• No results found

Dedicated to Parents, Teachers &

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Dedicated to Parents, Teachers & "

Copied!
88
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

A Dissertation submitted to

THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI- 600 032

In partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of

MASTER OF PHARMACY IN

Branch - VII – PHARMACY PRACTICE

Submitted by

Name: Mr. HABEEB IBRAHIM AR REG.No. 261740205

Under the Guidance of

Dr. R. Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE

J.K.K.NATTRAJA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KUMARAPALAYAM – 638183

TAMILNADU.

NOVEMBER – 2019

(2)

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY A Dissertation submitted to

THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 032

In partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of

MASTER OF PHARMACY IN

Branch - VII – PHARMACY PRACTICE Submitted by

Name: Mr. HABEEB IBRAHIM AR REG.No. 261740205

Under the Guidance of

Dr. R. Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE

J.K.K.NATTRAJA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY KUMARAPALAYAM – 638183

TAMIL NADU.

NOVEMBER – 2019

(3)

CERTIFICATES

(4)

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled

“ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”, submitted by the student bearing Reg.

No: 261740205 to “The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University – Chennai”, in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice was evaluated by us during the examination held on………..……….

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(5)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled “ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”, submitted to “The Tamil Nadu Dr.

M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai”, in partial fulfilment and requirement of university rules and regulation for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice, is a bonafide work carried out by the student bearing Reg.No. 261740205 during the academic year 2018-2019, under my guidance and d i re ct supervision in the Department of Pharmacy practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam.

Dr. R. Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Guide, Department of Pharmacy Practice

Dr. N. Venkateswaramurthy, M.Pharm., Ph.D., HOD, Department of Pharmacy Practice

Dr. R. Sambathkumar, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Principal

(6)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled

“ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”, submitted to “The Tamil Nadu Dr.

M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai”, in partial fulfilment and requirement of university rules and regulation for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice, is a bonafide work carried out by the student bearing Reg.No. 261740205 during the academic year 2018-2019, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. R.

Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam.

Place: Kumarapalayam Date:

Dr. R. SambathKumar, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Principal,

J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmarcy, Kumarapalayam – 638 183,

Tamil Nadu

(7)

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled

“ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”, submitted to “The Tamil Nadu Dr.

M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai”, in partial fulfilment and requirement of university rules and regulation for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice, is a bonafide work carried out by the student bearing Reg.No. 261740205 during the academic year 2018-2019, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. R.

Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam.

Place: Kumarapalayam Date:

Dr. N. Venkateswaramurthy, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Professor & Head,

Department of Pharmacy Practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmarcy, Kumarapalayam – 638 183,

Tamil Nadu

(8)

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled

“ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS- SECTIONAL STUDY”, submitted to “The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University - Chennai”, in partial fulfilment and requirement of university rules and regulation for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice, is a bonafide work carried out by the student bearing Reg.No. 261740205 during the academic year 2018-2019, under my guidance and d i re c t supervision in the Department of Pharmacy practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam.

Place: Kumarapalayam Date:

CERTIFICATE

Dr. R. Kameswaran, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor,

Department of Pharmacy practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy.

Kumarapalayam- 638 183.

(9)

I do hereby declared that the dissertation “ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG PHARMACY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY”

submitted to “The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University - Chennai”, for the partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy practice, is a bonafide research work has been carried out by me during the academic year 2018-2019, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. R.

Kameswaran, M. Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy practice, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam.

I further declare that this work is original and this dissertation has not been submitted previously for the award of any other degree, diploma, associate ship and fellowship or any other similar title. The information furnished in this dissertation is genuine to the best of my knowledge.

Place: Kumarapalayam Mr. HABEEB IBRAHIM AR Date: Reg.no. 261740205

(10)

Dedicated to Parents, Teachers &

My Family

(11)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

(12)

I am proud to dedicate my deep sense of gratitude to the founder, (Late) Thiru J.K.K. NattarajaChettiar, providing the historical institution to study.

My sincere thanks and respectful regards to our reverent Chairperson Smt. N. Sendamaraai, B.Com., and Director Mr. S. OmmSharravana, B.Com., LLB., J.K.K. Nattraja Educational Institutions, Kumarapalayam for their blessings, encouragement and support at all times.

It is most pleasant duty to thank for our beloved Principal Dr. R.

Sambathkumar, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Professor & Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam for ensuring all the facilities were made available to me for the smooth running of this project and tremendous encouragement at each and every step of this dissertation work. Without his critical advice and deep-rooted knowledge, this work would not have been a reality.

My sincere thanks to Dr. N.Venkateswaramurthy, M.Pharm., PhD., Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. K. Krishna Veni, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Dr. R. Kameswaran, M.Pharm, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Dr. Cindy Jose, Pharm.D., Lecturer, Dr. S.K. Sumitha, Pharm.D., Lecturer, and Dr. Krishna ravi, Pharm.D., Lecturer, Dr. MebinAlis, Pharm.D., Department of Pharmacy Practice, for their help during my project.

My sincere thanks to Dr. S. Bhama, M. Pharm., Ph,D., Associate Professor, & Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mr. R. Kanagasabai, B.Pharm, M.Tech., Assistant Professor, Mr. K. Jaganathan, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Mr. C. Kannan, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Dr.V.

Kamalakannan, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, and Ms. Elakiya, M.Pharm., Lecturer, Department of pharmaceutics for the

invaluable help during my project.

(13)

Pharmaceutical chemistry, Mrs. S. Gomathi M.Pharm., Lecturer, Mrs. B.

Vasuki, M.Pharm., Lecturer and Mrs. P. Devi, M.Pharm., Lecturer, Mrs.

P. Lekha, M.Pharm., Lecturer for their valuable suggestions and inspiration.

My sincere thanks to Dr. V. Sekar, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Professor &

Head, Department of Analysis, Dr. I. CaolinNimila, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, and Ms. V. Devi, M.Pharm., Lecturer, Mr. D.

