©Omc ìXmao EH$m àXoemMr Aúmm§g aoImA§e ‘m{hV H$é eH$Vmo. {S>³gZar H«$‘g§»¶o à‘mUo AQ>cmg À¶m eodQ>r àXoem§Mr Zmdo AgVmV. ¶mMm dmna H$éZ Aúmm§g aoImA§e H$go AmoiIVmV Vo nmhþ ¶m.
CXmhaU: h¡Ðm~mX g‘Oë¶m OmUmè¶m àXoemMo Aúmm§g aoIm§e AmoiIm.
AQ>cmgÀ¶m eodQ>r AgUmè¶m àXoem§Mr ¶mXrV H$mo~o AmoiIm. ¶m§À¶m ~mOwgM ˶mM àXoemMr ‘m{hVr AgVo. AQ>cmg ‘ܶo AgUmar ‘m{hVr.
OJmÀ¶m ZH$memMo {ZarjU H$am. OwiUr H$moS>çm§À¶m (Jig Saw Puzzle) XmoZ VwH$S>çmà‘mUo Vwåhmbm H$m§hr I§S>
AmT>iVmV H$m? ˶m I§S>mMr Zmdo {bhm.
h¡Ðm~mX ^maV (59) 17038’N 78048’E
n¥ï> g§»¶m (The School Atlas, Survery of India)
àXoemMo Zm§d XoemMo Zmd Ajm§e aoIm§e
SCERT
TELANGANA
Vwåhr dmnaV Agcoë¶m AQ>cmg‘Yrc ‘m{hVr noúmm WmoS>r doJir ‘m{hVr ¶oD$ eH$Vo.
nU ho gd© KQ>H$ AgVmV.^wH§$n ¶oʶmMr e³¶Vm AgUmè¶m BVa àXoemÀ¶m Aúmm§g aoImA§e ‘m{hV H$am. d ˶mg OJmÀ¶m ZH$memV XmIdm. n°gr{’$H$ A¾rnd©V ¶mVrc
^wH§$n ¶oD$ eH$Umè¶m àXoemMr AmoiI H$éZ Koʶmg Cn¶moJ nS>Vmo.
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ZH$memV Aúmm§g d aoImA§emÀ¶m AmS>ì¶m Am{U Cä¶m aofm AmoT>ë¶më¶m AgVmV. ¶m§Zm J«rS> åhUVmV. ¶m aofmÀ¶m (J«rS)> AmYmao EImÚm àXoemMr AmoiI H$aVm
¶oVo. ˶m {df¶r ‘m{hVr KoVm ¶oVo. CXm. {VWo {H$Vr CîUVm d {H$Vr W§S>r AgVo.d {VW OmʶmMm ‘mJ© H$moUVm Am{U H$moU˶m doir OmUo ¶mo½¶ AgVo.
Ajm§e ( Ajm§e ( Ajm§e ( Ajm§e (
Ajm§e (
Latitude)))))
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ‘ܶ ^mJmVwZ OmUmè¶m AmS>ì¶m aofog ^w‘ܶ aoIm Ago åhUVmV. ho CÎma d X{úmU Yw«dmnmgwZ g‘mZ A§Vamda AgVmV ho n¥Ïdrg XmoZ g‘mZ ^mJmV {d^m{OV H$aVo. ˶m‘wio ¶mg ^w‘ܶ aoIm Ago åhUVmV. ¶mg 0° Ajm§e(latitude) Ago g‘Oë¶m OmVo. Ogo aoImemómV H$moZ XmIdë¶m à‘mUo aoImA§emg nU {S>J«r(°), {‘ZrQ> (')Am{U goH§$Xm ('') ‘ܶo XmIdVmV. ~è¶mM AQ>cmg ‘ܶo goH§$X d {‘ZrQ> Agw eH$V ZmhrV.
Imcrc {MÌ nhm. 1.5 nhm.
^w‘ܶ aofm nmgwZ Yw«dmH$S>o g‘m§Va aofm AmhoV. ¶m à˶oH$ aofm§Zm Ajm§e åhUVmV.
CËVa JmocmY© npíM_ JmocmY©
X{úmU JmocmY© nwd© JmocmY©
darc AmH¥$VrZwgma Imcrc Vº$m nwU© H$am.