Kamalakannan, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis for their valuable suggestions.

My sincere thanks to Mrs. Meena Prabha M.Pharm., Assistant professor, Dr. Kishorekumar, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Associate professor, Mr.

Nikhil, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy for their valuable suggestions during my project work.

My sincere thanks to Dr. R. Shanmuga Sundaram, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Vice Principal & HOD, Department of Pharmacology, Mr. V.

Venkateswaran, M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Mrs. M.Sudha M.Pharm., Assistant Professor, Mrs. R. Elavarasi, M.Pharm., Lecturer, Mrs. M. Baby kala, M.Pharm., Lecturer, Mrs. P.J. Sujitha, M. Pharm., Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology for their valuable suggestions during my project work.

I greatly acknowledge the help rendered by Mrs. K. Rani, Office Superintendent, Miss.M. Venkateswari, M.C.A., typist, Mrs. S. Jayakala B.A., B.L.I.S., and Asst. Librarian for their co-operation. I owe my thanks to all the technical and non-technical staff members of the institute for their precious assistance and help.

(14)

throughout my project work.

Mr. HABEEB IBRAHIM AR Reg.no.261740205

(15)

Sl. No. Particulars Page no.

1. Introduction 01

2. Literature review 14

3. Aim and objectives 22

4. Results and Figures 26

5 Discussion 53

6 Conclusion 57

7 References 58

8 Annexure 65

(16)

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

UK United kingdom

U.S. United States

FDA Food and Drug Administration vCJD Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases

WHO World Health Organization

RBC Red blood cells

KAP Knowledge, attitude and practice

HBV Hepatitis B virus

HCV Hepatitis C virus

(17)

Sl.No. Title

1. Gender-wise distribution of participants

2. Age-wise distribution of participants

3. Distribution of religion of participants

4. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 1:

Aware of your blood group?

5. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Are you aware that donating blood is good for donor’s health?

6. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Is there any age limitation for blood donation?

7. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 4: Can blood donation transmit the infection to donor?

8. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 5: Can blood donation transmit the infection to recipient?

9.

Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 6: Are you aware that potential donors are screened for transfusion- transmissible infections?

10. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 7: Can any of the following people donate? (Pregnant women)

11. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 8: Can any of the following people donate? (Menstruating women)

12. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 9: Can any of the following people donate? (Lactating women)

13. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 10: Can any of the following people donate? (Diabetes patients)

14.

Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 11: Can any of the following people donate? (A Person who had consumed alcohol)

(18)

16. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 13: How often can you donate blood?

17. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 14: What volume of blood is collected during each donation?

18. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 1: Do you think blood donation is harmful to donors?

19.

Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Do you think your act of voluntary blood donation can motivate others to donate blood?

20. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Do you think donors should be remunerated?

21. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 4: Do you think blood donation is life- saving?

22. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 5: Will you donate blood only if your family member/friend is the recipient?

23. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 6: Does your family encourage you to donate blood?

24. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 1: Have you ever donated blood?

25. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Are you a voluntary donor?

26. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Have you encouraged others to donate blood?

27. Reasons quoted by pharmacy students for not donating blood

(19)

Sl.No. Title

1. Gender-wise distribution of participants

2. Age-wise distribution of participants

3. Distribution of religion of participants

4. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 1:

Aware of your blood group?

5. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Are you aware that donating blood is good for donor’s health?

6. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Is there any age limitation for blood donation?

7. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 4: Can blood donation transmit the infection to donor?

8. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 5: Can blood donation transmit the infection to recipient?

9.

Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 6: Are you aware that potential donors are screened for transfusion- transmissible infections?

10. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 7: Can any of the following people donate? (Pregnant women)

11. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 8: Can any of the following people donate? (Menstruating women)

12. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 9: Can any of the following people donate? (Lactating women)

13. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 10: Can any of the following people donate? (Diabetes patients)

14.

Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 11: Can any of the following people donate? (A Person who had consumed alcohol)

(20)

16. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 13: How often can you donate blood?

17. Knowledge related questions, Answer of the Question 14: What volume of blood is collected during each donation?

18. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 1: Do you think blood donation is harmful to donors?

19.

Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Do you think your act of voluntary blood donation can motivate others to donate blood?

20. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Do you think donors should be remunerated?

21. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 4: Do you think blood donation is life- saving?

22. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 5: Will you donate blood only if your family member/friend is the recipient?

23. Attitude related questions, Answer of the Question 6: Does your family encourage you to donate blood?

24. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 1: Have you ever donated blood?

25. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 2: Are you a voluntary donor?

26. Practices related questions, Answer of the Question 3: Have you encouraged others to donate blood?

27. Reasons quoted by pharmacy students for not donating blood

(21)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 1 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.Blood Donation

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole-blood components). Donation may be of whole blood, or specific components directly (the latter called apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it. Today in the developed world, most blood donors are unpaid volunteers who donate blood for a community supply. In some countries, established supplies are limited and donors usually give blood when family or friends need a transfusion (directed donation). Many donors donate as an act of charity, but in countries that allow paid donation some donors are paid, and in some cases, there are incentives other than money such as paid time off from work. Donors can also have blood drawn for their future use (autologous donation). Donating is relatively safe, but some donors have bruising where the needle is inserted or may feel faint. Potential donors are evaluated for anything that might make their blood unsafe to use. The screening includes testing for diseases that can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, including HIV and viral hepatitis. The donor must also answer questions about medical history and take a short physical examination to make sure the donation is not hazardous to his or her health. How often a donor can donate varies from days to months based on what component they donate and the laws of the country where the donation takes place. For example, in the United States, donors must wait eight weeks (56 days) between whole blood donations but only seven days between plateletpheresis donations and twice per seven-day period in plasmapheresis.[1]

The amount of blood drawn and the methods vary. The collection can be done manually or with automated equipment that takes only specific components of the blood. Most of the components of blood used for transfusions have a short shelf life, and maintaining a constant supply is a

(22)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 2 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy persistent problem. This has led to some increased interest in autotransfusion, whereby a patient's blood is salvaged during surgery for continuous reinfusion—or alternatively, is "self- donated" before when it will be needed. (Generally, the notion of "donation" does not refer to giving to one's self, though in this context it has become somewhat acceptably idiomatic.)

1.2.Types of donation

Blood donations are divided into groups based on who will receive the collected blood.[2]

An 'allogeneic' (also called 'homologous') donation is when a donor gives blood for storage at a blood bank for transfusion to an unknown recipient. A 'directed' donation is when a person, often a family member, donates blood for transfusion to a specific individual.[3] Directed donations are relatively rare when an established supply exists.[4] A 'replacement donor' donation is a hybrid of the two and is common in developing countries such as Ghana.[5] In this case, a friend or family member of the recipient donates blood to replace the stored blood used in a transfusion, ensuring a consistent supply. When a person has blood stored that will be transfused back to the donor at a later date, usually after surgery, that is called an 'autologous' donation. Blood that is used to make medications can be made from allogeneic donations or donations exclusively used for manufacturing.[6] Blood is sometimes collected using similar methods for therapeutic phlebotomy, similar to the ancient practice of bloodletting, which is used to treat conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis or polycythemia vera. This blood is sometimes treated as a blood donation, but maybe immediately discarded if it cannot be used for transfusion or further manufacturing. The actual process varies according to the laws of the country, and recommendations to donors vary according to the collecting organization.[7] The World Health Organization gives recommendations for blood donation policies, but in developing countries, many of these are not followed. For example, the recommended testing requires laboratory facilities, trained staff, and specialized reagents, all of which may not be available or too expensive in developing countries. An event where donors come to donate

(23)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 3 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy allogeneic blood is sometimes called a 'blood drive' or a 'blood donor session'. These can occur at a blood bank, but they are often set up at a location in the community such as a shopping center, workplace, school, or house of worship.[8]

2.1. SCREENING

Donors are typically required to give consent for the process and this requirement means minors cannot donate without permission from a parent or guardian. In some countries, answers are associated with the donor's blood, but not name, to provide anonymity; in others, such as the United States, names are kept to create lists of ineligible donors. If a potential donor does not meet these criteria, they are 'deferred'. This term is used because many ineligible donors may be allowed to donate later. Blood banks in the United States may be required to label the blood if it is from a therapeutic donor, so some do not accept donations from donors with any blood disease. Others, such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, accept blood from donors with hemochromatosis. It is a genetic disorder that does not affect the safety of the blood.[9]

The donor's race or ethnic background is sometimes important since certain blood types, especially rare ones, are more common in certain ethnic groups. Historically, in the United States donors were segregated or excluded on race, religion, or ethnicity, but this is no longer a standard practice.[10]

2.1.1. Recipient Safety

Donors are screened for health risks that could make the donation unsafe for the recipient. Some of these restrictions are controversial, such as restricting donations from men who have sex with men (MSM) because of the risk of transmitting HIV.[11] In 2011, the UK (excluding Northern Ireland) reduced its blanket ban on MSM donors to a narrower restriction which only prevents MSM from donating blood if they have had sex with other men within the past year. A similar change was made in the U.S. in late 2015 by the FDA. Autologous donors

(24)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 4 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy are not always screened for recipient safety problems since the donor is the only person who will receive the blood. Since the donated blood may be given to pregnant women or women of child-bearing age, donors taking teratogenic (birth defect causing) medications are deferred.

These medications include acitretin, etretinate, isotretinoin, finasteride, and dutasteride.[12]

Donors are examined for signs and symptoms of diseases that can be transmitted in a blood transfusion, such as HIV, malaria, and viral hepatitis. Screening may include questions about risk factors for various diseases, such as travel to countries at risk for malaria or variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). These questions vary from country to country. For example, while blood centers in Québec, Poland, and many other places defer donors who lived in the United Kingdom for risk of vCJD, donors in the United Kingdom are only restricted for vCJD risk if they have had a blood transfusion in the United Kingdom.[13]

2.1.2. Donor safety

The donor is also examined and asked specific questions about their medical history to make sure that donating blood is not hazardous to their health. The donor's hematocrit or hemoglobin level is tested to make sure that the loss of blood will not make them anemic, and this check is the most common reason that a donor is ineligible. Pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature are also evaluated. Elderly donors are sometimes also deferred on age alone because of health concerns. The safety of donating blood during pregnancy has not been studied thoroughly, and pregnant women are usually deferred until six weeks after the pregnancy.[14]

2.1.3. Blood testing

The donor's blood type must be determined if the blood will be used for transfusions.

The collecting agency usually identifies whether the blood is type A, B, AB, or O and the donor's Rh (D) type and will screen for antibodies to less common antigens. More testing, including a crossmatch, is usually done before a transfusion. Type O negative is often cited as

(25)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 5 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy the "universal donor" but this only refers to red cell and whole blood transfusions. For plasma and platelet transfusions the system is reversed: AB positive is the universal platelet donor type while both AB positive and AB negative are universal plasma donor types.