AY©^wJmoc AY©^wJmoc AY©^wJmoc AY©^wJmoc
AY©^wJmoc I§S>oI§S>oI§S>oI§S>oI§S>o CÎmamY© JmocmY©
npíM‘ JmocmY©
X{úmU JmocmY©
nwd© JmocmY©
SCERT TELANGANA
‘Latitude’ hm b°Q>rZ ‘Latitudo’ nmgwZ Ambm. ‘Latitudo’ åhUOo é§Xr Agm Ambm. ¶m aofm ZH$memVrc ì¶már é§Xr Xe©{dVmV. ¶m Ajm§emMr qH$‘V 0° (^w‘ܶ aofm) nmgwZ
90°CÎma Yw«dmn¶ªV d 90° X{úmU Yw«dmn¶©V AgVmV. 0° noúmm H$‘r 90° noúmm OmñV qH$‘V AgUmao Ajm§e ZmhrV. n«Ë¶oH$ Ajm§e ˶mÀ¶m {XeoZwgma Xe©dmdo.
CXm. CÎma - C, X{úmU- X, ^w‘ܶo aofmg CÎma X{úmU Xe©{dUmao Agw eH$V ZmhrV.H$mhr Ajm§emZm {deof Zmd AgVo. gw¶m©^modVr n¥Ïdr n[a^«‘Um {df¶r d H$mc‘mZ {Z‘m©U V¶ma hmoʶmMo Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$cm Voìhm ^w{‘da nS>Umam gw¶© {H$aUmÀ¶m nÜXVr AZwgma hr {deof aoImA§e Xe©{dVmV. ‘m{hVr XoVmV. ho Vwåhmg ‘m{hV Amho. gd©
Ajm§e ^w‘ܶ aoIm gdm©V cm§~ AgVo. XomÝhr ~mOwg AgUmè¶m ~mH$s Ajm§e Yw«dm H$S>o OmV chmZ homV AgVmV. Yy«dmOdi åhUOo 900 C d 900 X Odi Ajm§e aofm aofmÀ¶m énmV Z Xe©dVm chmZ chmZ {Q>§~mÀ¶m énmV AgVmV.
^w‘ܶ aofm, CÎma Yw«d ‘YmV AgUmè¶m n¥ÏdrÀ¶m AYm©^mJmg CÎmamY© ^wJmoc Ago åhUVmV. ^w‘ܶ aoIm, X{úmU Yw«d ‘Yrc AgUmè¶m Aܶm©^mJmg X{úmUmW© ^wJmoc Ago åhUVmV. EH$m Yw«dmnmgwZ AmUIr EH$m Yw«dmn¶ªV 180 Ajm§e AgVo. ^y_Ü` aofobm dJiVm. B§J«Or_Ü`o ho_ (Hem) åhUOo AY© (Half) ho_rñnr`a åhUOo AY© Jmoi
aoIm§e
aoIm§e aoIm§e aoIm§e aoIm§e
‘Longitude’ hm b°Q>rZ ‘Longitudo’ nmgwZ Ambm. ‘Longitudo’ åhUOo bm§~r (Length)Agm hmoVmo. aoIm§e ZH$memV é§Xr Xe©{dVmo qH$dm C§Mr Xe©{dVmo. aoIm§e nwU©nUo
CÎma Yw«d
AmH©${Q>H$ gH©$b
H$H©$ d¥Îm {dfwd d¥Îm
(^y‘ܶ)
‘H$a d¥Îm
A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ gH©$b X{jU Yw«d
CÎma JmobmY©
X{jU JmobmY©
SCERT TELANGANA
dVw©imH$a ZgVmV. Yw«dmnmgwZ Yw«dmn¶ªV AgUmao AY©dVw©i AgVmV. à˶oH$ Aúmm§g à˶oH$
aoIm§emg N>oXVmV. àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§{hVm - gy¶© {gÜXm§V, n¥Ïdr JmocmH$ma Amho, Ago J¥hrV YaVo Am{U EH$ aoIm§e C‚moZ ‘YyZ OmVo Ago àñVm{dV H$aVo. Am¶©^Å>m§Zr C‚moZ, c§H$m Am{U amohVH$ ‘YwZ OmUmè¶m aoIm§e ~Ôc ‘m{hV hmoVo. damh {‘hracm ¶m gJù¶m aoIm§em ~Ôc
‘m{hVr hmoVo, ¶mgh Aco³PoS>ar¶m ‘Yrc aoIm§e nU ‘m{hV hmoVo. àmMrZ ^maVr¶m§Zm Ywd« Vmam- Ywd«m Mo CVma ‘moOwZ EImÚm ñWmZmMo A§úmme nU ‘moOVm ¶oV hmoVo. B§§½cS> ‘Yrc J«rZdrM J«rZdrM c§m~r aoIm§e OmUmè¶m Aúmm§gm§Zm 0°
‘oarS>r¶U qH$dm àW‘ ‘oarS>r¶U qH$dm J«rZdrM
‘oarS>r¶U ‘Greenwich’. AemàH$mao {bhbm OmVmo. nU CƒmaVm§Zm Gren-ich da Gren OmñV Omoa {Xbm OmVmo.