Most blood is tested for diseases, including some STDs.[15] The tests used are high-sensitivity screening tests and no actual diagnosis is made. Some of the test results are later found to be false positives using more specific testing. False negatives are rare, but donors are discouraged from using blood donation for anonymous STD screening because a false negative could mean a contaminated unit. The blood is usually discarded if these tests are positive, but there are some exceptions, such as autologous donations. The donor is generally notified of the test result.[16]

Donated blood is tested by many methods, but the core tests recommended by the World Health Organization are these four:

 Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

 Antibody to Hepatitis C

 Antibody to HIV usually subtypes 1 and 2

 Serologic test for Syphilis

The WHO reported in 2006 that 56 out of 124 countries surveyed did not use these basic tests on all blood donations.[12] A variety of other tests for transfusion-transmitted infections are often used based on local requirements. Additional testing is expensive, and in some cases, the tests are not implemented because of the cost.[17] These additional tests include other infectious diseases such as West Nile Virus and babesiosis. Sometimes multiple tests are used for a single disease to cover the limitations of each test. For example, the HIV antibody test will not detect a recently infected donor, so some blood banks use a p24 antigen or HIV nucleic acid test in addition to the basic antibody test to detect infected donors during that period.

Cytomegalovirus is a special case in donor testing in that many donors will test positive for it.

(26)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 6 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy The virus is not a hazard to a healthy recipient, but it can harm infants and other recipients with weak immune systems.[18]

3.1. OBTAINING THE BLOOD

There are two main methods of obtaining blood from a donor. The most frequent is to simply take the blood from a vein as whole blood. This blood is typically separated into parts, usually red blood cells and plasma since most recipients need only a specific component for transfusions. A typical donation is 450 milliliters (or approximately one U.S. pint) of whole blood, though 500-milliliter donations are also common. Historically, blood donors in India would donate only 250 or 350 milliliter and donors in the People's Republic of China would donate only 200 milliliters, though larger 300 and 400-milliliter donations have become more common. The other method is to draw blood from the donor, separate it using a centrifuge or a filter, store the desired part, and return the rest to the donor. This process is called apheresis, and it is often done with a machine specifically designed for this purpose. This process is especially common for plasma and platelets. For direct transfusions, a vein can be used but the blood may be taken from an artery instead.[19] In this case, the blood is not stored but is pumped directly from the donor into the recipient. This was an early method for blood transfusion and is rarely used in modern practice. It was phased out during World War II because of problems with logistics, and doctors returning from treating wounded soldiers set up banks for stored blood when they returned to civilian life.[20]

3.1.1. Site preparation and drawing blood

The blood is drawn from a large arm vein close to the skin, usually the median cubital vein on the inside of the elbow. The skin over the blood vessel is cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine or chlorhexidine to prevent skin bacteria from contaminating the collected blood and also to prevent infections where the needle pierced the donor's skin. A large needle (16 to 17 gauge) is used to minimize shearing forces that may physically damage red blood cells as

(27)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 7 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy they flow through the needle.[21] A tourniquet is sometimes wrapped around the upper arm to increase the pressure of the blood in the arm veins and speed up the process. The donor may also be prompted to hold an object and squeeze it repeatedly to increase the blood flow through the vein.

3.1.2. Whole blood

The most common method is collecting the blood from the donor's vein into a container. The amount of blood drawn varies from 200 milliliters to 550 milliliters depending on the country, but 450–500 milliliters is typical. The blood is usually stored in a flexible plastic bag that also contains sodium citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine. This combination keeps the blood from clotting and preserves it during storage up to 42 days.[22]

Other chemicals are sometimes added during processing.

The plasma from whole blood can be used to make plasma for transfusions or it can also be processed into other medications using a process called fractionation. This was a development of the dried plasma used to treat the wounded during World War II and variants on the process are still used to make a variety of other medications.[23]

3.1.3. Apheresis

Apheresis is a blood donation method where the blood is passed through an apparatus that separates one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the donor. Usually, the component returned is the red blood cells, the portion of the blood that takes the longest to replace. Using this method an individual can donate plasma or platelets much more frequently than they can safely donate whole blood. These can be combined, with a donor giving both plasma and platelets in the same donation. Platelets can also be separated from whole blood, but they must be pooled from multiple donations. From three to ten units of whole blood are required for a therapeutic dose.[24] Plateletpheresis provides at least one full dose from each donation.

(28)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 8 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy During a platelet donation, the blood is drawn from the patient and the platelets are separated from the other blood components. The remainder of the blood, red blood cells, plasma, and white blood cells are returned to the patient. This process is completed several times for a period of two hours to collect a single donation. Plasmapheresis is frequently used to collect source plasma that is used for manufacturing into medications much like the plasma from whole blood. Plasma collected at the same time as plateletpheresis is sometimes called concurrent plasma. Apheresis is also used to collect more red blood cells than usual in a single donation (commonly known as "double reds") and to collect white blood cells for transfusion.[25]

4.1. RECOVERY AND TIME BETWEEN DONATIONS

Donors are usually kept at the donation site for 10–15 minutes after donating since most adverse reactions take place during or immediately after the donation. Blood centers typically provide light refreshments, such as orange juice and cookies, or a lunch allowance to help the donor recover. The needle site is covered with a bandage and the donor is directed to keep the bandage on for several hours.[26] In hot climates, donors are advised to avoid dehydration (strenuous exercise and games, alcohol) until a few hours after donation. Donated plasma is replaced after 2–3 days. Red blood cells are replaced by bone marrow into the circulatory system at a slower rate, on average 36 days in healthy adult males. In one study, the range was 20 to 59 days for recovery. These replacement rates are the basis of how frequently a donor can donate blood. Plasmapheresis and plateletpheresis donors can donate much more frequently because they do not lose significant amounts of red cells. The exact rate of how often a donor can donate differs from country to country. For example, plasmapheresis donors in the United States are allowed to donate large volumes twice a week and could nominally donate 83 litres (about 22 gallons) in a year, whereas the same donor in Japan may only donate every other week and could only donate about 16 liters (about 4 gallons) in a year.[27]

(29)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 9 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy Red blood cells are the limiting step for whole blood donations, and the frequency of donation varies widely depending on the type of donor and local policies. During whole blood donation, blood is drawn from the inner forearm venipuncture area from the right or left arm. The blood goes to the main collection bag located on the shaker which is next to the donor bed and this bag holds one pint of whole blood. After collection, the blood bag along with three tubes of blood for testing and typing is sent to the laboratory. Here, the blood bag is separated into its different parts in a centrifuge process (red cells, platelets, and plasma).

Iron supplementation decreases the rates of donor deferral due to low hemoglobin, both at the first donation visit and subsequent donations. Iron-supplemented donors have higher hemoglobin and iron stores. On the other hand, iron supplementation frequently causes diarrhea, constipation and epigastric abdominal discomfort. The long-term effects of iron supplementation without measurement of iron stores are unknown.[28]

5.1. COMPLICATIONS

Donors are screened for health problems that would put them at risk for serious complications from donating. First-time donors, teenagers, and women are at a higher risk of a reaction.[29]One study showed that 2% of donors had an adverse reaction to donation. Most of these reactions are minor. A study of 194,000 donations found only one donor with long-term complications. In the United States, a blood bank is required to report any death that might be linked to a blood donation. An analysis of all reports from October 2008 to September 2009 evaluated six events and found that five of the deaths were unrelated to donation, and in the remaining case, they found no evidence that the donation was the cause of death. Hypovolemic reactions can occur because of a rapid change in blood pressure. Fainting is generally the worst problem encountered.[30]

The process has similar risks to other forms of phlebotomy. Bruising of the arm from the needle insertion is the most common concern. One study found that less than 1% of donors had

(30)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 10 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

this problem.[31] Several less common complications of blood donation are known to occur.

These include arterial puncture, delayed bleeding, nerve irritation, nerve injury, tendon injury, thrombophlebitis, and allergic reactions. Donors sometimes have adverse reactions to the sodium citrate used in apheresis collection procedures to keep the blood from clotting. Since the anticoagulant is returned to the donor along with blood components that are not being collected, it can bind the calcium in the donor's blood and cause hypocalcemia.[32] These reactions tend to cause tingling in the lips but may cause convulsions, seizure, hypertension, or more serious problems. Donors are sometimes given calcium supplements during the donation to prevent these side effects.[33]

In apheresis procedures, the red blood cells are returned. If this is done manually and the donor receives the blood from a different donor, a transfusion reaction can take place. Manual apheresis is extremely rare in the developed world because of this risk and automated procedures are as safe as whole blood donations. The final risk to blood donors is from equipment that has not been properly sterilized. In most cases, the equipment that comes in direct contact with blood is discarded after use. Re-used equipment was a significant problem in China in the 1990s, and up to 250,000 blood plasma donors may have been exposed to HIV from shared equipment.[34]

6.1. STORAGE, SUPPLY, AND DEMAND 6.1.1. Storage and blood shelf life

The collected blood is usually stored in a blood bank as separate components, and some of these have short shelf lives. There are no storage methods to keep platelets for extended periods, though some were being studied as of 2008. The longest shelf life used for platelets is seven days.[35] Red blood cells (RBC), the most frequently used component, have a shelf life of 35–42 days at refrigerated temperatures. For (relatively rare) long-term storage applications, this can be extended by freezing the blood with a mixture of glycerol, but this process is

(31)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 11 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

expensive and requires an extremely cold freezer for storage. Plasma can be stored frozen for an extended period and is typically given an expiration date of one year and maintaining a supply is less of a problem.[36]

6.1.2. Demand for blood

The limited storage time means that it is difficult to have a stockpile of blood to prepare for a disaster. The subject was discussed at length after the September 11 attacks in the United States, and the consensus was that collecting during a disaster was impractical and that efforts should be focused on maintaining an adequate supply at all times. Blood centers in the U.S.

often have difficulty maintaining even a three-day supply for routine transfusion demands.[37]

6.1.3. Donation levels

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes World Blood Donor Day on 14 June each year to promote blood donation. This is the birthday of Karl Landsteiner, the scientist who discovered the ABO blood group system.[38] The theme of the 2012 World Blood Donor Day campaign, "Every blood donor is a hero" focuses on the idea that everyone can become a hero by giving blood. Based on data reported by 180 countries between 2011 and 2013, the WHO estimated that approximately 112.5 million units of blood were being collected annually.

In the United States, it is estimated that 111 million citizens are eligible blood donors or 37%

of the population. However, less than 10% of the 37% eligible blood donors donate annually.

In the UK the NHS reports blood donation levels at "only 4%"[96] while in Canada the rate is 3.5%.[39]

7.1. DONOR HEALTH BENEFITS

In patients prone to iron overload, blood donation prevents the accumulation of toxic quantities. Donating blood may reduce the risk of heart disease for men, but the link has not been firmly established and maybe from selection bias because donors are screened for health problems. Research published in 2012 demonstrated that repeated blood donation is effective in

(32)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 12 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

reducing blood pressure, blood glucose, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and heart rate in patients with metabolic syndrome.[40]

8.1. DONOR COMPENSATION

The World Health Organization set a goal in 1997 for all blood donations to come from unpaid volunteer donors, but as of 2006, only 49 of 124 countries surveyed had established this as a standard.[12] Some countries, such as Tanzania, have made great strides in moving towards this standard, with 20 percent of donors in 2005 being unpaid volunteers and 80 percent in 2007, but 68 of 124 countries surveyed by WHO had made little or no progress.[5] Most plasmapheresis donors in the United States are still paid for their donations. Donors are now paid between $25 and $50 per donation. In some countries, for example, Australia, Brazil, and Great Britain, it is illegal to receive any compensation, monetary or otherwise, for the donation of blood or other human tissues. Regular donors are often given some sort of non-monetary recognition. Time off from work is a common benefit. For example, in Italy, blood donors receive the donation day as a paid holiday from work.[41] Blood centers will also sometimes add incentives such as assurances that donors would have priority during shortages, free T-shirts, first aid kits, windshield scrapers, pens, and similar trinkets. There are also incentives for the people who recruit potential donors, such as prize drawings for donors and rewards for organizers of successful drives. Recognition of dedicated donors is common. For example, the Singapore Red Cross Society presents awards for voluntary donors who have made a certain number of donations under the Blood Donor Recruitment Programme starting with a "bronze award" for 25 donations.[42] The government of Malaysia also offers free outpatient and hospitalization benefits for blood donors, for example, 4 months of free outpatient treatment and hospitalization benefits after every donation.[110] In Poland, after donating a specific amount of blood (18 liters for men and 15 for women), a person is gifted with the title of

"Distinguished Honorary Blood Donor" as well as a medal. Besides, a popular privilege in

(33)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 13 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

larger Polish cities is the right to free use of public transport, but the conditions for obtaining a privilege may vary depending on the city.