H$mhr Xoe ˶m§À¶m XoemVwZ OmUmè¶m cm§~rÀ¶m Aúmm§gmg 0° Aúmmg Zmd XoʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$cm. Va {J«Z{dM cm§~rÀ¶m Aúmm§gmg
0° Aúmmg åhUwZ B§½cS>Zo {ZU©¶ KoVcm. ¶m H$mimV OJmÀ¶m A{YH$ ^mJ B§½cS>À¶m gÎmoV homVm ˶m‘wio Vo Or nÜXV dmnaV AgV ˶mM nÜXVrMm BVa Xoe dmna H$aV AgV.
gd© {‘iwZ 360 aoIm§e AmhoV. ¶m aoIm§em§Zm XomZ JQ>mV {d^mJë¶m Joco. 0°
nmgwZ 180° n¶ªV AgUmè¶m aoIm§em n{íM‘
aoIm§e Va 0° Vo 180° n¶ªV AgUmè¶m aoIm§emZm npíM‘ aoIm§e 0° Am{U 180°
aoIm§em§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gwMZm ZgVmZm d ~mH$s aoIm§emZm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gwMZm AgVmV. CXm.
28°E , 28° nwd©, 127°W npíM‘ aoIm§emg
127° n{íM‘ Ago AgVmV. Ajm§gm à‘mUoM aoIm§emg {S>J«r d {‘ZrQ>mV {d^mJVm ¶oVo (') {‘ZrQ> d ('') goH§$X Aem àH$mao {d^mJVmV.
00 aoIm§emÀ¶m {déÜX AgUmè¶m 1800
BVa Zmdo BVa ZmdoBVa Zmdo BVa Zmdo BVa Zmdo
Aúmm§g EH$m ~mOwg EH$ g‘m§Va AgVmV.
˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm g‘mZVm Ago åhUVmV. aoIm§em§Zm
‘oarS>r¶Z Ago nU åhUVmV. ‘oarS>r¶U åhUOo Xþnma Agm AW© hm eãX c°Q>rZ eãX Meridians nmgwZ {Z‘m©U Pmcm. EH$m aoIm§em Odi gw¶©
S>mo³¶mda Amë¶mg Xþnma hmoVo. åhUOo aoIm§emMm doioer g§~§Yr Amho Ago åhUVm ¶oB©c.
{MÌ 1.6 aoIm§e
SCERT TELANGANA
aoIm§e A±Q>r ‘oao{S>¶U (A±Q>r åhUOo {damoYr Agm AW©) åhUVmV. nwd© aoIm§emer nwd© AY© ^wJmoc d npíM‘ aoIm§emgr npíM‘ AY©^wJmoc V¶ma homVmV. EdT>r ‘m{hVr KoVë¶m Z§Va Aúmm§g d aoImem§À¶m aofm ¶m H$mën{ZH$ AmhoV ho {dgaVm H$m‘m Z¶o.
aoIm§e aoIm§eaoIm§e aoIm§e
aoIm§e
d doi d doi d doi d doi d doi
Longitudes and the question of timegw¶m©bm 1° Aúmmg nma H$aʶmgmR>r 4 {‘ZrQ> doi cmJVmo. åhUOo EH$m EH$m aoIm§emOdi doJdoJim doi cmJVmo. CXm. 10°E nwd©H$Src ^mJmV gw¶© gai S>mo³¶mda AgVmo. ˶m doiog {VWo AgUmam doi (Local Time) 12:00 (Xþnmar) nU 9°E nwd© Odi 11:56 (Ante Meridian),
110nwd© Odi 12:04pm (Post Meridian) Agm doi AgVmo. ho Iwn Mc{~Mc H$aV AgVo.
˶m H$arVm {dídmg {J«Z{dM ‘oarS>r¶U nwd© d npíM‘Zm OmoSw>Z EHw$U 24 H$mi àmVm§V {d^mJë¶m Joco. EH$ H$mi àmVm§V 15° Ajm§e A§Va AgVmo. åhUOo EH$m H$mc‘mZ àmVm§V d Xþgè¶m H$mc‘mZ àmVm§V 1 Vmg ’$aH$ AgVmo. (15° aoúmm§e x 4 {‘ZrQ> = 60 {‘ZrQ>). {J«ZdrM
‘oarS>r¶Z nmgwZ nwd©oH$S>o OmV Joco Va doi {‘gimdo d npíM‘oH$S>o Joco Va doi dOm H$amdo.