Most allogeneic blood donors donate as an act of charity and do not expect to receive any direct benefit from the donation.[43] The sociologist Richard Titmuss, in his 1970 book The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, compared the merits of the commercial and non-commercial blood donation systems of the US and the UK, coming down in favor of the latter. The book became a bestseller in the US, resulting in legislation to regulate the private market in blood. The book is still referenced in modern debates about turning blood into a commodity. The book was republished in 1997 and the same ideas and principles are applied to analogous donation programs, such as organ donation and sperm donation.[44]

(34)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 14 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Dawit Malako et al., (2019) conducted study an institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 WSUTRH health care workers. Socio-demographic characteristics and data related to the levels of KAP of participants were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using statistical package for social sciences version 20 to assess the factors associated with the practice of blood donation with p-value set at < 0.05 for statistical significance. Two hundred eighteen health care workers were involved in the study among which 129 (59.2%) were males and 89 (40.8%) were females. Among the study participants, 180(82.6%) had good knowledge but only 128(58.7%) were found to have a good attitude as 126(57.8%) reported that voluntary donor is the best source of blood donation. Regrettably, only 47(21.6%) of the respondents were found to practice blood donation in their lifetime. A majority (65.5%) of the participants did not donate blood as they have not been approached to do so. Knowledge and attitude levels of the participants were not found to be significantly associated with socio- demographic parameters study; but, only sex of the participants had shown statistically significant association with blood donation practice where males were more likely to donate blood than females (AOR = 2.59 (1.22–5.49)). The overall level of knowledge was satisfactory and the level of attitude and practice was unexpectedly low. Female respondents were found to have lesser practice towards blood donation than males. Health care workers, blood banks and the hospital are demanded to design ways to update knowledge, and build its psychological benefits and make services more accessible.

Sultan Hamad Almutairi et al., (2018) conducted study on a cross sectional community survey design was conducted among 500 adult Saudi subjects who were interviewed in shopping malls of Riyadh City during the period from May to July 2017. The questionnaire included interview regarding the demographics of respondents, knowledge, attitude and

(35)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 15 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy practice regarding blood donation. All the participants had significant knowledge about their blood group and the importance of blood donation. Also, the majority of respondents had adequate knowledge about the most common site of blood donation, the specificity of blood groups and the dangerous of donation of subjects with infection. Also, a good knowledge was found among most of respondents regarding the time, the complications and the precautions of blood donation. The attitude and practice pattern of participants were good among most of the participants .The KAP was adequate among 71% of respondents regarding blood donation and there was a significant association between the respondents good KAP with young age, male gender and higher educational degree. The KAP of most of Saudi subjects was good and showed a high prevalence of blood donation among them with a favorable attitude to donate blood.

Mulugeta Melku et al., (2018) conducted study on a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among graduating undergraduate Health Science students at University of Gondar using structured pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select study participants. A total of 225 students participated in the study. Data was entered into and analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Mean score was used to categorize the knowledge and attitude. Binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice regarding blood donation. Among 255 undergraduate Health Science graduate students, 123(48.2%) and 202(79.2%) had adequate knowledge about and positive attitude regarding blood donation, respectively.

About 12.5% of them had ever donated blood before. Age ≥25 years was significantly associated with practice of blood donation (AOR=4.33; 95%CI: 1.60, 11.76). Although the majority of the students had positive attitude regarding blood donation, blood donation practice was low. Age was found to be significantly associated with blood donation practice.

Targeted strategies should be designed to increase awareness of health science students about

(36)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 16 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy blood donation. Strategies which encourage the students to donate blood voluntarily should also be designed.

Renu Chauhan et al., (2018) conducted study on a cross sectional among students present on the day of the survey who expressed their consent for participation was enrolled in the study.

A pre- tested, structured questionnaire was used as a study tool. After the collection of the baseline information, a brief interactive awareness session, addressing voluntary blood donation was organized for the participants and their willingness to donate blood was again noted at the conclusion of the session. The data was analyzed by using SPSS software. 235 students participated in the study, 102 (43.4%) males and 133 (56.5%) females. The mean age was 20.42 ±1.38 years. Knowledge of Voluntary Blood Donation: The mean knowledge score of participants was 74.4%. Overall 225 (95.7%) participants were aware of their blood groups. Attitude related to blood donation: 91% study participants felt that people should donate blood and were themselves willing to donate blood. Practice Relating to Blood Donation: Out of the 235 study participants, only 54(22.9%) had donated blood so far.

Willingness to donate blood after interactive awareness session increased from 91% to 97.5%. The study population has relatively good knowledge and a favourable attitude about voluntary blood donation. However the prevalence of blood donation among the students is still low, especially among the girls.

Jasim N. Al-Asadi et al., (2018) conducted study on a descriptive cross-sectional study involved students of two colleges in Basrah University. It was carried out during the period from January to April 2017. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used in selecting the participants for this study. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude towards blood donation were collected through a structured self- administered questionnaire. A total of 422 students were targeted, of these 393 (93.1%) completed the questionnaire. Only 51 (13%) of total respondents had a history of blood

(37)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 17 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy donation, of those 64.7% donated only once. The most mentioned reasons behind not donating were; not being asked to donate (24.6%), inconsideration of donation (11.1%), and fear of drawing blood (8.8%). Adequate knowledge was detected in 66.7% and positive attitude in 68.7%. Students of College of Medicine were younger, more knowledgeable, and donate more than those of College of Administration and Economics. A substantial number of the university students had inadequate blood donation knowledge. Education programs and motivational campaigns should be enhanced.

Anand et al., (2018) conducted study on a cross-sectional study was carried out in pudupet on the months of May and June, 2017. Table of random numbers was used to recruit a total of 300 study participants. A pilot tested semi structured, questionnaire was employed as a data collection tool. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine association between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Among our study subjects, 45% of them had good knowledge on blood donation and 44% of our subjects had a correct attitude towards blood donation. Only 33.3% of them had good practices towards blood donation. The most common reason quoted for not donating blood was that they were more bothered about their own health which by donating blood would lead on to some health problems. The present study shows an average prevalence of knowledge and attitude among the study subjects whereas when it comes to practice it was found to be less. There should be a regularly scheduled awareness creation and voluntary blood donation campaigns organized at the community level.

Obsa MS et al., (2018) conducted study on a cross sectional study design was conducted. All selected graduating health science students were included. Regular supervision and follow up was made. Data was entered into Epi info version 7 and was transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to determine magnitude of knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation. A total of 96 graduating health science students were

(38)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 18 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy included. Most of the participants were male. The overall knowledge on blood donation among respondents was 75.26%.Highest percentage of study participants agree that blood donation cannot affect health of donors. It was also found there were poor practices of blood donation. In this study, there were high knowledge and attitude towards blood donation.

However, there was a poor practice of donating blood. Therefore, it is very important to promote blood donation practices.

Woldemichael Tadesse et al., (2018) conducted study on an institutional based cross- sectional quantitative study was used to assess KAP and associated factors towards voluntary blood donation (VBD) among health science students of Samara University, Afar Northeast Ethiopia, using pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire. Stratified sampling method was used and individual was selected by simple random sampling method. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors. Predictor variables with p-values up to 0.25 in bivariate regression were entered to multivariate regression and p-value <0.05 used as cut-off point for a variable to became independent predictor. Association b/n outcome and predictor variables were calculated by odds ratio and 95% CI. Finally, results were presented in texts, graphs and tables. Out of total participants, 67% were males and mean age range, 21.29 ± 1.66 years. Of them, 54% (95%

[CI]: 49.0%-59.0%) of participant had adequate knowledge regarding VBD. Being students in department of midwifery increased odds of level of knowledge on VBD [AOR (95%CI)=1.95(1.02, 3.7)]. Of total, students 65.8% (95% [CI]: 61.0%-71.0%) had favorable attitude. Being students in department of midwifery and health officer increased odds of favorable attitude [AOR (95 CI)=1.943(1.066, 3.542) and 2.099(1.207, 3.649)] respectively.

Less than one quarter, 83 (24.5%) (95% [CI]: 20.0%-29.0%) had ever donated blood. Being department of nursing increased odds of practice [AOR (95%CI)=1.881(1.002, 3.532)]. The level of knowledge on VBD was low while, significant number of students had unfavourable

(39)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 19 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy attitude towards VBD and there was poor practice. Therefore, it is better to incorporate short training course for health science students in the existing curriculum.

Ghaida Alharbi et al., (2017) conducted study on a cross sectional study among 300 (Saudi Arabian) students (150) male and (150) female of different ages and different class years, was done by questionnaire. Knowledge of Blood Transfusion: Regarding the knowledge of common blood groups among medical student in comparison to age, showed that 93 (31.00%) of the participant at the ages 21 to 22, compared with only two (0.07%) at the ages 25-27 (P < 0.001). The relation of disease knowledge among medical student and class year showed that most of students at the 5th year class have more knowledge than others about HIV, HBV , HCV and malaria are (34.33%), (31.33%) ,(30%) and ,(26.33%) respectively . Attitude towards Blood Donation: 11% of both sexes strongly agree that young people should donate blood rather than old. 22(7.33%) male and 16(5.33%) female strongly agree that the best way to donate blood is paid donation. Practice of blood donation: 39(13%) of males and 9(3%) of females donate before comparing with only 111(37 %) of males and 141(47%) of females not donate before. 78(26%) of males and 38(12.67%) of females not donate because of no payment. Medical field students have positive perception towards blood donation;

however, only few of them have donated. However, the level of awareness in our society was poor which could be due to the lack of knowledge about blood donation.

Maged Elnajeh et al., (2017) conducted study on a cross-section study was conducted among 679 university students using self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaires consist of 4 parts mainly socio-demographic data, knowledge towards blood donation (10 questions), attitude towards blood donation (6 questions) and practice towards blood donation (1 question). Majority of respondents have good knowledge (97.1%), good attitude (88.8%);

however majority of them have poor practice (70.3%). There was an association between Knowledge, and gender (p=0.001), attitude and field of study, blood group (p<0.001, 0.001

(40)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 20 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy respectively). By using regression analysis, the only factor associated with Knowledge was gender with adjusted OR of 5.2. Most of the students have good knowledge and attitude but they have poor practice towards blood donation. More promotion and education are needed to encourage students for more blood donation in the future.

Habtom Woldeab Gebresilase et al., (2017) conducted study on a comparative cross sectional study design was used in Adama Science and Technology University and Arsi University from April 11–May 2, 2016.360 students were selected using stratified sampling.