0° aoIm§em Odi gmo‘dmar Xþnmar (Xþnmar 12:00) AgVrc Voìhm 180°
aoIm§e(A±Q>r‘oarS>r¶Z)Odi AY©amÌr 12:00 dmOVmV. 1800 aoIm§emg npíM‘ {XeoZo ‘§Jidmar Omʶmg gwédmV Ho$cr Va nwd©oH$S>rc ^mJmV gmo‘dma g§nV AgVmo.
H$mc‘mZ àmVm§À¶m gahÔrÀ¶m {hemo~
cmdcm Va H$mhr XoemV K§Q>çmAmV ’$aH$
AgUmao ~aoM àm§V AmhoV. CXm. ^maV XoemV XmoZ AYm©K§Q>m H$mc‘mZ AgVmV.
¶mMm AW© ^maVmÀ¶m nwd© d npíM‘ àmVm§À¶m
‘ܶo AYm©K§Q>m doioV ’$aH$ AgVmo. Xþa AgUmè¶m B©emݶ àmVm§V AmUIr OmñV
’$aH$ AgVmo. ho IwnM Mc{dMcrV H$aʶm gmaIo Amho. ¶mMm H$mhr Cn¶moJ hmoV ZgVmo.
Aem n[apñWVrV H$mhr Xoe Amnë¶m XoemVwZ ‘ܶmVwZ OmUmè¶m EH$m Aúmm§gmMr {ZdS> H$éZ ˶m Aúmm§gm Odi AgUmar doi nwU© Xoe^a cmJw H$aV, Vr ˶m XoemVrc n«m‘m{UH$ doi (Standard TIme) Ago åhUVmV. ^maV Xoemg ^maVmMr doi
Indian Standard Time (IST) d nm{H$ñVmZMr à‘mUrH$ doi (PST) Ago åhUVmV.
¶mMm H$m¶ Cn¶moJ hmoVmo åhUOo CXm. ^maV XoemV Vwåhr Hw$R>ohr Agmc Va EH$M doi cmJw hmoVmo. AZoH$ aoIm§e AgUmè¶m XoemV doioMr {ZYm©aUm {ZpíMV H$aʶmgmR>r ~è¶mM g‘ñ¶m
¶oVmV. Aem doiog EH$m K§Q>çmÀ¶m doioUo Xoemg H$mhr H$mc‘mZ àmVm§V {d^mOrV H$aVmV.
doi d àdmg doi d àdmgdoi d àdmg doi d àdmg doi d àdmg
n¥Ïdr hr ñdVm ^modVr {’$aV AgVo ho Vwåhmg
‘m{hVM Amho. aoIm§emÀ¶m Á¶m aofm AmhoV ˶m A§XmO H$mën{ZH$ AmhoV. nwd}H$SwZ npíM‘H$S>o qH$dm npíM‘oSw>Z nwd©oH$So àdmg H$aV AgVm doioV ’$aH$
OmUdV AgVmo. Vwåhr nwd©oH$Sw>Z npíM‘oH$S>o àdmg H$arV AgVo doiog à˶oH$ EH$m {S>J«r Aúmm§gmg 4 {‘ZrQ> J‘dmdo cmJVo. VgoM npíM‘oH$Sw>Z nwd}H$S>o àdmg H$aVo. doiog à˶oH$ EH$m {S>J«r Aúmm§gmV 4 {‘ZrQ> A{YH$ {‘giV AgVmV. ¶m§Zm Ago g§~mo{YV Ho$bo OmVo. EGA and WLS (EGA- East Gain Add, WLS- West Lost Subtract)
Vyåhmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
Vyåhmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?Vyåhmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
Vyåhmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
Vyåhmg ‘m{hV Amho H$m¶?
doio g§~§Yr Jm§oYi Q>miʶmgmR>r OmJo OmJoVrc 820 , 30 nwd© aoIm§e ho ^maVmMr gwYmarV
‘ܶpñWVr Amho Am{U Vr ^maVr¶ gwYmarV doi (IST) åhUwZ H$m‘ H$aVo. IamoIa J«rZ{dM c§S>Z ‘Yrc gwà{gÜX {R>H$mU d IST ^ma{V¶ gwYm[aV doi ¶mV +5½ Vmg EdT>m ’$aH$ AgVmo.