Frequencies and proportions were computed. Chi-Square and logistic regressions were carried out and associations were considered significant at p<0.05. The study revealed that there was a significant knowledge difference (χ2 = 152.779, p<0.001) and Attitude difference (χ2 = 4.142, p = 0.042) between Health Science students of Arsi University and Non-Health Science students of Adama Science and Technology University. The gender of the students (AOR = 3.150, 95% CI: 1.313, 7. 554) was a significant predictor of the level of knowledge of Health Science students. The ethnicity of students (AOR = 2.085, 95% CI: 1.025, 4.243) was a significant predictor of the level of an attitude of Health Science students and gender of students (AOR = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.151, 0.779) was a significant predictor of the level of an attitude of Health Science students. Concerning Non-Health Science students, religion (AOR

= 10.173, 95% CI: 1.191, 86.905) and original residence (AOR = 0.289, 95% CI: 0.094, 0.891) were a significant predictor of the level of knowledge of Non-Health Science students.

Gender (AOR = 0.389, 95% CI: 0.152, 0.992) and Year of study (AOR = 0.389(0.164, 0.

922) were significant predictor of level of attitude of Non-Health Science students. Year of study (AOR = 5.159, 95% CI: 1.611, 16.525) was a significant predictor of level of practice of Health Science students. Significant knowledge difference and attitude difference were observed between students from Arsi University and Adama Science and Technology University.

(41)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 21 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy Jeya S. Ponmari et al., (2016) conducted study on a cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 students in second MBBS in a tertiary care teaching Hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, using a structured survey questionnaire. The present study shows majority of the medical students have very good knowledge and attitude towards blood donation. Compared to knowledge and attitude, the practice is good and 66% of responses were above average.

Majority of the students have an intention to donate blood and 46% of the students have donated blood. Most of the students have positive attitude towards blood donation, even the reason for non-donation is just not getting opportunity for donation. The non-donors showed positive attitude by expressing their willingness to donate blood if they were asked to donate blood. The present study shows second MBBS students participated in the study has adequate knowledge and attitude. The practice of blood donation is also good and further can be improved by educational programmes.

(42)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 22 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 AIM

 To investigate on Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation among pharmacy students.

3.2 OBJECTIVES

 To evaluate the current situation of the knowledge, attitude, and practices about blood donation among pharmacy students.

 To find out the differences in knowledge, attitude & practices about blood donation among pharmacy students

 To determine major factors preventing an individual from donation.

 To create awareness of blood donation by taking the presentation of the importance of blood donation among pharmacy students.

(43)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 23 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

3.3 PLAN OF WORKS

The entire study was planned to be carried out for a period of 6 months.

The proposal was designed as given below:

Phase 1

 Identified the scope of work

 Obtained literature survey

 Study designed including designing of questionnaire form.

 Obtained approval from the Institution's ethical committee

 Obtained approval from the Institution of college side.

Phase 2

 Obtained verbal consent from participants.

 Collections of participant’s details from by conducting the direct interview.

Phase 3

 Data analysis

 Submission of report

(44)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 24 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

3.4 METHODOLOGY Study design:

The study was planned as a descriptive cross-sectional observational study.

Study site:

The research work was conducted at Pharmacy College, Kumarapalayam, Tamil Nadu.

Study period:

6 months Inclusion criteria:

 Age group from 18 to 24 years of the study participants.

 Willing to participate Exclusion criteria:

 Age group from >24 years of the study participants.

 Who are critically ill during the study.

 Who are not willing to participate.

Source of data:

The variables collected from direct participant’s interview.

Study tool:

A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared by referring to various published articles and was validated by concern experts. The questionnaire was further refined by doing a pilot study among students.

Informed consent and ethical clearance

The study protocol had been approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. The nature and purpose of the study was explained and their consent sought.

(45)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 25 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy

3.5 WORK METHODOLOGY

The nature and purpose of the study was explained to all students who were present in the respective classroom on the day of our survey, and an informed verbal consent for participation was taken. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered, by using the interview method by pharmacy students. A questionnaire comprising 4 parts, the first part of the questions include basic information among study participants. Second part, there were 14 questions asked for determining the levels of knowledge were yes or no type and multiple choice of questions. While the third and fourth part, there were 6 questions to determine the attitude and 3 questions for practice were prepared as yes/no and multiple-choice questions.

For assessing response from participants were >50% considered as good knowledge and

<50% considered as low knowledge. After an informed verbal consent from the study, participants were briefed about the purpose of the study and how to fill the questionnaire. It was emphasized that participation in the study was voluntary and all data collected were strictly confidential and would not be used for anything except for this study. After the collection of the questionnaire form, from the participants, a brief interactive awareness session was conducted by a brief PowerPoint presentation on the importance of blood donation.

(46)

Department of Pharmacy Practice 26 J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy 6. RESULTS

Table 1: Gender-wise distribution of participants

Gender

Number of participants (n=426)

Percentage (%)

Male 281 65.96

Female 145 34.03

Figure 1: Gender-wise distribution of participants

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Male Female

65.96%

34.03%

Percentage of the participants

Gender-wise distribution of participants

References

Related documents

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY,J.K.K.NATARAJA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Page 49 Figure No: 17: Aqueous ethanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria 400mg/kg. Figure No: 18: Aqueous

Aim of this project is to design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some novel 2,4- substituted Thiazolidine derivatives as Anti-Tubercular agents by

Department artment artment Of Pharmaceutics, The Erode College of Pharmacy &amp;Research Institute. artment Of Pharmaceutics, The Erode College of Pharmacy &amp;Research

CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO RELEASE STUDIES OF ACECLOFENAC ALGINATE BEADS PREPARED BY IONOTROPIC GELATION FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE ” was to develop suitable particulate system

Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur sakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur sakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur sakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur Page 101

The purpose of this research was to prepare controlled release tablets of Fluconazole in reducing the dose and increasing efficiency with

Nattraja College of Pharmacy Chauhan et al., (2016) 23 conducted a study to assess it was decided to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescent girls

Figure -39 Chromatogram for Spiked sample with reduced Flow rate Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, K.M college of pharmacy, Madurai.. Method Validation for