SCERT
TELANGANA
‘hËdmMo eãX
‘hËdmMo eãX‘hËdmMo eãX
‘hËdmMo eãX‘hËdmMo eãX
1. Big bang {gÜXm§V 2.Omir 3.JmoS>dmZm 4. bm°ao{e¶m 5.H$mi àm§V 6.àm‘m{UH$ doi Vw‘Mm AQ>cmg ~KwZ Imbrb XoemV {H$Vr àm‘m{UH$ H$mc‘mZ àm§V AmhoV ‘m{hV H$am. A‘oarH$m, AmñQ´>o{c¶m, a{e¶m, OmnmZ, qPã~mdo, {M„r.
h¡Ðm~mX ‘ܶo EH$m H$m°cg|§Q>a ‘ܶo gw{ZVm H$m‘ H$aVo. {VMo ³cm§B©Q> A‘oarHo$V AmhoV. g§JUH$ g‘ñ¶m ~Ôc ³cm§B©Q> {dMmacoë¶m àíZmMo CÎma XoV AgVo. AmVm Vr amÌrÀ¶m doirM H$m‘ H$aVo. H$em H$arVm? ^wJmoc emómMm Cn¶moJ KoD$Z
‘m{hV H$am.
Vw‘À¶m ‘|XþMr ‘XV ¿¶m.
Vw‘À¶m ‘|XþMr ‘XV ¿¶m.
Vw‘À¶m ‘|XþMr ‘XV ¿¶m.
Vw‘À¶m ‘|XþMr ‘XV ¿¶m.
Vw‘À¶m ‘|XþMr ‘XV ¿¶m.
J«rZ{dM (0°) Odi Xþnmar 12 Va Imcrc àXoemV ñWm{ZH$ doi {H$Vr AgVo Vo gm§Jm
(a) ‘w§~B© (73° E) (b) {eH$mJmo (87°30' W) (c) {gS>Ur (151° E)
Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmV àJVr Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmV àJVr Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmV àJVr Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmV àJVr Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmV àJVr
1. AQ>cmg ‘ܶo ^maVmMm ZH$mem nmhþZ Imcrc àXoemVrc aoIm§e, Aúmm§e Xe©dm. (AS5) H$ݶmHw$‘mar _______ Am{U ______
BÝ’$mc _______ Am{U ___________
O¡ñc‘oa ____________ Am{U ________
nwUo _____________ Am{U _____________
nQ>Zm _____________ Am{U ________________
2. aoIm§e, Aúmm§g g§~§YrV H$mhr eãX AmoiIm.( g‘mV§a aofm, Cä¶m aofm, AmS>ì¶m aofm)(AS1)
3. ~mOwÀ¶m ZH$memV OJmMm H$mc‘mZ àm§V ZH$mem nhm. (AS5)
a) Vwåhr {X„rhþZ n°arg OmV AgVm§Zm H$moU˶m H$mc‘mZ àmVm§V àdmg H$amc?
b) h¡Ðm~mXhþZ Q>moH$s¶mo OmV AgVm§Zm H$moU˶m H$mc‘mZ àmVm§V àdmg H$amc?
4. n¥ÏdrMr {Z‘uVr Am{U {VMr aMZm hmoÊ`m~Ôb V¶ma hmoʶm~m~VÀ¶m Aä¶mg H$aʶmV H$m AmS>MUr ¶oVmV? (AS1)
5. “n¥ÏdrÀ¶m A§V©^mJ” øm erf©H$mImbrbMm n[aÀN>oX dmMm Am{U àíZm§Mo CÎma Úm? (AS2) Vwåhr Ago gm§Jy eH$Vm H$s n¥Ïdr AmVm nU g{H«$¶ Amho?
6. Omir (Grid) åhUOo H$m¶ Am{U Vo Amnë¶mbm H$go ‘XV H$aVo? (AS1)
7. ’$aH$ gm§Jm. A. ñWm{ZH$ doi d àm‘m{UH$ doi Am. ^y‘ܶ aofm d àW‘ ‘o[a{S>¶Z (AS1)
8. Oa à˶oH$ amÁ¶mZo ñdV…Mm ñWm{ZH$ doi nmibm, Va H$moU˶m g‘ñ¶m CX²^dVrb?
9. Amnë¶m {eúmH$mcm {dMméZ Imcrc XoemMo doi ‘m{hV H$am? (AS5)
1. Zonmc 2. nm{H$ñVmZ 3. ~§½cmXoe 4. B§½c§S> 5. ‘coer¶m 6. OnmZ 10. n¥ÏdrÀ`m g§aúmUmgmR>r EH$ {^ÎmrnÌH$ V`ma H$am. (AS6)
